三门湾表层沉积物矿物分布特征及物源分析

由于沉积环境和物质来源的差异,不同海域矿物组成及分布各异。为查明三门湾海域表层沉积物碎屑矿物和黏土矿物的含量、分布特征,在三门湾海域采集了25个海域表层沉积物、5个河流沉积物和2个潮滩沉积物样品,对沉积物样品进行63～125 μm粒级颗粒的碎屑矿物鉴定分析和<2 μm粒级颗粒的黏土矿物含量分析。结果显示,海域表层沉积物中共鉴定出27种重矿物、11种轻矿物。金属矿物、绿帘石、岩屑、普通角闪石、片状矿物含量占据重矿物的93.0%。轻矿物中81.1%为岩屑、斜长石、石英和片状矿物。三门湾黏土矿物以伊利石为主（平均61.1%）,绿泥石和高岭石次之（19.3%和15.8%）,含少量蒙脱石（3.8%）。根据Q型聚类,可将三门湾沉积物分为河口矿物区（Ⅰ区）、潮流通道矿物区（Ⅱ区）和浅水水下平原矿物区（Ⅲ区）。Ⅰ区以绿帘石、金属矿物和斜长石含量高为特征,受到河流输入直接影响,碎屑矿物与河流沉积物类似;Ⅱ区以金属矿物含量极高、片状矿物含量低为特征（80.6%）,指示湾内潮汐通道的强水动力状况;Ⅲ区以金属矿物和片状矿物含量高为主要特征,显示出陆架碎屑矿物的重要影响。矿物物源分析结果表明,研究区内细颗粒沉积物以长江来源为主,沿岸河流输入影响较小,未改变以伊利石为主的黏土矿物组合格局;而粗颗粒沉积物主要受到湾外内陆架和沿岸河流输入沉积物的共同影响,沿岸河流输入使得研究区内岩屑和绿帘石含量高,在靠近基岩海岸的区域,还可能受到部分基岩风化输入的影响。     

胶州湾表层沉积物放射性核素含量与矿物组成

用HPGeγ谱分析方法测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中放射性核素含量。样品中^40K、^137Cs、^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U的平均含量分别为688，3．28，61．0，26．5，40．3，44．8，39．2Bq／kg；东部海区沉积物^40K和^137Cs含量比其余海区低，但^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U比其他海区高；除湾东部样品中的^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U之外，粒径小于0．063mm部分中的放射性核素含量高于粒径大于0．063mm部分。除东部海区外，湾内其余海区表层沉积物中放射性核素含量和矿物组成基本一致，说明东部海区的沉积物的物质来源与其余海区不同。胶州湾表层沉积物与流域土壤放射性核素含量水平一致，所以胶州湾沉积物主要物源为流域陆源碎屑。表层沉积物中放射性核素含量与矿物组成具有相关性。铀和钍放射系衰变不平衡，总体样品和粒径小于0．063mm部分，铀系中^210Pb相对于^226Ra过剩，^226Ra相对于^238U亏损，^228Th相对于^228Ra过剩。     

泉州湾海域表层沉积物矿物碎屑分布特征及其环境意义

对泉州湾13个表层沉积物样品进行了矿物碎屑定量分析．通过矿物分析，发现泉州湾不同站位的轻、重矿物组分、含量和表征存在差异．根据矿物的分布和组合特征．将耒州湾划分为4个组合区，不同组合区所处沉积环境是不同的．分析表明，研完区表层沉积物的碎屑矿物具有明显的亲陆性，物质来源主要为河流输砂和沿湾海岸侵蚀来砂，且其分布受物源、水动力条件和矿物物理性质等因素所控制。     

深圳湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布

本文在1986年4月至1989年1月间深圳湾12次环境调查资料的基础上,报道了6个调查站的表层沉积物中6种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、N(?))的含量及其时空分布特征,以及表层沉积物中重金属的含量与环境因子的相关分析结果,并且对该湾表层沉积物中重金属的污染程度作出了评价,为今后深圳湾环境质量综合评价提供了背景资料。     

太平洋中部柱状沉积物中的自生矿物

根据《海洋四号》861—881航次获得的岩心资料,通过对沉积物类型的观察,对其中的几种自生矿物钙十字沸石、蒙脱石、重晶石、微结核、非晶质SiO_2等矿物的成因和与沉积物类型的相关性进行了探讨。     

南黄海西部表层沉积物中碎屑矿物的分布

着重研究了南黄海表层沉积物中0．063～0．25mm粒级的碎屑矿物组成。结果表明,矿物种类达50多种,轻矿物主要为长石、石英、云母等,重矿物主要为角闪石、绿帘石、云母、自生黄铁矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴石、锆石等,重矿物主要分布于粉砂质泥和泥质粉砂沉积物中。依据主要矿物的含量和分布特征,将研究区划分为5个矿物组合区。各区矿物的组合类型与其所处的水动力条件、沉积环境密切相关,而碎屑矿物的种类又指示了沉积区的碎屑物质主要来源于江、河流域,基岩风化及改造沉积等。     

中国近海表层沉积物中粘土矿物的组成、分布及其地质意义

本文使用X射线衍射方法分析了渤海、北黄海、南黄海、东海陆架、冲绳海槽、南海北部陆架及北部湾7个海域中的表层沉积物样品300余个.完成了中国近海粘土矿物分布图,给出了粘土矿物在各个海区中的平均值.从粘土矿物的组成分布规律来看,中国近海粘土矿物的分布格局不仅证明了它与前人所述的成因环境及物质来源等因素密切相关;而且还发现残留沉积区域内,粘土矿组物合往往以绿泥石、伊利石含量较高而高岭石、蒙皂石含量较低为其显著特征.这意味着,海洋沉积物中的粘土矿物组合与分布特征不仅能反映其陆上成因环境及其入海后的搬运途径,而且还能指示残留沉积形成时期的古气候和古环境特征.     

莱州湾西部海域表层沉积物运移趋势

根据2007、2014和2015年莱州湾西部海域238个表层沉积物取样和分析资料,利用二维粒径趋势分析方法(GSTA)分析了研究区海域表层沉积物的运移趋势,并探讨了潮流和波浪对海底泥沙起动的影响。结果表明,研究区内分为多个沉积中心和侵蚀中心;单纯潮流作用能起动大部分表层沉积物,不能起动的区域主要集中在废弃黄河口西南侧近岸海域以及潍坊港东北侧海域;波浪作用下泥沙强烈活动水深范围广泛。     

黄海表层沉积物的矿物组成特征及其物源分析

以黄海66个表层沉积物为研究对象,通过粒度、黏土矿物和碎屑矿物分析,研究了黄海表层沉积物的粒度分布与矿物组成特征,探讨了研究区沉积物的矿物组成特征对其物源、沉积环境的指示意义。黄海表层沉积物平均粒径为5.2Φ,分选较差;黏土矿物组合类型为伊利石-高岭石-蒙脱石-绿泥石,其中伊利石的含量最高,蒙脱石的含量最低;碎屑矿物（粒径为0.063～0.125 mm）平均含量为8.07%,标准偏差为4.03,分布趋势与平均粒径分布基本一致,轻矿物以石英和长石为主;重矿物以角闪石和绿帘石为主,其次是不透明矿物和片状矿物,重矿物主要集中分布于黄海南部。物源识别结果表明：黄海的东北部海域接受鸭绿江沉积物的供应;黄海北部主要为黄河源沉积物;南黄海西部沉积物主要为黄海沿岸流南下带来的现代黄河物质和再悬浮的老黄河沉积物;南黄海中部沉积物来源复杂以黄河沉积物为主,长江沉积物的供应较少。     

黄海南部表层沉积物中的自生黄铁矿

本文对黄海沉积物中的黄铁矿的分布、形态、成分和结构方面的特征，以及成因作了讨论。作者在73个样的1／3样品中发现了自生黄铁矿，并对此矿物进行了X-射线、电子探针、光片及扫描电镜研究。黄铁矿主要呈生物内模状、球粒状(framboid)及胶结物状等形态，经X-射线衍射分析表明自生矿物为黄铁矿，不存在其他铁硫化物。     

Distribution and dispersal pattern of clay minerals in surface sediments, eastern Beibu Gulf, South China Sea

Clay minerology of sediments are useful in determining distribution,sources and dispersal routes of fine-grained sediments.In the present paper,clay minerals of surface sediments throughout the eastern part of Beibu Gulf has been investigated to reveal sources and transport of detrital finegrained sediments.Four distinct clay mineral suites were observed from cluster analysis of clay mineral compositions of the samples.From the distribution pattern of clay minerals,we conclude that kaolinte in the eastern gulf is mainly derived from South China Landmass;Smectite could not be transported mainly by surface current from north-western Hainan Island,and maybe minor portion of it from Red River;Illite is mainly transported by the currents from South China Sea.Chlorite has two sources,namely South China Sea and South China Landmass.The Zhujiang River derived sediments could not be one of the sources for the clay mineral here,because of very different composition and ratios.The distribution pattern of clay minerals in the eastern Beibu Gulf is mainly controlled by fine-grained sediment source and local currents.The Silt/Clay,Smectite/Kaolinte,and Smetite/(Chlorite+Illite) ratios could be used as indicators of fine-grained sediment dispersal in the gulf.     

Trace metal composition of and accumulation rates of sediments in the Upper Gulf of Thailand

Sediment cores and grab samples were collected in the Upper Gulf of Thailand to determine sedimentation rates and to determine if metal concentrations reflect anthropogenic inputs.Accumulation rates of sediments in the Upper Gulf measured using the ²¹⁰Pb method, appear to vary from ca. 4 to 11 mm yr^?1. Sediment budgets suggest that little of the sediment delivered to the Upper Gulf by the major rivers is ultimately transported to the Lower Gulf. Metal concentrations in Upper Gulf sediments appear to be dominantly controlled by natural inputs.     

北部湾表层黏土矿物分布特征及物源研究

利用X射线衍射(XRD)对北部湾表层沉积物中黏土矿物组成和结晶学特征进行了详细研究,揭示了源区和洋流对该区沉积物搬运和分布的控制机制。结果表明,北部湾表层沉积物中黏土矿物组成以伊利石、蒙脱石和高岭石为主,含有少量的绿泥石。在空间分布上,蒙脱石含量表现为中部高近岸低;伊利石含量表现为西南高东北低,绿泥石组分含量与之类似;高岭石含量表现为东北高,西南低。伊利石结晶度指数和化学指数平均分别为0.25°(Δ2θ)和0.5,表明伊利石结晶程度极好,为富Al伊利石,来源于化学风化作用占主导的源区。黏土矿物物源分析表明,红河是北部湾伊利石、绿泥石和蒙脱石的主要物源,其中蒙脱石因受沉积分异作用影响而在研究区中部富集;高岭石受到了红河、珠江以及广西和海南岛沿岸河流物质输入的共同影响。本研究结果对理解北部湾沉积物"源-汇"过程和古环境有重要参考意义。     

Seasonal Variation of Stratification in the Gulf of Thailand

Intensive hydrographic observations were carried out in the western part of the Gulf of Thailand and the east coastal sea of Peninsular Malaysia in September 1995 and April–May 1996. The characteristics of seasonal variation of oceanic condition in that area are discussed basis of an analysis of observed water temperature, salinity and density distributions in these cruises and NAGA cruises (Yanagi and Takao, 1998a). Stratification is most developed in March–May mainly due to large sea surface heating and weak sea surface wind, which weakened until September–October, vanishing in December–January. The horizontal distribution of bottom cold, saline and heavy water masses, which are found during the stratified season, is governed by the tidal mixing and the water depth. Water exchange between the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea becomes large in March–May due to a coupled effect of the intensified estuarine circulation and the Ekman transport by the southwest monsoon. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Clockwise phase propagation of semi-diurnal tides in the Gulf of Thailand

The phase of semi-diurnal tides (M₂ and S₂) propagates clockwise in the central part of the Gulf of Thailand, although that of the diurnal tides (K₁, O₁ and P₁) is counterclock-wise. The mechanism of clockwise phase propagation of semi-diurnal tides at the Gulf of Thailand in the northern hemisphere is examined using a simple numerical model. The natural oscillation period of the whole Gulf of Thailand is near the semi-diurnal period and the direction of its phase propagation is clockwise, mainly due to the propagation direction of the large amplitude part of the incoming semi-diurnal tidal wave from the South China Sea. A simplified basin model with bottom slope and Coriolis force well reproduces the co-tidal and co-range charts of M₂ tide in the Gulf of Thailand.     

Possible impact of dam reservoirs and river diversions on material fluxes to the Gulf of Thailand

Thai people have always been agricultural-based, although rainwater is not enough to sustain year-round agricultural practice. The first earth-filled dam was built across a valley near Sukhothai over 700 years ago. Now, there are six major multipurposed dam reservoirs, among which the largest is the Sri Nakarind (SN) built across the Kwae Yai River, the main branch of the Mae Klong River in the western part of Thailand. The first multipurposed dam reservoir built on the Chao Phraya (largest) River System is the Bhumibhol Dam on the Ping River. In this paper, the two Mae Klong River Dam Reservoirs and their biology and chemistry are discussed. Also investigated are the historical records of material fluxes to the Gulf of Thailand in down-core sediment profiles and in 40-year bands of coral, Porites lutea, taken from the Upper Gulf of Thailand near Si Chang Island. Sediment cores studied did not show clear decreases in the biogenic silica concentration in the Upper Gulf area after the building of dams. Part of the reasons might be the higher rate of dissolution of silica in tropical waters bioturbation of surface layers or the constant disturbance of the bottom sediment by fishermen using bottom trawls. The record in the coral bands seems to be more promising in reflecting the material flux change due to dam construction. An attempt to detect changes in diatom population with time due to the expected decrease in siliceous material discharge was not possible because there was a change from the use of 70 μm mesh size to 20 μm mesh size resulting in the increase of species and biomass, although the diatom percentage remained above 80% in all estuarine samples.     

西北冰洋表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及物质来源

西北冰洋表层沉积物黏土矿物分析结果显示其黏土矿物组成的区域分布和变化具有明显的规律性:从楚科奇海到北冰洋深水区,随着水深的增加,蒙皂石和高岭石含量增高,绿泥石和伊利石含量降低。自西往东,伊利石结晶度值降低,化学指数升高。根据Q型聚类分析获得的黏土矿物组合特征,结合周缘陆地的地质背景、河流及洋流情况,对研究区进行了黏土矿物组合分区,讨论了其黏土矿物来源。楚科奇海表层沉积物黏土矿物组合在靠近阿拉斯加一侧海域以Ⅰ类为主,靠东西伯利亚海一侧主要有Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类,中部主要为Ⅵ类,主要是西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的火山岩、变质岩以及一些含高岭石的沉积物以及古土壤等,经风化、河流搬运入海,在北太平洋的3股洋流及西伯利亚沿岸流的作用下沉积形成的。西北冰洋深水区表层沉积物的黏土矿物组合以Ⅰ类和Ⅴ类为主,表明其沉积物来源为欧亚陆架和加拿大北极群岛周缘海域的海冰沉积和大西洋水体的搬运以及加拿大马更些河的河流物质输入。     

南海西北部表层沉积物黏土矿物分布特征及其来源

黏土矿物研究在示踪物源、源区风化历史乃至洋流变迁能力等方面具有重要的作用,尽管目前对南海表层沉积物黏土矿物宏观分布特征已获得了较系统的认识,但在受珠江和海南岛物源共同影响的南海西北部其高分辨率的黏土矿物学工作还未开展。本文对南海西北部表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组成、结晶学特征进行了分析,讨论了研究区黏土矿物的物质来源。结果表明,南海西北部表层沉积物的黏土矿物组成以伊利石为主（平均45%）,蒙脱石（平均27%）与高岭石（平均21%）次之,绿泥石含量最少（平均6%）。在区域空间分布上,蒙脱石含量呈现西南高东北低的特征,伊利石含量则与之相反;高岭石含量表现为近岸高离岸低,而绿泥石含量呈现离岸高近岸低的特征。总体上,研究区表层沉积物黏土矿物组成与现代珠江沉积物组成差异较大,而与珠江口2.5 ka前的沉积物黏土矿物组成比较接近,并且结合研究区岩心揭露的全新世以来极低的沉积速率（4 cm/ka）以及上部很薄（小于0.6 m）的泥质沉积,推测该区表层沉积物可能并非是现代沉积的结果,更可能主要来自全新世末期古珠江输送的沉积物。除古珠江作为研究区表层沉积物中蒙脱石的一个主要来源外,海南岛北部河流也贡献了少量蒙脱石到其邻近的东南海域。运用高岭石/伊利石比值和伊利石化学指数等进一步对比分析表明,珠江是研究区沉积物中伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石的主要物源,其次台湾和海南岛也可能分别提供了少量富含伊利石/绿泥石和高岭石的沉积物。本工作对于南海西北部沉积物源-汇过程和相应的古环境研究有重要的参考意义。     

Geochemistry and particle size of surface sediments of Gulf of Manfredonia (Southern Adriatic sea)

In this study we describe mechanisms influencing the spatial distribution of the surface sediments in the Gulf of Manfredonia. Seventy-three samples were collected on a regional grid and analyzed for grain-size, major and trace elements and organic matter content. Sediments contain marine-derived carbonate as well as terrigenous fractions indicating highly heterogeneous sediment composition dictated by different provenance and complex transport processes. Principal Component Analysis provides information about processes involved in the formation and dispersal of the sediments. The regional sediment distribution is function of the Gulf's morphology and sedimentary inputs from fluvial sources, mainly from the Ofanto River, and from the North and Central Adriatic basin. Biogenic carbonate reefs, identified in two restricted coastal areas add complexity to sediment shelf dispersal. The North-Adriatic current flowing southward transports and deposits sediments from the Northern basin in the offshore area of the Gulf while an inner anticyclonic current distributes and mixes northern and fluvial sediment with a clockwise pattern. In order to better assess the fluvial contribution also bedload samples from the main river debouching into the Gulf were sampled, enabling the identification of geochemical indexes to distinguish the role of both fluvial inputs and hydrodynamic processes affecting solid particles dispersion within the Gulf. This study provides a contribution to a qualitative estimate of the sediment supply entailed in the Southwestern Adriatic basin.