不同微生物诱导钙锶生物矿化的比较研究

为了研究并比较不同微生物在不同钙锶比条件下对钙锶生物矿化过程的调制作用,选取耐辐射奇球菌、酵母菌和大 肠杆菌作为模拟生物矿化的有机基质,通过SEM,FT-IR和XRD对钙锶矿物的形貌、晶型、晶粒尺寸进行表征分析。结果 表明：①当[Ca2+]/[Sr2+]=2时,不加微生物体系中形成的是文石型和柱状方解石型混合晶体,加入微生物组则形成纺锤状方 解石型晶体。此时3种微生物均能诱导锶离子进入碳酸钙晶格;②当[Ca2+]/[Sr2+]=1时,不加菌体系中形成条稀疏的纺锤状文 石型晶体。加入酵母菌和大肠杆菌的体系则形成紧密的纺锤状和簇状文石型晶体,它们能在一定程度上抑制锶离子进入碳 酸钙晶格。而加入耐辐射奇球菌体系形成菜花状方解石型晶体,其仍能诱导锶离子置换钙离子;③当[Ca2+]/[Sr2+]=1/2时,不 加菌体系中形成大小无规则聚集成团的文石型晶体。加3种微生物体系则形成纺锤状或簇状文石型晶体,它们会在一定程 度上抑制锶离子进入碳酸钙晶格。因此,在钙离子浓度较大时,更易形成方解石物相,在锶离子浓度较大时,更易形成文 石物相。     

生物膜脂参与的非晶碳酸钙形成和稳定

非晶碳酸钙(amorphous calcium carbonate,ACC)是碳酸钙矿物体系中极不稳定的矿物相。但由海鞘类动物的研究表明,ACC可作为碳酸钙晶体矿物的前驱体在生物体内稳定存在,并且这些生物成因的ACC常常是由膜包裹着的。文中选用生物膜的主要成分卵磷脂(PC)为主要矿化调节剂,通过调控与碳酸钙矿化过程密切相关的无机离子Mg2+的浓度,模拟生物膜表面碳酸钙矿化作用过程。在空气/水界面处的膜脂调控下合成出可在溶液中稳定存在数天的非晶碳酸钙。该结果有力地证明了在生物矿化过程中,除了受生物体中可溶性有机大分子调控外,生物膜可能对ACC的形成和稳定也有显著的调控作用。     

生物矿化研究现状和展望

生物矿化过程是指在生物体中细胞的参与下,无机元素从环境中选择性地沉淀在特定的有机质上而形成的新矿物.生物矿化矿物的结晶严格受生物体分泌的有机基质的控制,是在有机基质膜板诱导下的晶体生长.生物体内有机基质指导矿物晶体的成核、生长和聚集,使得生物矿物具有特定的形貌、取向和组装方式,从而产生特殊的功能.生物矿化近年来受到化学、物理、生物以及材料学等多学科的关注.综述了生物矿化的类型、过程、机理及常用的研究方法和研究进展,并作了学科展望.     

钙华体次生有机体系的界面结晶作用研究

本文总结了钙华体次生有机体系中生物群落特征和界面结晶行为,根据生物在碳酸盐沉积中的角色,将钙华体中次生有机体系的界面结晶矿化类型分为生物控制矿化沉积和生物诱导矿化沉积。分述了碳酸钙沉积矿化相关的五种生物代谢活动,讨论了生物胞外聚合物（EPS）对碳酸钙矿物晶型和形貌的影响。针对目前钙华研究中存在的问题,今后应深入研究生物体主要构成元素、生物小分子和生物体内部组织在钙华形成或退化中的作用,进一步厘清钙华体与次生有机体系的多界面溶化方式,为钙华保护修复及钙华退化治理措施提供科学依据。      

锶的生物矿化与地球化学代用指标在古环境重构中的应用

锶是自然界广泛分布的微量元素,与钙原子大小接近、化学性质相似。在钙的矿化中锶通过类质替换进入生物矿化体中,从而使生物体尤其是化石具有锶元素蕴含的地球化学信息。本文首先介绍了锶的生物矿化及其机制,然后着重从锶在古环境重构中地球化学代用指标作用、影响锶地球化学代用指标的因素及机制等方面分析了锶的生物矿化行为所蕴含的地球化学信息和应用现状,为今后更好地利用锶地球化学信息进行古环境重构,开展锶生物矿化的环境修复、医学应用提供参考。     

企鹅贝珍珠层生物表界面ACC析出与相变及多级自组装生长

<正>珠母贝珍珠层生物矿化作用区别于一般无机矿物矿化的显著特征是,通过生物表界面处生物大分子(蛋白质、核酸、多糖等)基因的表达与诱导,从分子水平调控生物矿物前驱体(ACC)纳米球粒的析出与相变,从而使生物矿物具有特殊的生物矿化生长结构单元和高度有序的多级微观自组装生长结构和自组装方式。迄今,就发生在企鹅贝(Pteria penguin)珍珠层生物表界面处生物大分子的调控和生物矿物前驱体的相变规律,生物矿物多级微观自组装生长行为等生物矿化问题有待深化。     

生命活动中矿化作用的环境响应机制研究

生物矿化作用及其环境响应机制的研究,关键在于研究生命活动制约矿物形成、分解的机理及其环境响应机制,其内容主要包括生物矿化作用的机理、生物矿化作用的环境效应、生物矿化作用的调控理论和方法。可实现的研究目标是从多学科角度发展生物矿化作用的理论,阐明自然界中矿物－生物－重金属/POPs －水之间的相互作用机理与环境响应机制。有望揭示微生物控制重金属矿化的微观机制,提出微生物治理重金属污染原理;揭示半导体矿物－微生物协同作用降解POPs 机制,发展三元体系研究方法;揭示微生物促进多金属矿山硫化物分解机制,提出微生物分解矿物对生态环境影响的调控方法等。以促进地质生物学前沿交叉学科发展,形成未来环境污染防治重大新技术的科学基础。     

高含盐水对浮选的影响与应对措施研究进展

采用高盐分、高硬度的海水、苦卤水、高循环选矿回水等高含盐水进行浮选将是未来沿海缺水地区选矿行业发展的必经之路,这些高含盐水中高浓度离子对矿物浮选的影响机理一直是选矿研究的热点之一。本文回顾了国内外学者在海水、苦卤水、高循环选矿回水等对矿物浮选影响及其作用机制方面的研究工作,系统分析了高含盐水中离子对浮选气泡、矿物表面性质以及浮选药剂的影响。高含盐水给矿物浮选带来众多积极影响,包括降低气泡表面张力产生数量更多、稳定性更强的气泡,提高矿化泡沫形成几率;压缩矿物表面双电层,减弱矿物颗粒之间的静电力,减小细粒脉石矿物浮选过程中的夹带等。同时,高含盐水中的离子也会消耗浮选药剂,且强碱性条件下高价碱金属离子在矿物表面形成亲水沉淀降低矿物可浮性,影响选矿指标。针对高含盐水的负面影响,认为主要应对措施包括研发消除高钙镁离子影响和高耐受性药剂以及淡化、软化高盐水,这也是未来使用高含盐水浮选必然关注的重点。     

矿物光电子-微生物体系重金属离子价态调控及其环境效应研究进展

本文综述了典型污染区重金属离子赋存状态与环境风险评价、环境微生物多样性等环境质量因子的关系及其对土壤功能的影响;重点介绍了微生物源电子、半导体矿物光电子对重金属离子的价态调节双向控制;总结了电子穿梭体、空穴捕获剂等小分子有机物对光电子还原重金属离子的影响及机制,以及半导体矿物光电子、重金属价电子协同微生物对重金属离子的还原氧化效率与价态调控;分析了微生物及其表面基团对重金属离子的矿化与转化作用,以及微生物界面固定转化在土壤重金属污染修复中的作用。本综述可为进一步研究微生物和半导体矿物光电子协同作用对重金属离子的定向调节、电子转移途径、晶相转化机制提供指导,对深入探讨光-半导体矿物-重金属离子-微生物多相复杂体系的交互作用具有重要的环境学意义。     

黄河流域内蒙古段砒砂岩风化土微生物矿化改良的试验研究

砒砂岩,一种在黄河中上游广泛分布的特殊岩石,是由砂页岩和泥质砂岩组成的岩石互层,由于成岩程度低、沙粒间胶结程度差、结构强度低,且含有大量黏土矿物,其抗侵蚀能力弱,遇风成沙、遇水成泥,是“泥沙入黄”的重要来源。基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(microbially induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)技术对砒砂岩风化土进行改良加固,以矿化后试样获得良好的强度为目标,结合物性及孔隙结构分析,对含有大量细粒土的砒砂岩风化土进行微生物矿化改良试验的最优方案设计。试验方案中设置12种工况,通过菌液浓度、菌液与胶结液用量比、钙尿摩尔比3个控制要素,对经微生物诱导沉积的碳酸钙晶体的晶型、形貌和尺寸进行人为调控。试验结果表明,当微生物矿化试验中尿素消耗量为0.4 mol时,采用菌液浓度OD₆₀₀值为1.2、菌液与胶结液用量比为1:20、钙尿摩尔比为1:1的试验方案,经微生物诱导的碳酸钙晶体以20～30μm的“方解石-球霰石团聚体”的晶型被沉积,并填充于砒砂岩风化土的孔隙中,使得砒砂岩风化土密实度提高,矿化后试样的孔隙度减小了62.4%,抗蚀能力得到...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.