基于InSAR和GPS观测数据的尼泊尔地震发震断层特征参数联合反演研究

利用日本ALOS-2和欧空局Sentinel-1A卫星获得的尼泊尔地震同震形变场,结合GPS同震位移数据,联合反演了断层滑动分布特征和空间展布.结果表明:尼泊尔地震的同震形变场主要集中在150km×100km的范围内,且分为南北两个相邻的形变中心,南形变中心的视线向抬升量约为1.2m,北形变中心的视线向沉降量约为0.8m,均位于发震断层上盘.位于形变抬升区的KKN4和NAST两个GPS站,抬升量和南向运动量均达到了m级,而远离震区的其他GPS台水平和垂直观测量均在1cm以内.联合反演得到的断层位错分布主要集中在沿走向150km,沿倾向70km的范围内,最大滑动量为5.59m,平均滑动量为0.94m.断层面倾角在浅部约为7°,随着深度增加,倾角逐渐变大,到垂直深度20km时倾角接近12°;5月12日MW7.2级余震位于主震破裂区的"凹"型滑动缺损区域;主震破裂区的上边界与MBT空间位置十分吻合,主震破裂区主要集中的MBT以北50~60km处,垂直深度为8~9km,倾角为9°,继续向北时主震破裂面以10°~12°的倾角向深延伸,在18~20km可能与MHT交汇.因此,初步判定MBT为此次地震的发震断层.     

2016年8月24日意大利佩鲁贾MW 6.2级地震同震位移场估计和震源滑动模型反演

利用改进的自动经验基线校正方法SMBLOC,对2016年8月24日意大利佩鲁贾MW 6.2级地震震中周围约60 km内的近场强震记录进行基线校正并尝试给出同震位移场,与GPS观测结果进行对比分析,分别独立和联合两种资料反演震源滑动模型,并根据震源模型进一步给出全空间预测位移场分布.研究结果表明:(1)两种不同的资料给出的水平位移场幅值均为cm级,且均表明断层的错动以正断为主.(2)两种同震位移场分别独立和联合反演所得的震源静态滑动范围基本一致,最大滑动均发生在震中东北侧,强震模型表现出明显的双事件特征,较大滑动分布在震中东北侧和东南侧,GPS模型在震中东南侧的滑动相对较小,其双事件特征不明显.两种模型的最大滑动量分别为0.96 m和0.86 m,较为一致,反演的矩震级均在MW 6.3左右.(3)根据震源滑动模型计算所得的佩鲁贾地震全空间预测的水平同震位移场中最大位移分布区域与震后报告中受灾严重的地区基本一致.表明在一定的条件下,利用SMBLOC方法解算震级较小的MW 6.0左右地震强震记录的同震位移场,并反演震源滑动模型具有一定的可行性,且其同震位移场和滑动模型可为震后灾害快速评估、救援力量分配、余震趋势判定等快速应急响应工作提供参考依据.     

尼泊尔M_W7.8地震InSAR同震形变场及断层滑动分布

采用DInSAR技术和欧空局2014年新发射的Sentinel-1A/IW数据,获取了2015年4月25日尼泊尔M_W7.8地震的InSAR同震形变场.所用InSAR数据扫描范围东西长约500 km,南北宽约250 km,覆盖了整个变形区域,揭示了形变场的全貌及其空间连续变化形态.此次地震造成的地表形变场总体呈现为中部宽两端窄的纺锤形,从震中向东偏南约20°方向延伸,主要形变区东西长约160 km,南北宽约110 km,由规模较大的南部隆升区和规模较小的北部沉降区组成,南部最大LOS向隆升量达1.1 m,北部最大LOS向沉降量约在0.55 m.在隆升和沉降区之间干涉纹图连续变化,没有出现由于形变梯度过大或地表破裂而导致的失相干现象,表明地震断层未破裂到地表.基于InSAR形变场和部分GPS观测数据,利用弹性半空间低倾角单一断层面模型进行了滑动分布单独反演和联合反演,三种反演结果均显示出一个明显的位于主震震中以东的滑动分布集中区,向外围衰减很快,主要滑动发生于地下7~23 km的深度范围内.InSAR单独反演的破裂范围,特别是东西向破裂长度大于GPS单独反演的破裂长度,而InSAR单独反演的最大滑动量则低于GPS单独反演的滑动量.因此认为联合反演结果更为可靠.联合反演的破裂面长约150 km,沿断层倾向宽约70 km,最大滑移量达到4.39 m,矩震级为M_W7.84,与之前用地震波数据和GPS数据反演的结果一致.     

芦山MS7.0级地震前的形变空区特征研究

上世纪70年代以来,国内外基本形成了以监测震中附近断层预滑动进行地震预测的研究思路,但近些年来,一些大地震前近震源区域的形变变化却引起了巨大的争议.本文应用芦山地震震中附近跨断层及连续形变观测资料,分析了震前不同阶段地形变变化的特点,讨论了震中附近区域异常时空演化过程.分析结果表明,沿鲜水河断裂带一些跨断层基线、安宁河及则木河断裂带个别场地的跨断层水准基线出现的显著异常变化,这些异常出现在远离芦山地震震中的区域上;在近震源区域,在龙门山断裂带南段的一些断层水准变化量极小,在鲜水河、龙门山和安宁河3条主要断裂围成的三叉口地区,倾斜、应变、重力及断层水准和蠕变观测临震前未有显著的异常变化,该区是形变变化或形变异常分布的“空区”.本文也与汶川地震前形变异常分布进行了对比,认为震前形变“空区”现象可能是强震前的一种共性特征.     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震同震形变场特征的初步分析a

利用差分干涉雷达测量技术获取的宏观震中区的同震形变场，结合对地震活动性、震源机制、野外考察等资料分析，对昆仑山口西8.1级地震同震形变场特征进行了研究. 结果表明:宏观震中位于库赛湖东北侧，宏观震中区发震断层可分为两个形变中心区域，其中西段长约42 km，东段长约48 km，整个发震断层主破裂段长90 km；由干涉形变条纹分布格局可清楚地判断出发震断层的左旋走滑特征；断层两盘变形特征不同，南盘变形程度明显大于北盘；宏观震中附近最大斜距向位移量为288.4 cm，最小斜距向位移量为224.0 cm，宏观震中发震断层最大左旋水平位错为738.1 cm，最小地面左旋水平位错为551.8 cm.      

Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated with M_S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001

IntroductionOnNovember14,2001,aMS=8.1earthquakeoccurredonthewestofKunlunshanPassintheborderareaofQinghaiandXinjiang,whichwasthestrongestearthquakeinChinesemainlandsincetheMS=8.0earthquakeoccurredinDangxiongdistrictofXizangAutonomousRegiononNovember18,1951.TheearthquakeoccurredontheEasternKunlunTectonicZone,whichwasapalaeoplatejunctionzoneinsideTibetanPlateau.ItdividedTibetanPlateauintothesouthandnorthparts.ThezoneplayedaveryimportantroleinTibetanPlateausdeformationprocessanddynamicev…     

Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>S</Subscript>=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001

Based on the analysis of coseismic deformation in the macroscopic epicentral region extracted by Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), and combined with the seismic activity, focal mechanism solutions of the earthquake and field investigation, the characteristic of coseismic deformation of M _S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001 was researched. The study shows that its epicenter lies in the northeast side of Hoh Sai Hu; and the seismogenic fault in the macroscopic epicentral region can be divided into two central deformation fields: the west and east segments with the lengths of 42 km and 48 km, respectively. The whole fault extends about 90 km. From the distribution of interferometry fringes, the characteristic of sinistral strike slip of seismogenic fault can be identified clearly. The deformations on both sides of the fault are different with an obviously higher value on the south side. In the vicinity of macroscopic epicenter, the maximum displacement in look direction is about 288.4 cm and the minimum is 224.0 cm; the maximum sinistral horizontal dislocation of seismogenic fault near the macroscopic epicenter is 738.1 cm and the minimum is 551.8 cm.     

2013年10月31日吉林前郭M5.8震群研究

2013年10月31日在吉林省前郭县查干花镇先后发生5.5级和5.0级地震,之后于2013年11月22日、23日又在原地分别发生了5.3级和5.8级、5.0级地震,形成震群活动。震群地震发生在东北断块区松辽断陷带中央坳陷区内,极震区长轴呈北东向展布。本次震群序列共记录1 356次地震,包括5次5级以上地震,记录到完整的地震序列。余震呈NW向密集条带状分布,震群震源断错性质为带有走滑分量的逆冲型错动,综合分析认为,前郭震群地震可能受北东向扶余—肇东断裂和北西向查干泡—道字井断裂控制,其破裂面为北西向,发震构造可能是震源区基底深部一条NW向隐伏逆冲断裂（查干泡—道字井断裂）。前郭5.8级震群在震前出现一部分测震学异常,而前兆异常更丰富,表现为由外围向震中区逐渐逼近,地震发生后前兆异常又表现出由震中区向外围扩散的特征;在时间上,先是从2010年以来出现以破年变为特征的中期趋势异常,逐渐由趋势异常向短期异常再向临震异常演化,临震异常主要以加速转折下降为主。      

2008年汶川MS8.0地震前定点形变高频异常特征的研究

本文以中国大陆西部定点形变观测资料作为研究对象, 采用S变换和超限率时频分析法对其进行了处理和分析。 研究结果表明: 在2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前, 距离震中600 km范围内的定点形变个别台站观测到高频异常, 异常持续时间较长; 距离震中300 km范围的个别台站临震高频异常非常显著; 并且不同的定点形变观测手段对高频信号的响应不同, 地倾斜测项临震前高频异常形态较地应变测项更为清晰灵敏。 同时S变换和超限率两种方法处理结果具有较好的一致性, 表明本文提取到的高频异常可信度较高。     

Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated with M S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001

Based on the analysis of coseismic deformation in the macroscopic epicentral region extracted by Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), and combined with the seismic activity, focal mechanism solutions of the earthquake and field investigation, the characteristic of coseismic deformation of M _S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001 was researched. The study shows that its epicenter lies in the northeast side of Hoh Sai Hu; and the seismogenic fault in the macroscopic epicentral region can be divided into two central deformation fields: the west and east segments with the lengths of 42 km and 48 km, respectively. The whole fault extends about 90 km. From the distribution of interferometry fringes, the characteristic of sinistral strike slip of seismogenic fault can be identified clearly. The deformations on both sides of the fault are different with an obviously higher value on the south side. In the vicinity of macroscopic epicenter, the maximum displacement in look direction is about 288.4 cm and the minimum is 224.0 cm; the maximum sinistral horizontal dislocation of seismogenic fault near the macroscopic epicenter is 738.1 cm and the minimum is 551.8 cm. Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (40374013) and “Researching on the Disaster Earthquake” (2003) of Public Welfare Research Item, Ministry of Science and Technology of China.     

Physical models of earthquake instability and precursory processes

This paper selectively reviews physical models of earthquake instability. In these models, instability arises as a result of interaction of a fault constitutive relation with deformation of the surrounding material that occurs in response to remote tectonic loading. In contrast to kinematic models in which the fault slip is imposed, it is calculated in physical models and, consequently, these models are essential for understanding precursory processes. Some kind of weakening behavior for the fault constitutive relation is required to produce an instability analogous to an earthquake. Two commonly employed idealizations discussed here are rate-independent slip weakening and rate/state-dependent friction. When these constitutive models are employed on surfaces embedded in elastic half-spaces or layers, possibly coupled to a viscoelastic substrate, the results are capable of simulating realistically some aspects of earthquake occurrence. Common to all models is the prediction that earthquake instability is preceded by precursory slip which produces a departure of surface strain-rate from the background level. Near the epicenter of a moderate to large earthquake, the magnitude of this departure appears to be well within the range of current geodetic measurement accuracy, and its duration is of the order of months to years. However, details depend on a variety of factors, including the modelling of the constitutive relation near peak stress, coupling of elastic crust to the asthenosphere, and coupling of deformation with pore fluid diffusion.     

Effects of fault geometry and slip style on near-fault static displacements caused by the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake

We investigated the fault geometry effects and the corresponding coseismic slip distribution using various proposed earthquake fault models for the Chi-Chi earthquake of 21 September 1999. The types of fault geometries are threefold: a simple planar fault plane, a two segmented planar fault plane and a three dimensional (3D) curved fault surface rupture propagation model. We derived the estimated spatial slip distribution from an inversion analysis of GPS coseismic displacement data and show that the 3D fault model is the preferred solution. The simple and segmented fault models lead to significant artificial slip distributions associated with the pre-defined fault geometry and the spatial distribution of GPS stations. The spatial distribution of coseismic slip deduced from the 3D fault model has three observable features: (1) the overall slip is concentrated at depth of less than 12 km, which may well correspond to a shallow-dipping detachment; (2) the maximum slip of about 10 m is located 45 km to the north of the epicenter; and (3) the slip vector is dominated by the dip-slip component. In addition, the results from the inversion of GPS data are consistent with those from the inversion analysis of teleseismic broadband data. A resolution analysis, further, demonstrates that the results are highly correlated with field GPS data studies when we used synthetic test data. The inversion of spatially distributed GPS data is highly sensitive to fault geometry. We conclude that the use of the 3D fault model is not only necessary but also certainly competent enough to well explain the inferred slip style and the observed static coseismic displacements.     

联合Envisat和ALOS卫星影像确定 L'Aquila地震震源机制

2009年4月6日意大利L'Aquila地区发生了M_w6.3级地震,该地震造成了300余人的人员死亡. 本文联合不同波长、不同入射倾角的升降轨Envisat和ALOS卫星的差分干涉数据对该地震进行震源机制解的反演研究. 研究首先对卫星雷达影像进行二通差分干涉处理,获取了覆盖L'Aquila地震震区的完整InSAR同震形变场,然后结合四叉树和均匀采样方法对原始观测数据进行降采样. 在此基础上,联合GPS形变观测数据,利用弹性半空间矩形和三角位错模型,以及断层自动剖分技术对断层面进行最优离散剖分,反演获取了发震断层的精确几何参数和最优断层滑动分布,结果显示分布式三角位错滑动模型能够很好地解释观测到的地表形变场. 反演结果表明发震断层是一个以正倾滑为主兼有少量右旋走滑的盲断层;基于观测数据最优确定的断层单元的最短边长为0.4 km,最长边长为6.3 km;此次地震的滑动分布主要发生在5～14 km深度的范围内,最大滑移量为1.07 m,释放的能量为3.43×10¹⁸ N·m(M_w6.32),与地震学的研究结果非常一致.     

联合强震记录和InSAR/GPS结果的四川九寨沟7.0级地震震源滑动分布反演及其地震学应用

2017年8月8日我国四川九寨沟发生里氏7.0级地震.本研究利用基线校正方法获得距震中100km范围内9个强震台站同震位移,基于Sentinel-1卫星干涉SAR影像对获取了InSAR同震形变场.结合GPS形变数据,本研究进行了震源滑动模型联合反演,结果显示此次地震整体以走滑运动为主,释放地震矩约为7.60×1018 N·m(～MW6.52).通过对比模拟形变场和观测值显示,联合反演结果优于单独基于InSAR形变场的反演结果.静态应力变化计算结果显示断层平均静态应力降为1.07MPa.反演滑动模型沿走向和倾角方向拐角波数值分别为0.99×10-4和1.10×10-4.同震静态库仑应力变化计算结果显示共有83.6%的余震位于库仑应力增加的区域,被主震所触发的余震占总数的77.9%,主震对后续余震具有显著触发作用.强地面运动模拟结果显示模拟结果在烈度分布范围和等级方面与调查烈度符合度很高,模拟结果能够很好地反映断层破裂的方向性效应等特征.本研究计算结果显示九寨沟地震无论是平均静态应力降还是拐角波数均低于同类型地震的平均水平,这可能是造成本次地震强地震动水平相对不高的原因.     

震前多种前兆异常形态特征及预测意义

对1970年以来华北地区31次M_S≥5.0地震前多种前兆异常形态特征进行了系统研究, 结果认为: ① 在强震前短临阶段, 普遍存在垂直形变和水位异常形态的四象限性分布, 且这种象限分布特征与主震震源机制解具有一定的相关性。 即在压缩区, 垂直形变上升, 水位亦上升。 在膨胀区, 垂直形变和水位都下降; ② 地倾斜异常在近源区与远源区具有明显的差异, 其中多数强震前表现为距离震中近的台站向与震中相反的方向倾斜, 而远离震中的台站, 其倾斜方向指向震中; ③ 地电阻率异常形态以下降为主; 多数水化异常(气体)表现为短期上升而临震转平或下降; 电磁波通常为短临异常。 基于上述前兆异常形态特征, 特别是垂直形变和水位异常形态的四象限分布特点, 提出了根据前兆场异常特征判断发震地点和孕震状态的思路。     

THE SEISMOGENIC ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS OF LUDIAN MS6.5 EARTHQUAKE USING GRAVITY DATA

The main rupture of Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake is directed to the northwest, which occurred in the east of Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone. The epicenter is in the transitional zone of the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block, where there are many slip and nappe structures. Some controversy still remains on the earthquake tectonic environment. So, Bouguer gravity anomalies calculated by EGM2008 were broken down into 1-5 ranks using the way of Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT), then we get the lateral heterogeneity in different depths of the crust. The distribution characteristics of Bouguer gravity anomaly are analyzed using measured gravity profile data. We also get its normalized full gradient(NFG)picture, and study the differences between different depths in crust. The results show that: (1)the characteristic of Buoguer gravity anomaly in southwest to northeast is high-low-high between the Lianfeng Fault(LFF)and Zhaotong-Ludian Fault(ZLF). The mainshock and aftershocks are distributed in the middle of the low-value zone, which means that the east moving materials of Qinghai-Tibet plateau broke through the southern section of Lianfeng Fault(LFF), moving along the Baogunao-Xiaohe zone(low-value belt)to the southeast, stopped by the Zhaotong-Ludian Fault(ZLF), and then earthquake occurred.(2)The third-order discrete wavelet transform(DWT)details show that: there is a good consistency between the negative gravity anomaly in upper crust and the distribution of major faults, which reflects that the rupture caused by the movements of the faults in crust has reduced gravity anomaly. There is a NW-trending negative anomaly belt near the epicenter, which may has some relationship to the southward development of the Daliangshan Fault(DLSF). So we speculate that the southward movement of Daliangshan Fault is the main direct force source of Ludian earthquake.(3)In the picture of the fourth-order DWT details, there is an obvious positive gravity anomaly under the epicenter of Ludian earthquake, which confirms the presence of a high-density body in the middle crust. While the fifth-order DWT details show that: A positive anomaly belt is below the epicenter too, which may be caused by mantle material intruding to the lower crust. Tensile force in crust caused by mantle uplift and extrusion-torsion force caused by Indian plate push are the main force source in the tensile and strike slip movement of the Ludian earthquake.(4)The normalized total gradient of Bouguer gravity anomalies of Huili-Ludian-Zhaotong profile shows that: there is obvious ‘deformation’ in the Xiaojiang fault zone which dips to the east and controls the local crust movement. There is a local ‘constant body’ at the bottom of the epicenter. The stable constant body in density has limiting effects to the earthquake rupture, which is the reason that the earthquake rupture' scale in strike and in depth are limited.(5)The ability of earthquake preparation in Zhaotong-Ludian Fault is lower than the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone, and the maximum earthquake capacity in this area should be around magnitude 7.     

甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震前后区域地壳形变分析

利用陆态网GNSS连续站及流动站观测数据处理结果,从坐标时间序列、基线时间序列、速度场、形变场等方面分析岷县漳县地震前后青藏高原东北缘地区GPS形变场变化,得出以下结论:岷县漳县地震前GNSS测站时间序列没有明显变化,震前异常不突出;地震引起不同测点不同程度的永久性同震位移,最大值达到16mm;地震前后基线变化不明显,未发现明显的前兆异常;阿拉善及附近的祁连构造带存在顺时针运动的迹象,即运动方向由东侧的南西向逐渐变到西部的北西向,运动大小的范围基本保持在7mm/a之内;区域主压应变优势方向为东北-西南向,最大主压应变区呈带状分布于研究区域南部。     

张北6．2级地震前断层活动特征研究

运用变化率分析了张北6．2级地震前山两地区跨断层流动短水准资料变化特征,发现：在张北6．2级地震孕育过程中,特别是地震孕育中短期阶段,断层活动存在明显的异常变化且一致性好,主要表现为：①断层异常活动集中在震前3．5-0．5年且存在阶段性,断层异常恢复后发生地震;②断层异常活动性质发生剧烈快速的变化,离地震发生越近断层异常活动幅度越大、变化率越快;③山西地区跨断层流动水准异常特别是前中短期异常变化主要集中在山西带的北部地区,范嗣主要集中在震中周围500km左右范围内。     

1969年渤海Ms7.4地震发震断层的声学探测

发生于1969年的渤海M_s7.4地震是渤海海域惟一一个主震被现代仪器记录的大地震,对其发震断层的讨论争议颇多.2005~2008年,我们在主震震区进行了3个航次的高分辨率声学探测,获得了包括浅层单道地震、侧扫声纳以及CHIRP剖面等在内的数百公里综合地球物理观测资料.本文报道了对上述声学资料的研究结果.研究表明,在震区海底之下2~3 m发现了一条走向NE30°、长20 km、宽约3 km的微型凹陷带,地质时代为5000 a B.P.,沉积面的最大下凹幅度为1.5 m;在空间位置上微型凹陷带与BZ28断裂、余震活动分布基本一致,因此,微型凹陷带是BZ28断裂活动的结果,而A层底界的下凹变形则是1969年渤海7.4级地震活动的结果, BZ28断裂是该地震的发震断层.BZ28断裂呈NE30°走向,是郯庐断裂带的次级断裂,浅层地震剖面揭示其最新活动时间为全新世中晚期,根据地质时代以及断层的垂向位移量,计算得到BZ28断裂晚更新世以来的垂向活动速率约为0.05 mm/a,全新世为0.3 mm/a,具有活动强度增加的趋势.     

2008年新疆乌恰Mw6.7地震震源机制与形变特征的InSAR研究

2008年10月5日新疆乌恰M_w6.7级地震发生在南天山、帕米尔高原及塔里木盆地交汇地带,基于地震波反演的震源机制解确定的震源深度存在较大差异.本文利用日本ALOS卫星的PALSAR图像,获得了本次地震的同震形变场,基于卫星视线向（LOS）和方位向（Azimuth）的形变,采用均匀弹性半无限位错模型和有界最小二乘（BVLS）算法,以网格矩形位错元法对发震断层的几何产状、滑移及分布进行了估算,结果表明本次地震以逆断破裂为主,断层面上最大位错量接近3.4 m,形变中心位于73.8040°E,39.5335°N,深度约5 km,震级估算为M_w6.6;地震发生在走向46°,倾角48°的断层上,发震断层长30 km,宽14 km,闭锁深度9 km,符合该地区浅源地震多发的构造特点,发震断层为乌合沙鲁断裂带.InSAR反演的滑移形变主要集中于地下2~7 km,表明乌恰地震为浅源地震,可能与该断层附近历史地震未完全释放的残余应力积累有关.同时,InSAR反演的断层位错分布呈现双破裂特征,震级分别为M_w6.5和M_w6.1,可能与本次地震的主震和余震相对应,也可能是由主震激发而产生的两组破裂.