墨西哥湾西北部古近纪早期（62~48 Ma）源汇体系与沉积格局变迁

受埋深和复杂盐构造影响,深水Wilcox沉积研究难度大,开展大尺度源汇体系分析对理解墨西哥湾Wilcox沉积格局具有实际意义。通过对古科罗拉多（简称C）水系与古格兰德河（简称RG）水系相关研究成果的系统梳理,结合地震、钻井、岩芯与岩矿等资料,分析了墨西哥湾西北部深水沉积格局的演变特征及其储层意义。C水系和RG水系形成两个不同的源汇系统,源汇系统构成要素之间既有联系,也存在明显差异,物源区和搬运区各要素的时空变化决定了两大水系沉积物供给能力和深水沉积格局的变迁。古新世Wilcox沉积期,C水系沉积物供给强,在浅水陆架和深水盆地形成大规模三角洲和富砂海底扇体系,墨西哥湾西部Perdido带主要受该物源控制。始新世Wilcox沉积期,C水系物源供给减弱,海底扇规模减小,扇体轴部向东迁移,而RG水系沉积物供给增强,在陆架区形成高砂地比的三角洲体系,砂质沉积物进一步越过陆架形成西部海底扇,Perdido带浊积砂岩主要受该物源控制。广泛发育的浊积砂岩储层表明墨西哥海域Perdido带始新世Wilcox组具有较大的勘探潜力。     

物探新装备在地质调查中的应用

2005年以来，水环地调中心先后引进了美国产地震仪、可控震源车、高密度电法仪、地质雷达及英国产RG轻便测井站等物探新装备。这些设备技术含量高，操作难度大，经过认真消化、吸收、试验，以及与供货方协商解决装备上的部分硬件及后续资料处理方面的技术问题，使这些装备在较短的时间内投入使用，并且在使用过程中，逐步挖掘出解决地质问题的潜力，提高了地质勘查成果精度，使新装备充分发挥作用，在地质调查中凸现威力，提供了新的技术支持。     

无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤特性试验研究

在土工织物反滤排水工程中,织物滤层在应力、渗流实际工况下的反滤特性是保证工程安全的关键问题。为揭示无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤机制,采用自主研制的可施加法向压应力的梯度比渗透仪试验装置测定黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT、各分层土的渗透系数kj、梯度比RG和试验前后土工织物试样的质量变化情况,研究在不同水力梯度、应力水平下无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤特性。结果表明：黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT和梯度比RG随着时间的增加而减小,并最终趋于一个稳定值;增大水力梯度可以改善黏土−无纺土工织物滤层的透水性,增加应力水平会降低土工织物滤层的透水性且提高其保土性;渗流作用下,被保护土层表现为靠近无纺土工织物的底层土渗透系数最小,远离无纺土工织物的最上层土的渗透系数最大;堵塞系数与黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT、梯度比RG存在内在的关系,在特定的应力−渗流作用下可能存在一个临界堵塞系数,大于该值时将造成无纺土工织物滤层的反滤失效。     

给“JLC—1型积时式缆道采样器”增装水深信号的方法

使用“JLC——I 型积时式缆道采样器”,由于没有单独的测深信号,给使用者带来了很大的不便,我们为它增装了直流脉冲的测深信号,达到了满意的效果。所加的“水面”、“河底”信号电原理图如图1。图中:继电器是小型直流弱继电器JRC——1M 型 RG4、553、004。BG_1可用任何小型锗 PNP 型三极管,BG_2最好用耗散功率稍大的3DK10或3 DG12等。其它元件无严     

计算区段控制浓度的合理定量化模型研究

对污染物实施总量控制已经成为我国防止水环境恶化、实现水资源可持续利用的主要战略手段之一。本文就总量控制工作进行了理论探讨，从理论上提出了控制平均浓度和最大浓度两种情况下的排污等效模型。同时对计算区段控制浓度的确定进行了定量化模型研究。该模型简便易操作、实用性强，具有一定的理论意义和实用价值。     

灰色优势分析在摇床操作参数优化中的应用

运用灰色优势分析法对摇床选矿过程中冲程、床面坡度、给矿浓度和给矿量等操作参数对选矿效果（精矿品位和业矿回收率）的影响进行了研究,获得了摇床选别细粒砂矿影响因素的显著性序次;对精矿品位影响的显著性依次是冲程、床面坡度、给矿量和给矿浓度;对精矿回收率影响的显著性依次是冲程、给矿量、床面坡度和给矿浓度。该结论为摇床选别细粒砂矿进一步调优试验指明了方向。     

“区域重力资料整理处理成图自动化”简介

地质部物探研究所,陕西省地质局综合研究队承担的“区域重力资料整理,处理成图自动化”研究是地质部重点科研项目,自七八年下达至八一年先后列为科技计划。本项目主要是配合目前各省相继开展的1∶20万区域重力测量工作,以提高其各个环节的精度和效率而设计的。方法技术的研究包括利用航照技术解决不规则测网重力测量中的测地工作(主要由陕西省综合研究队承担)和建立“区域重力资料整理、处理、成图自动化系统”—简称RG—81系统(主要由物探研究所研制)。     

硫酸和硝酸对桂林毛村碳酸盐岩溶蚀的室内模拟

硫酸和硝酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀会减少岩溶碳汇量,但其定量关系有待进一步研究。文章根据野外水体中SO42-、NO3-浓度,在室内封闭条件下分别设计了碳酸（0.033 mol?L-1）、硫酸和硝酸（0.1~1.7 mmol?L-1）（CSN酸）及硫酸、硝酸（0.1~1.7 mmol?L-1）（SN酸）对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀实验,实验历时144 h。结果表明:CSN酸中泥晶灰岩和白云岩的溶蚀速率均大于SN酸的。CSN酸中,泥晶灰岩溶蚀速率总体均高于白云岩,平均值分别为1.34 mg?（cm2?d）-1和1.21 mg?（cm2?d）-1。而在SN酸中,二者溶蚀速率差别不大,平均值分别为0.92 mg·（cm2?d）-1和0.93 mg·（cm2?d）-1;HCO3-浓度与溶蚀速率结果对应,泥晶灰岩和白云岩在CSN酸溶蚀液中HCO3-平均值分别为1.43 mmol?L-1和1.33 mmol?L-1,而在SN酸中泥晶灰岩的HCO3-低于白云岩,平均值分别为0.33 mmol?L-1和0.39 mmol?L-1。CSN酸中HCO3-浓度随酸浓度的增大而减小,而SN酸中其浓度随酸浓度的增大而增大。当SO42-、NO3-浓度为0.1~0.3 mmol?L-1时,碳酸对白云岩的溶蚀作用占75.89%~58.64%,对泥晶灰岩的溶蚀作用占80.21%~59.06%,当SO42-、NO3-浓度大于0.44 mmol?L-1时,其溶蚀作用小于50%。当SO42-、NO3-浓度为0.0~0.2 mmol?L-1时,野外实测数据与模拟数据基本吻合;当浓度>0.2 mmol?L-1时,野外实测碳酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀比例高于模拟实验。研究结果进一步说明了硝酸和硫酸对碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用的显著影响,可为其他酸对岩溶碳汇影响提供参考。      

流动注射合并带停留光度法快速测定环境水样中化学需氧量

研究了KMnO4体系流动注射合并带停留分光光度法对环境水样中化学需氧量(COD)测定的试验条件,包括反应试剂KMnO4的浓度、载流H2SO4的酸度、采样泵泵速及停留时间、反应温度、试剂体积和采样环体积。在不加HgSO4的条件下,Cl-的质量浓度达10000 mg/L对测定无干扰。方法的线性范围为3~150 mg/L,检出限为1 mg/L,精密度(RSD,n=7)为1.2%。方法具有仪器简单,操作方便、快速,干扰少,灵敏度高等优点,用于河水、池塘水和地表水等实际样品的分析,测定值与经典重铬酸钾标准方法结果基本一致。     

基于三维路线精测方法确定深部工程岩体强度

在深部采矿工程中,针对岩石质量指标RQD（rock quality designation）存在的问题,提出了先按岩性的不同将岩体进行岩组RG（rock group）划分,再对不同岩组分别进行三维RQD指标量测的方法。基于路线精测方法,通过对孔庄煤矿深井工作面不同岩组进行三维RQD实测和统计分析,得到了在岩石单轴抗压强度基础上深部节理化岩体强度折减系数,并由换算公式确定了工程岩体的等效强度。研究成果有助于对深部岩体结构特性进行定量化评价,为合理确定深部岩体的强度提供新的思路。     

土壤测汞方法在地球化学勘查中的应用

RG-1测汞仪具有抗干扰、精度高、检出限低、使用方便的优势.通过实例探讨了样品采集的层位、粒度、存放时间以及测试样品的条件等问题.多次反复试验工作证明了不同仪器应视其自身具体情况而决定测试条件.原子吸收热释法测汞,其样品的实际温度决定了汞的释出,而预热时间的长短决定了样品的实际温度.只有确保在所选取的各项试验条件下工作,才能使分析测试的结果达到标准要求.实践证明该方法在进行构造勘查方面的应用是行之有效的.     

pH 值对包气带土壤吸附铅和汞的影响实验

本文测定了北京西郊4组不同包气带土壤中铅和汞的含量,探讨了pH值变化对铅和汞在土壤样品中分配系数的影响。结果表明:随着pH值的升高,汞和铅在土壤中的分配系数逐步增大,随后降低,pH值与分配系数关系曲线为单峰曲线。汞在砂壤土、轻壤土和中壤土中的分配系数Kd值在0~160mL/g之间,当pH值为10左右时,Kd值最大为160mL/g;铅的分配系数远大于汞,当pH值介于6~10之间时,铅在上述土壤中的Kd值为16 800~29 500mL/g。     

Mercury in the Waters of the Jundiaí River, SP, Brazil: The Role of Dissolved Organic Matter

Many developing countries have regions of high demographic density, where untreated residuary waters from different sources are often discharged into rivers, streams and other water bodies. This paper discusses the reducing action of organic matter of anthropic origin on the mercury redox cycle in the Jundiaí River impacted by discharged wastes, and on the Piraí River, a non-impacted water body. The total mercury concentrations in these locations vary from 1.7 to 32?ng?L^?1 in the former and from 0.6 to 10.6?ng?L^?1 in the latter. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations of up to 68.3 and 6.5?mg?L^?1 were observed, confirming the higher impact on the Jundiaí River. It was found that an inverse correlation between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon and total mercury was stronger in the Jundiaí River, given that it receives higher organic loads, suggesting that organic matter exerts a reducing action on mercury, which is released as gas into the atmosphere. This correlation was not observed in the Piraí River, where the organic matter of natural origin is probably not sufficiently labile to act intensely upon the Hg redox cycle, favoring the metal transport.     

The use of soil mercury and radon gas surveys to assist the detection of concealed faults in Fuzhou City, China

Soil gas approaches have been proven useful for detecting buried faults in field survey. How about their applicability in urban area? A trial soil gas survey has been conducted in an attempt to evaluate this in Fuzhou City, Southeastern China. The detection was performed by measuring the adsorbed mercury, free mercury and radon gases in soil in the sites such as crop soil, refilled soil and those with shallow groundwater levels. The resulting distributions show that anomalous concentrations of soil gases over faults are generally two to four times as much as those in the surrounding areas. The locations of peak values of absorbed and free mercury could possibly be applied to assist to determine the trend of faults. The background values of free mercury seems to be more stable and the anomalous zones narrower than those of radon gas, therefore, the free mercury method seems to be good for detection at this area, especially in those sites with shallow groundwater levels. The false gas anomalies may occur in such a site as refilled with external soil, refilled pond and abandoned construction bases.     

秦皇陵中的水银 ——是否有水银，水银来自何方

《史记》记载秦皇陵中存在大量的水银,考古学家对此存在较大的争议。利用地球化学地球物理方法证明,在秦皇陵中有水银存在,汞气测量在秦皇陵中存在非常强的汞异常。通过理论推算,若真如记载秦皇陵中以山水为百川,则其用量为300~2500t,如此巨大的水银从何而来？通过对古代几个汞矿的分析和地球化学块体推算,单靠陕西省旬阳公馆镇的汞矿无法供给如此巨大的水银,而重庆酉阳的地球化学块体蕴含巨量的汞,可能也是秦皇陵中水银的重要来源。     

The geochemistry of mercury in sedimentary rocks and soils in Pennsylvania

The mercury contents of 11 sandstone, 11 shale and 6 limestone samples from Pennsylvania average 7, 23 and 9 ppb Hg, respectively, which is lower than the values for sedimentary rocks reported in the literature. The differences may arise because many of the reported high values are from regions characterized by more mineralization and volcanism than is present in central Pennsylvania. The lowest values found for shale and sandstone in Pennsylvania (0.4 and 0.5 ppb Hg, respectively) are lower by an order of magnitude than the lowest previously reported values. The mercury content of sedimentary rocks varies markedly due to the effects of volcanism, organic material and sulfur in reducing environments, iron and manganese oxides in oxidizing environments, diagenesis, hydrothermal processes, and the thermal history of the rock.Soils in Pennsylvania have much greater amounts of mercury than their parent rocks even after taking into account possible residual concentration, suggesting that mercury is added to the soils from an outside source. Rain is the major source of mercury absorbed by the soil. A portion of the absorbed mercury returns to the atmosphere, establishing a rain-soil-atmosphere mercury cycle. The general enrichment of mercury in soils and sediments compared to rocks is supported by the observation that the mercury content of rain is greater than freshwater. The much higher values of mercury in unconsolidated sediments compared to sedimentary rocks suggest that mercury is lost during diagenesis.Man's contribution of mercury to the surface environment is nearly equal to the natural contribution. Industrial loss contributes more than 65 per cent of man's total, and the contribution of fossil fuel consumption is small, although it may be locally important. The implications of mercury loss and absorption by soils may be an important factor in concentrating mercury in crops and other living matter, especially near industrialized areas.     

汞分析仪直接测定矿石中的痕量汞

使用汞分析仪直接对不同矿石中的痕量汞进行快速准确测定。矿样直接称样后,无需复杂的湿法消解或样品前处理,6 min内即可完成汞的测定。建立的方法不受样品性质影响,无基体干扰,方法回收率为90.0%～109.0%,检出限为0.60 ng/g,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)为0.95%～4.74%。使用该法分析了6大类矿石标准参考物质和实际样品,并与常规方法进行比较,分析结果与证书值和其他方法测定值一致。与现行国家标准分析方法相比,该方法大大缩短了分析周期,适合大批量试样的分析。     

有关土壤汞量测量的几点思考与探讨研究

对于土壤汞量测量工作中存在的一些疑问,如土壤吸附汞测量的定义与其热释温度是否对应,土壤样品研磨对测量结果有何影响,土壤吸附汞测量相对于全量汞测量的应用前景等等,笔者尝试进行实验性探讨和个案分析,获得以下几点认识:①原子态汞在表生环境中,其衍生化合物包含硫化汞,且占有相当大比例;②辰砂及一些无定形态汞化合物颗粒(如非晶态的硫化汞等)的分布状态是影响测量结果的主要因素;③样品研磨对测量结果的影响要远大于滞留在样品中的原子态汞。基于这种认识,建议性提出土壤样品加工方法及测试要求,并就实验中的一些现象及研究需要,提出“似颗粒效应“、“当量氯化汞“和“土壤泛低温汞测量“等概念,为进一步完善土壤汞量测量方法技术提供了一种新的见解和思路。     

巯基棉分离富集-原子荧光光谱法测定重晶石中痕量汞

重晶石样品研磨过筛,用EDTA-氢氧化钠混合溶液络合处理,盐酸调节至弱酸性释放出汞,处理后的样品用原子荧光光谱法测定矿样中的痕量汞。采用巯基棉分离富集有机汞及无机汞,在pH 3~4时巯基棉可充分吸附汞,分别用2 mol/L和6 mol/L盐酸洗脱有机汞和无机汞,并将有机汞转化为无机汞。对影响汞测定的实验条件及干扰元素进行探讨。方法线性范围为0.00~5.00 ng/mL,相关系数为0.999 6;加标回收率为92.0%~114.0%。方法具有简便、快速、基体干扰少、灵敏度高等优点。     

Mercury contamination of active channel sediment and floodplain deposits from historic gold mining at Gold Hill,North Carolina,USA

A reconnaissance investigation of mercury contamination associated with historic gold mining in North Carolina, USA, revealed high concentrations of mercury in channel and floodplain sediments downstream from the Gold Hill mining district. The most intense period of mining activities in this region occurred in the 1840s and 1850s when mercury amalgamation was used to recover fine gold particles from milled ore. This paper evaluates mercury concentrations measured in active channel sediments and two cores recovered from historic floodplain deposits of the lower portion of Dutch Buffalo Creek. Mercury concentrations in these cores range from 0.01 to 2.2 mg/kg, with maximum concentrations more than 35 times background levels. A later peak in copper concentrations is associated with the operation of a large copper mine between 1899 and 1906. Following the most intense periods of mining, both mercury and copper concentrations decrease upcore to constant levels of about twice pre-mining background concentrations. Results suggest that vertical trends in mercury and other trace metals provide a useful tool for interpreting rates of historic floodplain sedimentation in the Piedmont of North Carolina.