High resolution X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for water analysis of metals in East China Sea

Within the last century, water pollution has become a major problem throughout the world. Aquatic systems are endangered by many different types of pollution but one of the most threatening is contamination by heavy metals, for example, Cd, etc. The presence of these metals is mainly due to industrial wastes or mining wastes being improperly treated and dumped into the water supply. The contamination may damage marine organisms or create changes in the aquatic environment. For these reasons, monitoring the concentrations of trace elements in rivers, coastal waters and open seawater is very important for environmental conservation. Like many countries in the world, China is facing the serious problem of water pollution in its aquatic system. Areas like the Yangtze River have been industrialized very quickly, and without proper waste control practices the pollution levels have increased with the economic growth. The Yangtze River covers thousands of square kilometers and crosses more than half of China before reaching the East China Sea.     

Soil parent materials and soil properties in two separate catchment areas on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

On the Jos Plateau, soils derived from basalt and volcanic ash are much more intensively and extensively utilized for agricultural purposes than the granite soils. This study was carried out to determine the differences that may have contributed to this discrimination. Twenty four soil profiles were dug and described in two separate catchment areas that really portray the variance. Soil samples were analysed using standard procedures. The results show that basalt and volcanic ash-derived soils have relatively deeper profiles, lower bulk density, higher contents of clay, organic matter, exchangeable bases, micro-nutrients (Cu & Zn) and weatherable minerals. They are also higher in their CEC and base saturation percentage while available water capacity, hydraulic conductivity and natural water content are more adequate in them. Hence, the basalt and volcanic ash soils are more favourable for crop growth while the deficiencies in granite soils present more constraints to agricultural land use. Consequently, there are differences between the soil types in their crop-yielding capacities. These differences constitute a reflection of soil parent material influence. Agriculture in the area is mainly low-input. There is the need for improved management practices for the enhancement of soil conditions of granite areas in particular and the whole area in general. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Trace element geochemistry and tectonic characterization of the granulite facies rocks from Southwest Obudu Plateau,southeastern Nigeria

The trace elements characteristics of the migmatitic gneisses (biotite-garnetand hornblende-biotite), granulite facies rocks (charnockitic gneisses) and meta-peridotite in the area of Southwest Obudu Plateau indicate that the area exhibits a high degree of geochemical variability. Compatible trace elements (Ni and Cr) are comparatively high in the granulite facies rocks and meta-peridotite. Ni ranges from 28×10-6 to 266×10-6 whilst Cr ranges from 62×10-6 to 481×10-6 for the granulite facies rocks (charnocki...     

Rare-earth and trace element imprints on the origin and tectonic setting of gabbro-diorite complex in the Pan-African belt of Southeast Obudu Plateau,Nigeria

A gabbro-diorite plutonic complex from the Southeast Obudu Plateau, representing limited volumes of magma, was studied for its trace and rare-earth element characteristics, in an attempt to document its genetic and geodynamic history. Geochemical studies indicate that the gabbro samples are characterized by variable concentrations and low averages of such index elements as Cr (40×10-6–200×10-6; av. 80×10-6), Ni (40×10-6–170×10-6; 53.33×10-6) and Zr (110×10-6–240×10-6; 116.67×10-6); variable and high average...     

大气颗粒物样品波长色散X射线荧光光谱法无机元素测量结果不确定度评估

分析了用X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）测定大气颗粒物样品（TSP）中Al、Na、Cl、Mg、Cu、zn、Ca、S、Fe、Mn、K、Pb、Cd、Ba等无机元素结果的不确定度来源，对石英滤膜颗粒物样品无机元素含量测量不确定度进行了评估。计算结果表明，XRF测定中无机元素薄膜标样示值误差和工作曲线拟合误差是测量结果不确定度的主要来源。对计算测量不确定度的公式合成法和蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）模拟法的结果进行了比较，两种计算方法所得的结果一致。     

铜钴矿样品X荧光快速测定技术的初步研究

使用基于Si-PIN探测器和嵌入式计算机的便携式高能量分辨率X荧光(XRF)分析仪,对采自刚果(金)的铜钴矿样品进行测量。通过对实测数据的处理与分析,分含量段建立目标元素的工作曲线,同时求出相应的基体效应校正模型,并编制到仪器内置X荧光分析应用软件中。实现仪器根据实测多道微分谱线中相关元素的特征X射线计数率,自动切换工作曲线与基体效应修正模型,快速输出Cu和Co的含量的测定结果。通过与化学分析结果比较,快速测定结果精确度较高。     

生态环境监测工作中应用AAS/AFS和XRF法测定土壤重金属数据质量评价

当前我国生态环境监测工作中,测定土壤重金属等无机元素全量所采用的标准方法主要为原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)和波长色散X射线荧光光谱法(WDXRF)等。为掌握AAS、AFS和WDXRF等方法测试结果的有效性和可比性,本文选取了20个来自全国不同区域、不同类型的实际土壤样品,通过盲样方式插入国家土壤环境监测任务样品批次中,分发至3～5个实验室,采用AAS/AFS、WDXRF和便携式X射线荧光光谱法(p-XRF)平行测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cd、Pb、V和Mn十个元素全量。结果表明:元素含量水平分布均匀(在≤1.0、1.0～2.0、2.0～10.0及10.0水平均有分布);85%以上样品Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb元素WDXRF方法的实验室间相对偏差(RD)更理想,60%样品As元素AFS方法的RD更优,元素含量对WDXRF方法的RD有更明显影响。总体上,AAS/AFS和WDXRF两类方法实验室间精密度控制水平均较高,WDXRF法更理想。进一步分析AAS/AFS和WDXRF方法间平行性(以这两类方法测试结果的相对偏差RD’进行评价),Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn元素的RD’基本低于20%,As和Pb元素80%以上的RD’低于20%,Pearson相关性和线性关系分析表明这两类方法有较高的可比性;另外,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb和As元素的p-XRF与AAS/AFS方法测试结果也有较理想的可比性。本研究认为,AAS/AFS和WDXRF两类方法具有等同测试效果,实际监测工作中Cd、Hg等含量较低元素宜选择检出限较低的AAS/AFS法;因WDXRF方法的前处理过程简单易控,大批量土壤分析中使用该方法更加高效,在特定实验条件下p-XRF方法也有可接受的定量效果。     

川西高原黄土记录的末次冰期气候变化

川西高原位于高原气候区和季风气候区的过渡位置,该地区的气候特征对于认识青藏高原对周边气候的影响具有重要意义。通过对漳腊黄土剖面的¹⁴C年代测试、地层对比,结合粒度-年龄模型建立了剖面的年代序列。测试了粒度、色度、磁化率和碳酸盐等指标,建立了剖面的气候演化序列。结果表明,剖面记录了104 ka以来的气候变化过程。漳腊黄土粒度在MIS（深海氧同位素阶段）3和MIS4阶段的中值粒径接近,分别为17.6 μm和17.7 μm,反映了期间有一次高原隆升。漳腊黄土粒度曲线记录了多个粒度变粗和变细事件,粒度在H（海因里希）2时明显粗于H1,表明受到了高纬气候系统的影响。另外还存在2个明显的粒度变细事件,分别发生在处于MIS3的28~31 ka和42~45 ka,是低纬气候系统影响的结果。漳腊黄土研究结果表明川西高原气候系统影响因素的复杂性。     

基于加权证据权模型的青藏高原东部巴塘断裂带滑坡易发性评价

巴塘断裂带位于青藏高原东部,呈北东—南西向展布,全新世活动强烈,沿断裂带崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害极为发育。基于遥感解译和野外地质调查,在巴塘断裂带两侧10 km范围内识别出滑坡93处;在分析滑坡空间发育特征的基础上,选取地形地貌(地面高程、地形坡度和地形坡向)、地形湿度指数、地层岩性、活动断裂、降雨量、水系、人类工程活动和植被覆盖等10个因素作为滑坡易发程度的主控因素,采用加权证据权法建立滑坡易发性评价模型,开展巴塘断裂带滑坡易发性评价;成功率(ROC)曲线检验结果表明此次滑坡易发性评价的准确率为82.3%。采用基于自然断点法将滑坡易发程度划分为极高易发、高易发、中等易发和低易发4个级别,结果表明滑坡易发性受巴塘断裂带和河流控制显著,极高易发区和高易发区主要分布在巴塘断裂带、金沙江和巴曲河谷及一级支流两侧,中等易发区主要分布在巴曲各支流中上游,低易发区主要分布在人类工程活动弱的高山地带以及地形相对平缓的区域。滑坡易发性评价结果很好地反映了巴塘断裂带现今滑坡发育分布特征,对该区重大工程规划建设和防灾减灾具有科学指导意义。     

青藏高原北羌塘盆地查涌蛇绿岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

查涌蛇绿岩为甘孜-理塘缝合带在青藏高原北羌塘盆地治多地区的北延部分,由基性堆晶岩、辉绿岩墙群、基性喷出岩及沉积成因的硅质岩组成,缺乏地幔橄榄岩。受后期构造强烈破坏,岩石变质变形较强,多呈被肢解的构造岩块、岩片产出。堆晶岩包括蚀变橄榄辉石岩、辉长岩,蚀变橄榄辉石岩具有低SiO₂、TiO₂、P₂O₅含量及高MgO含量的特征,Rb、Th、Cr等元素呈强富集型,Sr、Nb、Y等元素具亏损型;辉长岩低SiO₂及K₂O含量,高MgO、TiO₂及Al2O3含量;辉绿岩墙以Rb、Ba、Th等元素的明显富集和Y、Yb的轻微亏损为特征,微量元素蛛网图曲线与洋中脊玄武岩类似;玄武岩具高TiO₂含量、低K₂O含量,属低钾拉斑玄武岩系列,轻重稀土元素分馏程度明显,具有轻稀土富集型,铕不显异常,玄武岩REE模式呈近平坦型曲线,与大洋玄武岩特征相似。由上述蛇绿岩地球化学特征及结合区域地质、构造环境等特征,推测查涌蛇绿岩产于洋盆环境。     

熔融制样-波长色散和能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪应用于硅酸盐类矿物及疑难样品分析

目前硅酸盐类样品中主量元素一般采用熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）测定,不仅单元素测定结果不能超差,而且百分数加和也要满足要求。但对于矿化样品,由于微量元素较高,往往造成不能满足加和质量要求。充分利用波长色散（WD）和能量色散（ED）复合式X射线荧光光谱仪同时波谱、能谱测定的优势,可使分析人员快速掌握样品组成信息,对评估矿化样品数据质量具有重要意义。本文利用波长-能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,可在测定主量元素的同时加入更多的微量元素进行测定,而分析时间不延长。主量元素采用波长色散定量,次量元素主要采用能量色散测定,在保证主量元素准确度的情况下,合理设置测量条件,延长能谱测量时间,实现在波长色散12min左右测定主量元素的同时,能够提供14个微量元素如Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Ba、Cu、Zn的测定结果和10个线性范围较窄或含量较低元素如Co、Ge、Pr、Ta的参考结果,24个微量元素最大检出限为16.76μg/g。通过准确度考核,主量元素测定结果与认定值基本一致,高含量微量元素测定结果亦满足定量分析要求。该方法可使分析人员快速掌握样品组成信息,为提供更加准确、可靠的数据奠定基础,有效地解决矿化疑难样品主量元素测定问题。     

青海东昆仑哈日扎多金属矿区构造活动的锆石裂变径迹定年分析

青海省哈日扎多金属矿区位于东昆仑东段,属东昆中多旋回岩浆弧带,是新的矿产勘查基地,成矿作用主要受NE和NW向两组构造蚀变带控制。本文通过不同类型样品的锆石裂变径迹定年分析,探讨区内的构造活动。所获得的10个样品年龄为116~204 Ma,并由3个组年龄构成,即204~181 Ma,142~168 Ma和116~120 Ma。第1组年龄204~181 Ma反映印支晚期三叠纪末羌塘地块与昆仑地块碰撞的地质事件及其时限;后两组年龄主要是晚侏罗世~早白垩世冈底斯地体向北与羌塘地体碰撞汇聚的响应,活动时限为168~116 Ma。第2和3组年龄同时表明本区燕山期构造活动存在强度差异,即有两个强作用期。同时,3组年龄也揭示本区具有多期次成矿活动。     

X射线荧光光谱法快速分析镁质耐火材料中硅铝铁钛钙镁

采用X射线荧光光谱法快速测定镁质耐火材料（包括原料镁砂及其制品镁砖）中的SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、TiO₂、CaO、MgO等6种组分。利用粉末直接压片法制取试样,确定仪器最佳参数,系列标样建立工作曲线,经验系数法对基体效应进行校正。对于主次组分,方法精密度低于5%（n=10）。方法用于实际样品的测定,结果与实验室化学法和其他单位的X射线荧光光谱法相符。方法适用于厂矿企业大批量生产的镁质耐火材料化学组成分析。     

A Late Quaternary Climate Record Based on Multi-Proxies Analysis from the Jiaochang Loess Section in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China

We compared the stable carbon isotopic records from a loess transect of the Jiaochang in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, spanning the last ~21,000 years, with multiproxy data for pedogenesis, including magnetic susceptibility, clay fraction, Fed/Fet ratio, carbonate and total organic carbon content, in order to probe the mechanisms of δ13C values of organic matter and Late Quaternary climate variations in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that there is no simple relationship between δ13C of organic matter and summer monsoon variations. The change in δ13C values of organic matter (in accordance with the ratios of C3 to C4 plants) results from the interaction among temperature, aridity and atmospheric pCO2 level. Drier climate and lower atmospheric pCO2 level contribute to positive carbon isotopic excursion, while negative carbon isotopic excursion is the result of lower temperature and increased atmospheric pCO2 level. Additionally, our results imply that the Tibetan monsoon may play an important role in climate system in the eastern Tibet Plateau, which specifically reflects frequently changing climate in that area. The results provide new insights into the forcing mechanisms on both the δ13C values of organic matter and the local climate system.     

Last Deglacial Soft−Sediment Deformation at Shawan on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Implications for Deformation Processes and Seismic Magnitudes

The eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is characterized by frequent earthquakes; however, research of paleo?earthquakes in the area has been limited, owing to the alpine topography and strong erosion. Detailed investigations of soft?sediment deformation (SSD) structures are valuable for understanding the trigger mechanisms, deformation processes, and the magnitudes of earthquakes that generate such structures, and help us to understand tectonic activity in the region. To assess tectonic activity during the late Quaternary, we studied a well?exposed sequence of Shawan lacustrine sediments, 7.0 m thick, near Lake Diexi in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Deformation is recorded by both ductile structures (load casts, flame structures, pseudonodules, ball?and?pillow structures, and liquefied convolute structures) and brittle structures (liquefied breccia, and microfaults). Taking into account the geodynamic setting of the area and its known tectonic activity, these SSD structures can be interpreted in terms of seismic shocks. The types and forms of the structures, the maximum liquefaction distances, and the thicknesses of the horizons with SSD structures in the Shawan section indicate that they record six strong earthquakes of magnitude 6–7 and one with magnitude >7. A recent study showed that the Songpinggou fault is the seismogenic structure of the 1933 Ms7.5 Diexi earthquake. The Shawan section is located close to the junction of the Songpinggou and Minjiang faults, and records seven earthquakes with magnitudes of ~7. We infer, therefore, that the SSD structures in the Shawan section document deglacial activity along the Songpinggou fault.     

青藏高原纳木错西缘新元古代中期岩浆事件:对北拉萨地块起源的约束

本文报道了青藏高原北拉萨地块纳木错西缘变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析结果。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的原岩形成时代分别为720±6Ma和732±7Ma,相当于新元古代中期。变质辉长岩为钙碱性系列,具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,与岛弧玄武岩类似。变质辉长岩中锆石具有较高的εHf(t)值(+5. 2～+9. 7),应当是源自俯冲环境下相对亏损的地幔楔。花岗片麻岩原岩为I型花岗质岩石,并且具有较为均一的锆石εHf(t)值(-3. 3～+0. 3),可能形成于地壳内古元古代变质火成岩的部分熔融作用。结合区域地质资料,变质辉长岩和花岗片麻岩的原岩应当形成于新元古代中期的洋壳俯冲消减过程。北拉萨地块上的前寒武纪岩浆和变质记录与东非造山带的活动时限较为一致,因而北拉萨地块可能与东非造山带具有亲缘性。     

Evidence for the silicate source of relict soils on the Edwards Plateau, central Texas

Relict soils provide insights into Quaternary soil formation and erosion on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas and into soil-forming processes in karst terranes. Late Quaternary climate-driven soil erosion produced a mosaic of thick and thin soils on the Edwards Plateau landscape. Thick soils on uplands of the Edwards Plateau are interpreted to be relicts of a formerly more extensive soil cover that was eroded during the late Pleistocene to middle Holocene. The relict, thick soils are silicate-rich and most commonly overlie the relatively silicate-poor Cretaceous Edwards Limestone, which supports the idea that the thick soils did not form from weathering of the underlying limestone. Other potential sources of silicates for the relict soils include dust, alluvial sediments, and the Del Rio Clay, a stratigraphically higher but locally eroded clay-rich unit. Here we investigate the geographic distribution, texture, clay-sized mineralogy, rare earth element geochemistry, and neodymium isotope composition of the relict soils. We have found that the relict, thick soils are deeply weathered soils that occur dominantly over the Edwards Limestone and have a high clay content and a neodymium isotope composition that is similar to that of the Del Rio Clay. Thus, we propose that in situ weathering of the Del Rio Clay, along with partial weathering of the upper portion of the underlying Edwards Limestone produced thick chert- and clay-rich soils over resistant limestone. In areas like the Edwards Plateau, where pure limestones are interbedded with clay-rich strata, the overlying clay-rich strata must be considered as a possible silicate source to soils on pure limestone bedrock.     

青藏高原昆仑山垭口地区第四纪介形虫及环境变迁的探讨

青藏高原昆仑山垭口地区发育一套第四纪地层,自下而上有:惊仙组(惊仙冰碛层)、羌塘组、纳赤台沟组、三岔河组、小南川组和热水组。在羌塘组和三岔河组发现丰富的介形虫化石,可明显地划分两个介形虫组合,即:①Ilyocypris-Candona-Leucocythere-Li mnocytherellina组合和②Li mnocythere-Prionocypris-Eucypris-Ilyocypris组合。第1组合的化石包含8属25种,分布于羌塘组,以其中段化石最为丰富,该组合显示了西藏色林湖-班戈湖夏穷错组、青海阿乙亥组、陕西-河南三门组和华北地区泥河湾组早更新世的特征,故含第1组合及所含地层---羌塘组的时代无疑应归属为早更新世,但不排斥其上段上部有延至中更新世的可能。第2组合由9属12种组成,其中有9个现生种,该组合发现于三岔河组上部,显示了青海中-上更新统二郎尖组,西藏色林湖-班戈湖地区上更新统同旧藏布组的特征,故含第2组合及其地层---三河岔组应归属晚更新世,但其中-下部有属中更新世的可能。根据介形虫化石古生态特征和生态组合的变化及沉积特征,羌塘组为河湖相沉积,下段为冲积扇的粗碎屑沉积,中段为湖相细碎屑沉积,上段为扇三角洲粗碎屑沉积。三岔河组的中-下部为辫状河流相的沉积,上部为湖相沉积。青藏高原在整体上升的同时,于早-晚更新世高原的边缘地区受到河流的切割,而在断陷盆地则仍接受沉积。     

青藏高原东缘古近纪沙漠及其对季风起源的启示

沙漠沉积是地质历史演化过程中的一种特殊沉积,是特殊气候条件下的产物,对研究全球气候变化、大气环流样式具有独特的作用。沙漠沉积在地质历史中普遍存在但极少保存,它的发现和研究对恢复地质历史具有重要意义。研究表明,现代东亚季风系统建立前,尤其是古近纪早、中期,青藏高原东缘仍然处于行星环流所控制的干旱带内,发育了大量代表干旱炎热气候的石膏与盐类沉积,但至今尚未找到沙漠存在的确切记录。近年来,笔者采用沉积学、古气候学、古地理学等手段,并结合前人研究资料,对青藏高原东缘沉积盆地的古近纪早、中期红色地层进行了综合研究。结果表明,青藏高原东缘存在一个厚度稳定的古近纪早、中期风成沙丘富集带。在此基础上,通过古地理、沉积模式及古气候替代指标等分析,论证了青藏高原东缘存在古近纪盆山型沙漠沉积体系的可能性。沉积相、古流向分析揭示,青藏高原东缘存在一个由干旱向潮湿、由行星风系向季风风系转换的界面,可能暗示了东亚季风建立事件的发生。本研究相关成果可为新生代中国干旱带演化与全球气候变化研究提供可贵的沉积学资料,也可为青藏高原隆升与东亚季风起源研究提供重要的大气环流证据。     

Episodes of Cenozoic Gold Mineralization on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar Dating and Implication for Geodynamic Events

A lot of new gold deposits have been found on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past two decades. Among them, three main types of gold deposits have been recognized, including quartz-vein-type, shearzone-type and porphyry-type. The former two types of gold deposits are mainly hosted within metamorphic rocks, while the latter is related to Cenozoic magmatism. Although all of these gold deposits are believed to have been formed during the uplift process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Cenozoic era (Wang et al., 2002b), precise isotopic age constraints have still been lacking until quite recently. This paper presents new ^40Ar/^39Ar data of some gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which indicate that gold mineralization in the region occurred in response to the episodic stages of the orogenies. Recently obtained ^40Ar/^39Ar data on quartz and feldspars from several gold deposits, such as the Sandiao deposit, the Baijintaizi deposit, the Pusagang deposits, provide new constraints on gold mineralization on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geochronological studies of gold deposits along the Daduhe River indicate that there are three stages of gold mineralization. The early two stages occurred as early as 65.1 Ma in the Shuibaiyang deposit and 58.95 Ma in the Ruoji deposit, while the latter stage occurred as late as 25.35 Ma in Baijintaizi and 24.70 Ma in Sandiao. Isotopic dating of three plagioclases from the Beiya deposit, Zhifanggou deposit and Luobodi deposit and a K-feldspar from the Jinchangqing deposit in Yunnan Province indicates that these deposits were formed at two stages. The Zhifanggou and Jinchangqing deposits have early stage records as old as 58.82 Ma in Zhifanggou and 55.49 Ma in Jinchangqing, but all of the above four deposits in Yunnan have late stage records of 23.18 Ma in Jinchangqing, 24.54 Ma in Zhifanggou, 24.60 Ma in Luobodi and 24.56 Ma in Hongnitang. The above results suggest that the gold deposits on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were formed concentratedly at two main episodes, i.e. the end of the Paleocene (about 58 Ma) and the boundary between the Paleogene and the Neogene (about 25 Ma). The later episode appears to be looks like more important and was coupled with the Sichuan movement, which was extensively activated at that period. The beginning of the Cenozoic Era (about 65 Ma) might be another episode of gold mineralization, but only one deposit (Shuibaiyang) in this study has been proved to have been be formed at this stage and might be earlier than the initial collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasia Plate. In view of geology, the above three episodes of gold mineralization are associated with three events of tectonicmagmatism and/or fluid events. Even though the gold deposits (for example, the Shuibaiyang deposit, Ruoji deposit and Pusagang deposit) were formed at different episodes, all of them are genetically related to tectonic movements in largescale shear zones. It looks like theat tectonic events (including large-scale strike-slip) between Paleogene and Neogene had a wide influence upon gold mineralization, with new deposits formed and old deposits enriched or superimposed to be a higher grade by new stage of mineralization. The above data suggest that gold deposits were not only concentrated in some areas, but also formed mainly at different boundaries of geological times, indicating that there existed some peak stages of gold mineralization (metallogenic episodes), and that the gold deposits were formed mainly by episodic mineralization.