基于雷达资料的上海地区暴雨面雨量计算及应用

根据上海地区小时雷达资料的定量降水估测(quantitative precipitation estimation,QPE)网格产品和经过质量控制的自动站雨量资料进行暴雨面雨量计算方法研究,计算方法为:将暴雨区内自动站周围9个网格点的QPE平均值作为自动站的雷达估测雨量,计算各测站雨量与雷达估测雨量的差值,用克里金插值方法将差值场插值到雷达降水估算产品相同的网格点上,再将网格点上残差插值数据加上网格点上雷达估测雨量,得到各网格点用自动站订正后的雷达估测小时雨量资料。文中24个典型暴雨各测站订正后QPE与实测雨量的平均绝对误差比订正前减小了27%;两个典型暴雨主要降水阶段经国家气象站资料订正后QPE与实测雨量的平均误差比订正前减小了33%～39%,暴雨过程总雨量经国家气象站资料订正后减小了34%～59%。根据以上方法得到的网格点雨量计算和绘制上海地区2007—2015年24个典型暴雨降水区域的小时面雨量值和图、过程面雨量值和图、行政区和水利片面雨量值和图。最后基于.NET Framework 4.0基础架构软件开发平台,使用Microsoft Visual Studio 2012和Microsoft Visual Studio软件开发工具制作"基于雷达资料暴雨面雨量自动化计算查询系统",供业务科研人员实时查询和计算。     

影响浙江地区降水估测几个因素的分析

如何从新一代天气雷达三维拼图数据中提取用于降水估测的回波强度是提高雷达降水估测的关键,为了分析利用三维拼图数据提取出的混合扫描回波强度的质量以及对降水估测的影响,文章利用浙江省雷达和全国自动站数据,通过研究回波强度与地面雨量的关系,分析了影响基于雷达三维拼图的降水估测精度的几个要素。通过累积整个过程雷达回波强度估测的雨量和自动站采集雨量得到浙江及周边地区的比率分布,找到了两者关系的异常区:区域性回波强度比较高的区域;区域性回波强度的低估区;区域性回波强度随地形变化的区域;区域性回波强度估测较为合理的区域;随纬度增加回波强度逐渐高估的区域。通过分析发现:0℃层亮带、残余的地物回波、异常的回波强度垂直廓线、自动站的数据质量等是造成回波强度与地面雨量关系异常的原因。最后,利用部分自动站对雷达估测的降水进行订正,结果表明:自动站订正能一定程度缓解上述区域高估或低估程度。     

新一代天气雷达雨量估测与实况的对比实现

新一代天气雷达在防灾减灾领域,特别是雨量估测方面具有广泛的应用.为了更准确有效的应用本地区雷达的雨量估测数据,本文基于.NET2.0平台,实现了雷达估测的雨量数据,和自动站雨量数据的对比软件平台研究.并给出了估测范围与对比结果的数据误差分析.结果表明,估测范围的选择对雷达估测雨量的结果,及其与自动站雨量的对比结果有很大的影响.     

利用雷达资料对自动雨量计实时质量控制的方法研究

自动雨量计资料是对降水的直接测量,在流域面雨量计算、气候研究、气象服务等方面具有重要意义。但是,由于风力、蒸发、灌溉、校准、漏斗堵塞、机械故障、信号传输等原因往往造成其存在不同类型的系统误差和随机误差, 自动雨量计数据在定量使用前需要进行质量控制。目前,天气雷达以其高时空分辨率的优势已经成为监测降水的重要手段,本文首先采用两步校准法改善雷达估测降水,然后对雷达—雨量计对之间的差异进行统计学的分析,确定自动雨量计质量控制的一些标准,从而对雨量计进行质量控制。最后用两个降水过程对自动雨量计质量控制的结果进行了检验,结果表明:两步校准法改善了雷达估测降水的系统性偏差,并减小了雨量计站点上的相对误差;可以利用雷达估测降水实现对自动雨量计的实时质量控制,就整个数据集而言,约0.1%的数据被怀疑为误判,误判的自动雨量计主要位于雨带的边缘。但该质量控制算法同时也存在一定的局限性:在雨带的边缘或没有天气雷达覆盖的区域,以及雷达资料存在数据质量问题的情况下,往往会造成对雨量计的误判。     

舟山地区台风降水Z-R关系研究及其应用

利用2004—2005年舟山多普勒天气雷达台风基数据资料和浙江省自动雨量站网资料, 拟合适合于舟山地区台风降水的Z-R关系:Z=70R1.38, 并对其进行有效性确认。应用此关系对台风“南玛都”和“卡努”的降水进行雨量估测并与美国WSR-88D默认Z-R关系及实时雨量资料进行对比。结果表明:对于小雨量地区, 应用美国WSR-88D默认Z-R关系估测台风降水比较接近于实际。但是, 对于大雨量地区来说, 应用此关系估测台风降水更接近实际雨量, 而应用默认Z-R关系估测台风降水, 大雨雨量被严重低估。文中并进一步分析了产生误差的主要原因。     

云模式预报雨量与雷达估测雨量及自动站实测雨量比较

利用2007--2008年1—12月国家气象中心GRAPES云模式预报雨量资料,及同期江西区域天气雷达估测雨量及自动气象站实测雨量资料,比较其基本统计与地理分布特征,并对其进行相关计算与结果分析,选取129个数据样本,计算分析它们之间的复相关性,并对其计算误差进行比较与分析。结果表明,三种雨量的复相关性较好。GRAPES云模式预测的时雨量值最大,比雷达估测的时雨量值及自动站实测的时雨量值偏大,自动站实测时雨量值次之雷达估测的时雨量值偏小。     

新一代天气雷达雨量估测与实况的对比实现

新一代天气雷达在防灾减灾领域,特别是雨量估测方面具有广泛的应用。为了更准确有效的应用本地区雷达的雨量估测数据,本文基于．NE12．0平台,实现了雷达估测的雨量数据,和自动站雨量数据的对比软件平台研究。并给出了估测范围与对比结果的数据误差分析。结果表明,估测范围的选择对雷达估测雨量的结果,及其与自动站雨量的对比结果有很大的影响。     

雷达估测降水方法改进在降水预报中的应用

利用2008—2013年自动站雨量资料及相应的雷达体扫资料,用最优化法统计得出海南地区不同区域不同月份的Z-I关系,并将统计结果用于2014年5—9月的非热带气旋影响的的降水估测检验,采用平均绝对误差和均方根误差方法得到计算结果,表明经过优化的Z-I关系后,雷达估测降水比Z=200I1.6时更加接近实际雨量。优化Z-I关系前,雷达与雨量计平均值比值范围在40%~70%之间,即估测降水比实际雨量偏弱,优化Z-I关系后,雷达与雨量计平均值比值范围提高到50%~90%以上,说明雷达估测降水方法改进后,效果有了显著提高。     

基于多源数据的地面降水质量控制方法研究北大核心

本文在研究地面小时降水量与自动站其他观测要素的关联关系和雷达定量估测降水的基础上,提出从自动站关联要素和雷达估测降水两个角度对地面降水进行综合质量控制的多源质量控制方法。利用该方法对2019年5至6月江苏省国家级自动站小时降水量进行质量控制,结果表明:1 h相对湿度变化值、1 h变温,相对湿度与小时降水量关联关系较好;基于SFLA-BP的雷达定量估测降水结果与Z-I关系法相比精度更高,提升了天气雷达对降水质量控制的有效性;多源降水质量控制方法比MDOS准确率提高1.45%,产生可疑数据量下降67.16%,该方法能有效提升现有降水质量控制方法的准确性。     

用天气雷达回波强度资料估测降水

利用2004年兴义多普勒雷达体扫复合仰角的强度回波资料及自动站雨量资料,在贵州省黔西南地区进行降水估测。综合考虑了地理环境、气候、距雷达中心距离等3个因素,对下属的8县1市进行降水估测,运用了不同仰角进行多次实验,最后运用最小二乘法得到该区域的Z-I(反射率因子-降水)关系,选取2005年1-7月的部分资料进行检验对比,并对降水误差从地理环境、雷达性能等多个方面进行分析。结果表明,用此方法得出的Z-I适用性较好,准确率较高,为降水估测提供了较可靠的判据。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.