三江平原湿地消长与区域气候变化关系研究

以遥感手段为主,提取近20年来多个时期三江平原湿地变化动态数据。将湿地动态数据与历年气象数据相对变化比较处理后,再作灰色关联分析,可以发现它们之间的相互关系。研究表明三江平原湿地面积减小迅速,三江平原区域气候环境变化剧烈,超过全球气候变化速度。通过灰色关联分析可以发现,湿地在维持区域"冷湿"效应中作用突出,三江平原湿地的变化与气温变化成负相关,与降水、湿度变化成正相关。湿地消长与气候要素中的降水因子的相关关系最大,与日照因子相关关系较低,与降雪因子几乎无关。     

湖南澧县凹陷膏盐矿床成矿地质特征及找矿方向

湖南省已知膏盐矿床以中新生代内陆湖相沉积矿床为主,它们的形成具有一定地质构造背景,相互间有密切的联系,在时空分布上具有一定的规律性.其中澧县凹陷膏盐矿产种类较全,储量较大.凹陷西部边坡浅滩相沉积了并经后期改造的特大型石膏硬石膏矿床,凹陷中东部即凹陷中心蒸发沉积了厚大钙芒硝、无水芒硝、石盐矿床.膏盐沉积具明显的水平和垂直分带现象.湘西北区有较多类似凹陷,具有寻找或扩大膏盐矿床规模的有利条件.     

和田玉的名称、文化、玉质和矿床类型之探讨

和田玉是我国的传统玉石,有悠久的历史.和田玉有丰富的玉文化内涵,开拓了玉石之路,是我国历代宫廷玉器的主要玉料,为中国玉器的辉煌做出了贡献.和田玉属于透闪石玉,其玉质有其特点.矿床属中酸性侵入岩与白云石大理岩的接触交代型,在国内外有典型意义."软玉"提出距今约一百多年历史,尚存在一定问题,建议采用透闪石玉取代"软玉".     

Urbanization and spatial structure in Hungary

The last four decades have brought fundamental changes in Hungarian urbanization. The number of towns has increased from 54 to 166 and the number of settlements with a population over 100 000 has grown from 3 to 8, and the number of small towns with a population just over 30 000 has increased four times compared to the situation at the beginning of the century. While urban concentration has been growing, there has been a degradation of rural settlements, especially in the category of less than 500 inhabitants. This study deals with the spatial structure of Hungarian settlements, categorizing the towns according to their regional roles, population and dynamics of growth. The changes of their social and economic spheres influence their internal structures. The study attempts to summarize all the territorial, regional consequences of the recent social and economic changes that have been defining or modifying the urban development in Hungarian settlements.     

淮南矿区潘北矿A组煤层首采工作面开采地质条件探查分析

淮南矿区A组煤层进入开采实施阶段,潘北矿A3层工作面作为全区首采面,其安全开采地质条件评价至关重要。针对矿区A组煤层特殊的地质条件,综合钻探及地球物理探查成果,运用无线电波透视以及三维并行电法技术,对潘北矿A3层首采工作面的煤层、构造及水文地质条件进行了分析与评价。其中无线电波透视技术解释工作面内7处构造异常,其中1处异常断层及裂隙发育、局部煤层变薄,对回采影响很大;并行电法技术发现顶板异常5处、底板异常3处,根据异常范围,分别圈定顶板3处、底板2处为重点防治水区域。该结论经钻孔验证可靠性较高。     

龙凤山水库土石坝电阻率层析成像无损检测技术

层析成像是近年来得到蓬勃发展的一项无损检测新技术,具有信息量丰富、准确、直观的独特优势,因此,在土石坝无损检测中正发挥着越来越重要的作用。在阐述电阻率层析成像基本理论的基础上,对龙凤山水库土石坝进行一系列层析成像无损检测,查明了龙凤山水库土石坝的渗漏通道,同时也证实了利用这一方法进行土石坝无损检测的可靠性。现场试验表明,层析成像无损检测技术可以在土石坝的病害检测中推广应用。     

Industrial decentralisation in South Africa: tool of Apartheid or spontaneous restructuring?

Industrial decentralisation (ID) has been a central component of South Africa's regional strategy for over twenty years. Until recently, though, the programme has evinced little interest amongst industrialists. The fact that ID policy has been premised upon political rather than economic considerations has been thought to lie at the root of this failure. Following recent developments, however, this view is being reassessed. The reorganisation of ID policy in 1982 and the dramatic acceleration in the rate of industrial relocations that this reorganisation appears to have induced, has led theorists to revise their thinking on both the economic and political imperatives underpinning the programme. The purpose of this paper is to review the debates that are now developing concerning ID in South Africa, and to suggest where further research and analysis might be most profitably directed.     

The abundance of cadmium and zinc in meteorites

A stable isotope dilution technique using solid source mass spectrometry has been used to accurately determine Cd and Zn in a wide range of materials. The abundance of Cd has been determined in 19 iron, 28 stone and 1 stony-iron meteorites, together with a number of other samples. The abundance of Zn has also been determined for most of these samples. This has enabled the relationship between Cd and Zn to be examined in iron and stone meteorites. The abundance pattern of Zn in iron meteorites supports the existence of chemical groups.     

1990年以来天山乌鲁木齐河上游水资源研究进展

乌鲁木齐河是我国西北地区典型的降水、冰川和地下水综合补给的内陆河,对其水资源的研究不仅是西北寒区旱区水环境和水资源研究的热点,而且对区域生态环境改善和经济可持续发展具有重要意义。乌鲁木齐河水文水资源的研究内容十分广泛,并取得了很多高水平的学术成果。从高山区气候变化与冰冻圈的相互影响,山区降水变化与径流的相互影响,出山口径流对气候变化的响应以及洪灾、致灾因子分析,流域内同位素、树轮气候和水环境研究等四个方面总结了相关研究。结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐河上游气候趋于暖湿。气温的升高很大程度上受冬季气温大幅度升高影响,气温对高山区冰川积雪的影响要大于降水;冬季负积温也加快了冻土的消融;气温和降水的变化导致乌鲁木齐河上游河段冰川后退加速,积雪融化、雪线上升,冻土活动层增厚。（2）乌鲁木齐河流域降水量和降水变化速率具有明显的垂直特征,在中高山地区降水量和降水变率较大;山区降水还具有年代际特征,20世纪90年代以来,山区降水量呈现增加趋势并促进了山区径流量的增加。（3）降水量和冰川融雪量的增加,很大程度上加大了乌鲁木齐河流域山区的径流量,使得出山口区域洪水灾害的发生频率增加。（4）同位素分析的运用对探索径流形成和转化的机理具有重要意义。树轮研究为乌鲁木齐河流域气候变化序列的重建提供了技术手段。今后,乌鲁木齐河水资源承载力、水循环过程和水污染问题,是区域实现生态环境建设和可持续发展的重要研究内容。     

试论县(市)级地矿GIS的构成

通过对地理信息系统(GIS)在我国的发展及在地矿方面应用的简单回顾,对县(市)级地矿地理信息系统特点的分析,提出了该系统的构成框架。认为:县(市)级地矿GIS应由基础信息子系统、管理子系统和分析评估子系统三个子系统组成,管理子系统是地矿工作人员直接运用的管理工具,分析评估子系统是面对各种复杂地矿问题的决策帮手,而基础信息子系统则是管理子系统和分析评估子系统的数据来源。三个子系统各自具有独立的功能,在系统运行中又紧密结合在一起。由以上三个子系统组成的GIS系统,具有组织紧密、层次分明、实用性强等特点。     

青藏高原气候变化的若干事实及其年际振荡的成因探讨

利用1961-2012年青藏高原88个气象台站逐月气温、降水以及温室气体等气候系统监测资料和CMIP5输出的未来气候变化情景数据,分析了近52年来青藏高原气候变化暖湿化的若干事实,揭示了其年际振荡与温室气体、高原加热场、高原季风、AO等气候系统因子的关系,预测了未来20~40年青藏高原可能的气候变化趋势。研究表明：近52年来青藏高原在总体保持气候变暖的趋势下自2006年以来出现了某些增暖趋于缓和的迹象,较全球变化滞后了8年左右;降水量的增加在青藏高原具有明显的普遍性和显著性,气候变湿较变暖具有一定的滞后性,降水量变化的5年短周期日趋不显著,而12年、25年较长周期逐渐明显且仍呈增多趋势。由于温室气体、气溶胶持续增加、高原夏季风趋强、ENSO事件和太阳辐射减少,青藏高原气候持续增暖但有所缓和;春季高原加热场增强、高原夏季风爆发提前且保持强劲,使得高原春、夏季和年降水量增加,而秋、冬季AO相对稳定少动,东亚大槽强度无明显变化,高原冬季风变化不甚显著,导致了高原秋、冬季降水量无明显变化。未来20~40年青藏高原仍有可能继续保持气温升高、降水增加趋势。     

四川天全、芦山、宝兴地区名山组地层特征

下第三系名山组广泛分布于天全-芦山复向斜内,地层出露良好。笔者(1989—1991年)在参加1:5万天全幅、灵关幅区域地质调查时,根据岩组图填图要求,又进一步展开了对名山组的研究。本文简要地介绍了新实测的地层剖面,以及重新将名山组划分为4个段和新建大溪砾岩等填图单元的情况;并阐述了将芦山组归并于名山组上部(4段)而取消该组名称的依据。综述了研究区的岩石组合特征、沉积构造,建立了地层层序。将名山组沉积环境解释为辫状河及湖泊环境。     

Assessment of groundwater contamination from a hazardous dump site in Ranipet, Tamil Nadu, India

Tanneries located in an industrial development area of Ranipet (India) manufactured chromate chemicals during 1976?C1996. A large quantity of associated hazardous solid wastes has been stacked about 5-m high above ground level, spread over 3.5?ha inside one of the factory premises. The study area receives an average annual rainfall of 1,100?mm. The granitic formation in the northern part of Palar River catchment has high infiltration rates and has resulted in fast migration of the contamination to the water table. Chromium levels in the groundwater were found up to 275?mg/l. The available hydrogeological, geophysical and groundwater quality data bases have been used to construct a groundwater flow and mass transport model for assessing the groundwater contamination and it has been calibrated for the next 30?years. The migration has been found to be very slow, with a groundwater velocity of 10?m/year. This is the first field-scale study of its kind in this industrial area. The findings are of relevance to addressing the groundwater pollution due to indiscriminate disposal practices of hazardous waste in areas located on the phreatic aquifer. Further, it has been reported that the untreated effluent discharge adjacent to the chromium dump site is most influential in the migration of contaminants.     

Effects of Overpressured Fluid Flow on Petroleum Accumulationin the Yinggehai Basin

The Yinggehai Basin is a strongly overpressured Cenozoic basin developed in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. The flow of overpressured fluids in this basin has given rise to strong effects on petroleum accumulation. (1) The overpressured fluid flow has enhanced the maturation of shallow-buried source rocks, which has caused the source rocks that would have remained immature under the conduction background to be mature for hydrocarbon generation. As a result, the overpressured fluid flow has increased the volume and interval of mature source rocks. (2) The overpressured fluid flow has strong extraction effects on the immature or low-mature source rocks in the shallow parts. This has increased, to some extent, the expulsion efficiency of the source rocks. More importantly, the extraction effects have strongly limited the effectiveness of biomarker parameters from oil and condensate in reflecting the source and maturity of the oil and gas. (3) The flow has caused the sandstones in the     

RTK技术在GPS高程测量中的应用研究

文章首先介绍了RTK技术，并就其在GPS高程测量应用中提供了理论方法和数学模型，最后通过实验研究了该技术在GPS高程测量应用的可行性，总结了应用RTK技术的条件和可能达到的精度以及其局限性。     

Soil–Structure Interaction of Damped Infinite Beams on Extensible Geosynthetic Reinforced Earth Beds Under Moving Loads

In the present paper, soil-structure interaction analysis of an infinite beam resting on extensible geosynthetic reinforced earth beds has been carried out for an applied load moving with constant velocity. The viscous damping of the soil-foundation system has been given due consideration in the analytical procedure. The infinite beam has been treated as resting on a granular fill layer overlying the naturally occurring weak soil layer. Geosynthetic layer has been provided in the granular fill layer and has been considered as extensible. This extensible nature has been incorporated with the help of no slip and the compatibility conditions at the interface between reinforcing layer and the neighboring soil. These conditions help in eliminating the two interfacial shear stress parameters and in considering the tensile modulus of geosynthetic layer in the analysis. The influence of various parameters, like magnitude and velocity of applied moving load, viscous damping, relative stiffness of granular fill and tensile modulus of geosynthetic layer, on the response of soil-foundation system has been studied. It has been observed that all these parameters affect the response significantly, however, the effect of velocity of moving load and viscous damping has been found to be more significant especially at higher velocities.     

黔西南隐伏岩体圈定与金矿物源探讨

黔西南金矿勘查已升级至国家战略层面,弄清其成因机制具有重要意义。综合运用区域重磁资料,对区内深部基底物质进行研究,通过对浅、深部隐伏岩体圈定及地质-重力模型异常拟合计算,结合区域地质、矿产及化探资料,提出金矿成矿物源,主要有两种供给方式,一种为前人的由表层沉积岩提供矿源层,一种为本研究提出的由深部以中生代花岗岩或变质基底(含基性-超基性岩浆岩类参与)提供矿源层。厘定了12处浅部隐伏岩体异常区,分离出4大深部岩浆岩块体。研究成果基本反映了区内的客观地质现象和地质作用结果,为研究区金矿勘探提供相关依据。     

辽宁省北部秀水盆地下白垩统地质特征及含油气前景

秀水盆地下白垩统义县组的油气发现,使义县组成为辽宁省西北地区重要的油气勘探目的层系。通过开展钻孔岩芯编录、路线地质调查、有机地球化学测试分析,综合应用电法、二维地震和钻探等资料,分析了秀水盆地下白垩统发育特征、生烃条件及盆地形成发展史等。结果表明: 义县组三段泥岩分布范围广,沉积厚度大,有机质丰度、类型及成熟度适宜,具有良好的生烃条件,为中等—好的烃源岩; 秀水盆地早白垩世发育4期不同的构造演化阶段,使其具备了一定的生、储、盖油气地质条件,具有油气勘探潜力。该研究可为区内进一步油气资源勘探提供支撑。     

Impact of irrigation in Barind Area,NW Bangladesh — An evaluation based on the meteorological parameters and fluctuation trend in groundwater table

The Barind Integrated Area Development Project (BIADP), NW Bangladesh launched in late eighties of last century boosted cropping intensity from 117% in pre-BIADP to about 200% at present. Increasing trend of rainfall for the period 1980–2006 in the southern portion had a positive impact on BIADP, but in the northeastern part, reverse trend is indicated. The groundwater outflow from the central part following the surface gradient is indicative of effluent drainage characteristics. Although rainfall has increased in the southern part, there has been progressive decline in groundwater level due to increase in irrigation demand. In the northern part there has been decline in groundwater level due to less resource potential. The PET, ET_crops and net irrigation requirement generally has decreased from pre- to post-Project implementation stages and rainwater has been the supplementary irrigation resource and thus dependency on groundwater has been reduced with exception in northwestern part. While the southern part is marching towards humid condition, north is creeping towards semi-aridity. Proper groundwater resource management with ecological balance is warranted for the sustainability of BIADP.     

三维水质预测问题的Laplace变换边界元法及其推广

本文用边界元法解决非稳定系统中水质预测的计算问题,建立了三维水质预测问题的边界元法计算模型,为简化计算手续、提高计算精度,讨论了Laplace变换边界元法,推广了Laplace变换边界元法中的Schapery方法。