Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits of North China Craton, People's Republic of China

Abstract. Intrusion‐related gold deposits are widely distributed within the North China craton or along its marginal fold belts. Presently, about 200 individual intrusion‐related gold deposits (prospects) have been discovered, among which Yuerya, Anjia‐yingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi, Qiyugou, Jinjiazhuang, Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. In general, the intrusion‐related gold deposits can be classified into three major groups according to their host rocks: (1) hosted by or related to felsic intrusions, including (la) calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions and (lb) cryptoexplosion breccia pipes; (2) related to ultramafic intrusions, and (3) hosted by or related to alkaline intrusions. The first group contains the Yuerya, Anjiayingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi and Qiyugou gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs within Mesozoic Yanshanian calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions or cryptoexplosion breccia pipes as gold‐bearing quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, native gold and electrum are major metallic minerals. The Jinjiazhuang deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Hercynian diopsidite and peridotite as quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline intrusive complexes as K‐feldspar‐quartz veins and replacement bodies. Major metal minerals are pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, tellurides, native gold and electrum. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian and Yanshanian intrusions or cryptoexplosion pipes associated with the gold deposits show a broad range in δ³⁴S value, which is overall higher than those Precambrian rocks and their hosted gold deposits. For the alkaline intrusion‐related gold deposits, the δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite) from the deposits increase systematically from orebodies to the alkaline intrusions. All of these intrusion‐related gold deposits show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot in between the fields of the intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of sulfur and lead from magma with those from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidences suggest that the ore‐forming materials for the intrusion‐related gold deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian or Yanshanian intrusion. The calc‐alkaline or alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for the intrusion‐related gold deposits. Evolved meteoric water, which circulated the wall rocks, was also progressively involved in the magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominated the ore fluids during late stage of ore‐forming processes. Therefore, the ore fluid may have resulted from the mixing of calc‐alkaline or alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric water. All these intrusion‐related gold deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian or Yanshanian calc‐alkaline and alkaline igneous processes along deep‐seated fault zones within the North China craton or along its marginal belts.     

Foreign Joint Ventures in the People's Republic of China, 1979 to 1985

The motivation of alluring foreign investment is an important landmark of post Mao's economic policies, and has made a great contribution to China's current economic growth. One of the major types of foreign investments in the People's Republic of China has been Foreign Joint Ventures (FJVs). Analysis of FJVs helps us understand the impacts of China's economic reforms. This paper thoroughly scrutinizes the statistics of Foreign Joint Ventures during the period of 1979 to 1985. It concludes that the spatial distribution of foreign joint venture investment indicates three locational considerations: (i) the locational advantages of the eastern coastal region where over 90% of joint venture investment has occurred; (ii) the presence of a well-established industrial and commercial infrastructure, as China's largest industrial and commercial centers have also been the largest receivers of foreign investment; and (iii) historical Sino-foreign economic and cultural relations before 1949, as post 1979 foreign investments have often been concentrated in the foreign countries' former spheres of influence. It has also been found that differences exist in the type and location of investment among the major Western investors.     

1:250万中华人民共和国数字地质图空间数据库

中华人民共和国1∶250万数字地质图空间数据库,于2000年立项,2001年完成,历时2年。该数据库除主数据库外,还有地理底图数据库及地理内容属性库,地质内容属性库、色标库、线型库、花纹库、符号库、图例库等构成。具有可按地质内容、行政区、任意空间范围及地理内容进行检索和自动输出成图、自动绘制地质体符号、自动形成图例等功能。1∶250万比例尺数字地质图空间数据库的建成弥补了该领域的空白。对显示和提高我国大陆地质研究程度,总结和体现我国地质的总体特征,为经济建设、国土资源管理、地质调查研究等方面提供基础地质资料,具有重要意义。     

The cassiterite-polymetallic sulfide deposits of Dachang (Guangxi,People's Republic of China)

The Dachang mining district is the second largest producer of Sn in China and an important source of other metals. The known mineralizations can be divided into four groups: (1) cassiterite + Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn sulfides and sulfosalts, (2) Zn-Cu skarn, (3) Sb-W veins and (4) residual and placer concentrations of Sn and Fe oxides. Most orebodies are hosted by Upper Devonian calcareous, marly and quartzitic formations in spatial association with Cretaceous Yanshanian magmatites. A characteristic feature is the occurrence of stratiform, lens-shaped orebodies which appear to represent the root zone of overlying stockwork mineralizations. The metallogeny of the district may be interpreted in terms of an Upper Devonian Sn and polymetallic concentration with subsequent remobilization and, possibly, the introduction of additional elements during the late stages of the Yanshanian magmatism.     

Geology and Origin of the Dongping Alkalic-Type Gold Deposit, Northern Hebei Province, People's Republic of China

Abstract: The Dongping deposit, located near the center of the northern margin of the north China craton, is one of the largest gold deposits in China. It is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with the shallowly-emplaced Hercynian Shuiquan-gou alkaline intrusive complex. The complex intrudes high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Archean Sanggan Group along a deep-seated fault zone within the north China craton. Four major ore bodies (Nos. 1, 2, 22, and 70), consisting mainly of a set of en echelon lenses and veins, have been delineated at the Dongping deposit. Hypogene hydrothermal activities can be divided into four periods from early to late including: (1) gold-bearing K–feldspar–quartz stockworks and veins; (2) disseminated sulfide and gold zones; (3) gold-bearing quartz veins, and (4) barren calcite-quartz veins. Individual veins and stockwork systems can be traced along strike for 125 to 600 m and downdip for 100 to 600 m; they range from 0. 5 to 3 m in thickness. The mineralogical composition of the ore in the first three hypogene periods is relatively simple. It is composed of pyrite, galena, sphalerite, magnetite, specularite, chalcopyrite, native gold, electrum, calaverite, and altaite. Gangue minerals include K–feldspar, quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, albite, and calcite. Ore grade averages 6 g/t Au, but varies between 4. 14 and 22. 66 g/t Au. Gold is generally fine-grained and not visible in hand specimen. Fluid inclusions in ore-bearing quartz of periods 1, 2, and 3 are CO₂–rich, variable salinity (2. 5–21 wt% equiv. NaCl), and have variable homogenization temperatures of 195° to 340°C. Quartz in the gold-bearing K–feldspar–quartz stockworks (period 1), disseminated sulfide and gold zones (period 2), and the gold-bearing quartz veins (period 3) has calculated δ¹⁸O_H2O values between –1. 7 and 6. 9%, and δ values of fluid inclusion waters between –101 and –66%. All these isotope data of the ore-forming fluids plot between the magmatic fluid field and the meteoric water line. Sulfide minerals disseminated in host rocks show positive δ³⁴S values of 1. 9 to 3. 5%. Pyrite separates from he gold-bearing K–feldspar–quartz stockworks and veins (period 1) have a δ³⁴S range of –4. 3 to 0. 5%, whereas δ³⁴S values of pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite from the disseminated sul-fide and gold zones (period 2) and the gold-bearing quartz veins (period 3) vary from –5. 3 to –13. 4%. Gold ores are also characterized by relatively radiogenic lead isotope compositions compared to those of the alkaline syenite host rock. The data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of lead from the alkaline intrusive complex with lead from Archean metamorphic rocks. The combined fluid inclusion measurements, sulfur, oxygen, hydrogen, and lead isotope data, and petrological observations indicate that the Dongping deposit was formed from the mixing of these magmatic fluids with meteoric waters. The deposit is, therefore, believed to be a product of Hercynian alkaline igneous processes within the north China craton.     

Fluid inclusion characteristics of mesothermal gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling district, Shaanxi and Henan Provinces, People's Republic of China

Fluid inclusions were studied in quartz samples from early (stage I) gold-poor quartz veins and later (stage II) gold- and sulphide-rich quartz veins from the Wenyu, Dongchuang, Qiangma, and Guijiayu mesothermal gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling district, China. Fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, and bulk gas analyses show remarkably consistent fluid composition in all studied deposits. Primary inclusions in quartz samples are dominated by mixed CO₂-H₂O inclusions, which have a wide range in CO₂ content and coexist with lesser primary CO₂-rich and aqueous inclusions. In addition, a few secondary aqueous inclusions are found along late-healed fractures. Microthermometry and bulk gas analyses suggest hydrothermal fluids with typically 15–30 mol% CO₂ in stage I inclusions and 10–20 mol% CO₂ in stage II inclusions. Estimates of fluid salinity decrease from 7.4–9.2 equivalent wt.% NaCl to 5.7–7.4 equivalent wt.% NaCl between stage I and II. Primary aqueous inclusions in both stages show consistent salinity with, but slightly lower Th _total than, their coexistent CO₂-H₂O inclusions. The coexisting CO₂-rich, CO₂-H₂O, and primary aqueous inclusions in both stage I and II quartz are interpreted to have been trapped during unmixing of a homogeneous CO₂-H₂O parent fluid. The homogenisation temperatures of the primary aqueous inclusions give an estimate of trapping temperature of the fluids. Trapping conditions are typically 300–370 °C and 2.2 kbar for stage I fluids and 250–320 °C and 1.6 kbar for stage II fluids. The CO₂-H₂O stage I and II fluids are probably from a magmatic source, most likely devolatilizing Cretaceous Yanshanian granitoids. The study demonstrates that gold is largely deposited as pressures and temperatures fall accompanying fluid immiscibility in stage II veins. Received: 15 May 1997 / Accepted: 10 June 1998     

Selenium distribution in the local environment of selected villages of the Keshan Disease belt,Zhangjiakou District,Hebei Province,People's Republic of China

The distribution of Se in cultivated topsoils, grains, human hair and drinking water has been studied in 15 villages from a Keshan disease area of the People's Republic of China, villages being classified into 3 groups according to the Keshan disease incidence in the local population. In grain, hair and water the total Se follows expected trends; i.e. the highest concentrations are found in the villages where there is no incidence of Keshan disease. However, the soils from the high-incidence Keshan disease villages have the highest total Se content, an apparent contradiction, as Keshan disease is a response to a Se deficient environment. Soil analyses suggest that the organic content of the soils is a major factor in controlling the availability of Se and it is the high-incidence Keshan disease villages that have the most organic-rich soils. Although higher in total Se, the organic-rich soils have little bioavailable Se resulting in a Se deficient food chain. Soil pH is also seen to be a related factor in restricting the availability of Se and all the grain samples collected on soils with a pH <7.6 had a total Se content of less than 10% of the total soil Se. In an environment that can be classified as Se deficient small changes in the soil organic content and pH can have a critical affect on the Keshan disease status of a village.     

Geological features and origin of gold deposits occurring in the Baotou–Bayan Obo district, south-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China

Located at western portion of northern margin of North China craton, the Baotou–Bayan Obo district is one of the most important Fe–REE–Nb and Au metallogenic provinces in China. Presently, about 52 gold deposits and prospects have been discovered, explored and mined, among which Shibaqinhao, Laoyanghao, Houshihua, Saiyinwusu, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. All these gold occurrences can be subdivided into three groups (or types) according to its host rocks: (1) hosted by Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks; (2) hosted by Proterozoic sedimentary rocks; (3) hosted by or related to Hercynian alkaline intrusive rocks. The first group contains the Shibaqinhao, Laoyanghao and Houshihua gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these three deposits occurs within Archean amphibolite, gneiss and granulite as gold-bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The Saiyinwusu deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Proterozoic sandstone, quartzite and carbonaceous slate as quartz veins and replacement bodies along the fracture zones. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Wulashan, Donghuofang and Luchang deposits. Gold mineralization at these three deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline syenite or melagabbro stocks and dyke swarms or along their contacts with Archean metamorphic wall rocks as K-feldspar–quartz veins, dissemination and veinlets. Pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, native gold and calaverite are major metallic minerals.δ³⁴S value of sulfides (pyrite, galena and pyrrhotite) separates from groups 1 and 2 varies from −4.01‰ to −0.10‰ and −3.01‰ to 2.32‰, respectively. δ³⁴S values of Archean and Proterozoic metamorphic wall rocks for groups 1 and 2 deposits range from −20.2‰ to −17.0‰ and −15.8‰ to −16.2‰, respectively. The values are much lower than their hosted gold deposits. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian alkaline intrusions associated with the gold deposits show positive δ³⁴S values of 1.3‰ to 4.8‰, which is higher than those Precambrian metamorphic wall rocks and their hosted gold deposits. δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite and galena) from the Donghuofang and Wulashan deposits (group 3) increase systematically from veins (−14.8‰ to −2.4‰) to the Hercynian alkaline igneous wall rocks (2.8‰ to 4.8 ‰). All of these deposits in groups 1, 2 and 3 show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot between the Hercynian alkaline intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic wall rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of lead from mantle-derived alkaline magma with lead from Precambrian metamorphic wall rocks.Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidence suggest that the ore fluids for the groups 1 and 2 deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian alkaline syenite and mafic intrusions. The Hercynian alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for these groups 1 and 2 deposits. Evolved metamorphic fluids produced by the devolatilization, which circulated the wall rocks, were also progressively involved in the alkaline magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominate the ore fluids during late stage of ore-forming processes. Most of these gold deposits hosted by Archean high-grade metamorphic rocks occur at or near the intersections of the NE- and E–W-trending fracture systems. The ore fluid of the group 3 deposits may have resulted from the mixing of Hercynian alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric waters. The deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian alkaline igneous processes along deep-seated fault zones within Archean terrain.     

Sedimentology,stratigraphy and palynological occurrences of the late Cretaceous Erlian Formation,Erlian Basin,Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China

The Erlian Basin is one of the non-marine Cretaceous basins of north-east China that developed during the late Mesozoic continental extension in eastern Asia. This basin experienced two major tectonic events: (i) a syn-rift stage that was dominated by a fluvial–lacustrine depositional environment and (ii) a post-rift stage that was dominated by a fluvial environment. A new sedimentological study performed on Erlian Formation drill cores has led to the determination of an architectural model and to the subsequent characterisation of the stratigraphic evolution of this sedimentary unit during the late Cretaceous. The palynological occurrences that were identified in samples provided a possible stratigraphical age for the Erlian Formation.Sediments of the Erlian Formation occur at the top of the Cretaceous stratigraphic column of the Erlian Basin and were deposited during the post-rift stage. Facies architecture and the ideal succession of facies that were identified for this formation exhibit two different members, both dominated by a fluvial depositional environment: (i) the lower member, which is dominated by channels of a braided river system and (ii) the upper member, which is dominated by overbank deposits. The lower member expresses a tectonically induced uplift as indicated by channels clustering under negative accommodation, whereas a period of stratigraphic base-level rise that is associated with an increase of accommodation is identified in the upper member. Therefore the Erlian Formation highlights an alternation of short uplifts that were dominated by braided fluvial channel deposits with periods of stratigraphic base-level rise that were dominated by overbank deposits. This sedimentological architecture has significant metallogenic implications for the origin of confined permeable sandstone layers, which represent adequate host-rocks for roll front-type uranium deposits.The palynological assemblage Exesipollenites, Ulmipollenites/Ulmoideipites, Buttinia and Momipites that were recognised in two samples of the Erlian Formation has revealed a post-late Campanian age therefore more likely indicating a late Cretaceous age of deposition for the sediments of the Erlian Formation.     

Geological setting,mineralogy and genesis of tungsten mineralization in Dayu district,JiangXi (People's Republic of China): An outline

The city of Dayu is the center of the most important tungsten district of PRC. Valuable quantities of Sn, Mo, Bi, Nb, Ta, REE, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Be and Li are also recovered. At the Xihuashan and Dangping mines, hundreds of the typical Jiangxi wolframite-quarz veins, located at the top and marginal parts of a Jurassic biotite granite intrusion, are mined. At Piaotang the mined ore bodies consist of a stockwork-type of mineralization which cuts the roof-rocks (Cambrian metasediments: phyllite, quartz sandstone, hornfels) of the biotite granite. Around the mineralizations, the country rocks display extensive alteration: namely K-feldspar alteration and greisenization in granite; tourmalinization, muscovitization, silicification, pyrophillitization in the metasediments. The main mineralogy and parageneses of the veins and veinlets can be summarized as follows: I stage — oxide — (wolframite, cassiterite, molybdenite, quartz, K-feldspar, beryl, fluorite, topaz), the best represented; II stage — sulphide — (chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, bismuthinite, cassiterite, wolframite, quartz) well represented at Piaotang; III stage — carbonate — (pyrite, scheelite, chlorite, sericite, fluorite, quartz, calcite). The fracture-controlled mineralizations of Dayu appear to be the product of a continous multistage process related to the late phases of the jurassic Yenshanian magmatism.

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Nel Distretto di Dayu, in cui operano tre miniere principale e sei centri estrattivi minori, viene prodotto poco meno di un quarto (2300 ton/anno) del l'intera produzione in tungsteno della RPC. Oltre al W vengono prodotte apprezzabili quantità di una ventina di altri elementi, fra i quali: Sn, Mo, Bi, Nb, Ta, Terre Rare, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Be, Li, etc.. I corpi minerari sono costituiti, sia da alcune centinaia di vene a quarzo-wolframite, che con una potenza media di 40 cm, tagliano le parti marginali di una intrusione di granito biotitico del Giura, sia da mineralizzazioni tipo stockworks che si espandono nelle metamorfiti (filladi, arenarie quarzose parzialmente cornubianitiche) cambriane poste a tetto della cupola granitica. Il granito biotitico, all' intorno delle vene, presenta zone simmetriche di alterazione, a K-feldspato e greisen; nei metasedimenti i principali minerali di alterazione sono: tormalina, muscovite, quarzo, pirofillite e topazio. Le principali caratteristiche mineralogiche e paragenetiche dei corpi minerari possono essere come di seguito schematizzate: I stadio — a prevalenti ossidi (wolframite, cassiterite, molibdenite, quarzo, K-feldspato, berillo, fluorite, topazio), il meglio rappresentato; II stadio — a prevalenti solfuri (calcopirite, galena, sfalerite, pirite, pirrotina, bismutinite, cassiterite, wolframite, quarzo), particolarmente ben rappresentato nella miniera di Piaotang; III stadio — a prevalenti carbonati (pirite, scheelite, clorite, sericite, fluorite, quarzo, calcite). La metallogenesi di Dayu, sviluppatasi in un sistema tettonicamente attivo é geneticamente associabile alle fasi tardive del magmatismo Yenshanide giurassico.

     

白头山火山渣锥的岩浆演化研究

火山渣锥是白头山(或长白山)火山喷发的重要产物,主要沿熔岩台地周边呈圆锥状寄生小火山锥体分布。野外特征显示,火山渣是火山渣锥的重要组成;岩石手标本显示,火山渣具有气孔构造,样品自顶部至底部,颜色从赤色、赤褐色,向褐色、灰色发生转变。地球化学特征表明,火山渣岩性包括玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、玄武岩质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩岩,具有较高SiO_2(46.22%~55.38%),Al_2O3含量(15.28%~22.11%),低MgO(2.05%~4.94%),FeOT(6.79%~14.76%)的特征;同时具有较高的碱Na_2O/K_2O(Na_2O/K_2O1)比值,为钠质火山岩。其轻稀土(LREE)和重稀土(HREE)分异明显,具有弱的δEu正异常,并且具有富集K、Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和相对亏损Nb、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)的特征。此外,火山渣的分异指数(DI)范围为36.93~64.48,高于造盾阶段的幔源玄武岩的分异指数;其固结指数(SI)为10.73~24.09,低于早期幔源玄武岩的固结指数(SI=25~45),这些特征说明火山渣成分发生了较高程度的岩浆分异作用。同时,火山渣的Nb/La、Sm/Nd、La/Nb和Ba/Nb比值几乎全部介于幔源玄武岩和大陆地壳之间,说明具有明显的地壳混染的特征。因此,我们认为研究区火山渣的岩浆可能是由幔源基性玄武岩上升过程中发生分离结晶和地壳混染作用形成的。     

The geochemical availability of soil Zn and Mo in relation to stomach and esophageal cancer in the People's Republic of China and U.S.A.

The geochemistry of the available trace elements Zn and Mo in soils and their concentrations in food crops relate inversely to significantly higher than the national average rates in China of the occurence of human cancers of the stomach and esophagus, respectively. These cancers occur in widely distributed areas of China and more restricted areas in the U.S.A. In nine densely populated provinces of east-central China, the frequency of stomach cancer was inversely correlated with the available soil Zn (r = −0.89; p < 0.01). Three geographic associations where stomach was significantly higher than the national average, occurred where; (a) the soils had high pH and free CaCO₃; (b) the soils were on steep slopes and highly eroded; and (c) where loessial and alluvial soils along the eastern Yellow and Yangtze River plains had been subject to thousands of years of intensive cropping. Low soil Mo and significantly higher than average esophagus cancer rates occurred under conditions (b) and (c). In restricted areas of condition (c), each of the two types of cancer also correlated inversely (r = −0.6) with blood Se, illustrating multiple trace-element deficiencies. In the U.S.A., humid areas with sandy soils which tested very low for available Zn, as well as a rid areas with calcareous soils, were associated with significantly higher than average stomach cancer rates. Esophagus cancer is attributable nitrosamine gases arising from food nitrate. In endemic areas of both China and U.S.A., an excess of nitrate occurs in food with a deficiency of nitrate reductase enzyme, which contains Mo. In the U.S.A., endemic esophagus cancer areas (a) are humid sandy or mountainous areas where soil Mo deficiencies have been reported, or (b) near cities where intensive production of vegetables may involve over-fertilization with nitrogen.     

民国时期的地质矿产类博物馆

综述民国时期各种类别的地质矿产博物馆,并对其进行简要评说。地质科研机构附设的地质馆、大学的地质标本陈列室、专类地质陈列馆、综合性博物馆中的地质馆以及临时性的地质展览会。在各类地质矿产陈列馆中,由科研机构附设的地质馆占有极其重要的地位和分量。各种类别地质馆共同构成的民国时期地质矿产类博物馆体系,为博物馆史研究者提供了较为详实的参考资料。     

中国不同类型天然气的分布特点

<正> 截止1998年底,中国陆上及近海海域气田总数为321个,其中小型252个,中型54个,大型15个。大中型气田构成已探明地质储量的主体,占84%。在层位上,已发现气田主要分布在新生界、上古生界和下古生界。在中国已发现的大中型气田中,天然气的分布特点表现在以下六个方面:1 多种类型天然气混合分布在同一气藏中由于中国多数盆地具有多旋回的演化历史,在纵向上盆地存在多个含气系统,使不同类型的天然气存在于同一地层中的现象十分普遍。魏永佩特别强调,在同一气藏中存在天然气的混源现象。在中国已发现的大中型气田中,不同研究者对气田的成因类型归属总是有一定分歧,很难将气田划分为某种典型的成因类型。实际上,在中国已发现的大中型气田中,以某种     

Geochemistry of the M'Passa Pb-Zn deposit (Niari syncline,People's Republic of the Congo). Arguments in favor of a hydrothermal origin

The Pb-Zn deposits of the M'Passa mine are located on faults running in a Combian (i.e., N50°E) direction. The interpretation preferred by most authors over the last decade is that synsedimentary ore concentrations have been redistributed in the vicinity of fault zones. This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the behavior of 11 metallic elements (V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb) systematically measured along a well-exposed section (94 samples, in 28 of which As was also measured). Principal component analysis of the data shows a regular decrease in the total metal content with increasing distance from the fault zones; it also brings to light groupings of metallic elements into a group of mobile elements (Pb, Zn, Cd) and a group of less mobile elements (Ag, Cu, Mo, Fe, Co). The latter are concentrated in and near the fault zone. This distribution corroborates a normal thermal zoning of elements issued from the faults rather than a lateral leaching of a preexisting ore concentration down the fault zone. A gradient in Fe content in sphalerite observed over both ore trends could also indicate regularly decreasing thermal conditions during ore formation. In addition, exploratory measurements of sulfur isotopes clearly indicate an ore concentration process different from an euxinic process. Other synsedimentary metal concentrations related to organic matter evolution seem difficult to reconcile with the total residual organic carbon content, and characteristic ratios regarding organic carbon do not show at the present time any relation with organic matter evolution. Rather than assuming that all organic indicators were erased during the geological evolution of the M'Passa deposit, a model is preferred in which local hydrothermal deposition issued from the fault and diffused through specific dolomitic strata. Paleokarstic features may be regarded as passive ore reservoirs or could be the result of alteration associated with hydrothermal fluids.

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Résumé Les concentrations Pb-Zn exploitées à M'Passa sont localisées sur des failles de direction combienne (N50°E). L'interprétation préférée par la plupart des auteurs de la dernière décennie suppose une préconcentration synsédimentaire, redistribuée dans des zones faillées. Les résultats de l'étude détaillée du comportement de 11 éléments métalliques (V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Pb), dosés systématiquement le long de coupes continues (94 échantillons, dont 28 d'entre eux dosés aussi en As) ne permettent pas de confirmer cette hypothèse. L'analyse en composantes principales des teneurs met en évidence une décroissance régulière de la teneur en métaux en s'éloignant des zones faillées. Elle permet aussi de mettre en évidence des groupes de métaux dont une famille d'éléments plus mobiles (Pb, Zn, Cd) et une autre famille d'éléments moins mobiles (Ag, Cu, Mo, Fe, Co). Ces derniers sont concentrés préférentiellement à l'intérieur ou à proximité des zones faillées. Cette distribution s'accorderait davantage avec un zonage thermique normal enraciné dans les failles plutôt qu'avec une redistribution per-descensum de concentrations préexistantes. La décroissance régulière de la teneur en Fe de la blende, fonction de la distance à la faille et indépendante du type de minerai, pourrait aussi avoir été accompagnée d'un gradient thermique au cours du dépot. Quelques mesures exploratoires de constitution isotopique du soufre permettent aussi d'écarter une origine euxinique des sulfures. D'autres possibilités de concentration associée à l'évolution de matières organiques paraisent aussi difficiles à concilier avec la teneur résiduelle en carbone organique. L'absence de relation entre rapports organiques caractéristiques et nature du minerai ne permet pas de conclure à une relation avec l'évolution de la matière organique. Donc, plutôt que considérer que tout marqueur organique aurait été effacé au cours de l'évolution géologique postérieure au dépot, on préfère dans l'état actuel des connaissances un modèle apparenté à une précipitation hydrothermale initiée dans les zones faillées et prolongée latéralement dans des nìveaux dolomitiques spécifiques. Les traits paléokarstiques de ces niveaux seraient alors à envisager, soit comme des réservoirs passifs, soit comme le résutat de l'altération d'épontes par des fluides hydrothermaux.

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G. Buffet present address: INRIA, Avenue Emile Hugues, Sophia Antipolis, France-06565 Valbonne Cedex (reprints)