沉积盆地地震－层序地层学研究辅助系统─Ⅰ

笔者近几年在柴达木、准噶尔、鄂尔多斯、华北和南宁等盆地从事地震地层学和层序地层学研究工作中，建立了“沉积盆地地震─层序地层学研究辅助系统”（ＡＳｅｉｓｍｉｃ─ＳｅｑｕｅｎｃｅＳｔｒａｔｉｇｒａｐｈｙＳｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙＳｙｓｔｅｍｏｆＳｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｒｙＢａｓｉｎｓ，简称４Ｓ）。４Ｓ由三大区块组成，即勘探信息数据库，数据综合分析处理与建立定量模型和模型展开并平面、二维及三维成图。４Ｓ是一个由４万余条源语句组成的微机软件系统，能够对含油气盆地的地表地质、地震、钻井测井、样品分析测试等数据进行综合分析处理，定量研究目标层序的沉积相，沉积体系，古水流方向，烃类和生储盖层分布预测，沉积体系二维地层模型的地展模拟，沉积层序三维水平切片及其表面地貌形态成像等许多地震─层序地层学所涉及的问题。４Ｓ所使用的数据种类和目标结果都不同于目前各种地震资料解释专用系统和盆地模拟系统，并且具有所需设备简单，便于普及和能够解决多种基础地质问题等特点。     

SEDBA扩展与应用——以石油地质综合勘探开发为例

本文以油气综合勘探数据库结构为例，探索ＳＥＤＢＡ数据库结构的调整和功能扩展的可能性。新的ＳＥＤＢＡ是将现行ＳＥＤＢＡ结构的第二层次中的煤及ｚＳＫ４专用数据库及含金属质沉积岩专用数据库改为煤炭专业数据库和金属与非金属矿藏专业数据库，与新增加的石油地质专业数据库一并置于第二结构层之下，构成新的第三层结构一专业数据库结构层。并将原来第三结构层中的１４种实验表作为各专业数据库的一个子数据库，组成新的ＳＥＤＢＡ数据库结构。显然，新的ＳＥＤＢＡ不仅包含了所有的沉积岩石学信息，还容纳了各种沉积岩矿产资源（如石油地质等）的数据库系统，拓宽了ＳＥＤＢＡ的应用前景。石油地质工作者应用新的ＳＥＤＢＡ能系统地进行盆地分析、油藏描述和油藏数值模拟等地质问题研究，以及模拟地质过程，检验地质现象，揭示动态演变，预测未知区域；还可与全球ＳＥＤＢＡ联网，进行区域和洲际比较研究，促进信息的交流和共享。     

内蒙古二连盆地哈达图砂岩铀矿渗出铀成矿作用

[研究目的]哈达图铀矿床是产于二连盆地下白垩统赛汉组上段的一个特大型砂岩型铀矿床，其与传统砂岩铀矿特点不同，矿体呈多层板状，控矿灰色砂体具“两黄夹一灰”特征，传统的渗入（潜水氧化、层间氧化）砂岩型铀成矿理论难以解释，阐明其成因和控矿要素对创新砂岩铀成矿理论与红杂色砂岩中铀矿找矿均具有重大意义。[研究方法]采用野外和室内、宏观和微观相结合，主要包括野外观察、区域地质、构造学、沉积学、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学（元素、有机、同位素）、地震解释和铀矿床学等方法。[研究成果]阐明了矿床矿体、控矿灰色砂体和矿化特征，指出研究区红杂色建造赛汉组上段、二连组和伊尔丁曼哈组为原生氧化建造成因，主含矿层赛汉组上段控矿灰色砂体是深部还原性流体对其再还原的结果，主要受连通深部的断裂构造及相关河道或不整合面控制，属后生改造成因，从成矿铀源、深部渗出流体的形成、铀的迁移和沉淀阐述了砂岩渗出铀成矿作用机制，提出哈达图砂岩铀矿床主要是渗出铀成矿作用形成，建立了相应的渗出铀成矿模式。[结论]发现揭示了红杂色砂岩形成砂岩铀矿一种新的铀成矿作用——渗出铀成矿作用，并由此提出了在红杂色沉积建造中寻找砂岩铀矿“上红下黑、上下连通、红中找灰、灰中找矿”预测评价的新思路，指出针对红杂色沉积建造砂岩铀矿找矿新层位，在找矿空间上可由盆缘拓展到盆中、由浅部拓展到深部。创新点：阐明控矿灰色砂体是深部还原性流体再还原的结果，属后生改造成因；提出了红杂色砂岩形成砂岩铀矿新的渗出铀成矿作用，建立了哈达图砂岩铀矿渗出铀成矿模式；提出了在红杂色沉积建造中寻找砂岩铀矿预测评价的新思路。     

吐鲁番八仙口地区沉积体系及其与铀成矿的关系

通过钻孔岩心编录和测井解释资料的综合统计,以及野外地质露头分析,八仙口地区中下侏罗统含矿目的层可划分出3个沉积体系:辫状三角洲沉积体系、滨浅湖沉积体系和曲流河沉积体系。文章详细论述了各沉积体系的沉积相特征,分析了各沉积体系及沉积相与砂岩型铀矿的成矿关系,指出辫状三角洲沉积体系对砂岩型铀矿成矿最为有利,三角洲前缘、河口坝及分流河道微相是砂岩型铀矿主要的控矿沉积相。     

混层伊利石-蒙脱石的鉴定及其成岩意义

引言混层伊利石-蒙脱石广泛分布于泥岩和砂岩填隙物中,不同的混层类型(指规则或不规则混层)和混层比例是判断成岩强度、尤其是成岩温度的极其重要的手段,这在沉积学及石油地质中至关重要。然而,在一些文献中,混层伊利石-蒙脱石并未得到正确解释,尤其是没有将一些不规则混层类型识别出来,而将其解释成了蒙脱石。这无疑会造成对一些成岩过程的错误推断。为此,本文力图简要论述在X射线衍射图上,混层伊利石-蒙脱石的识别方法,同时简述其在成岩作用研究中的意义。     

铀矿沉积学研究与发展

随着铀矿床尤其是砂岩型铀矿勘探和开发的迅速发展,砂岩型铀矿沉积学的概念应运而生。铀矿沉积学是研究沉积盆地形成演化过程中铀的成矿作用、形成环境、含铀岩（层）系特征,以及沉积作用控制下铀的富集机理和分布规律的学科。它综合了铀矿地质学、盆地分析等学科的内容,具有较明显的学科交叉特点。砂岩型铀矿沉积学是铀矿沉积学最典型的代表,它以盆地分析、砂岩型铀矿地质学为重要理论平台,结合沉积学技术方法,具体研究砂岩型铀矿形成的物质来源、成岩作用与铀的预富集、沉积物的结构构造与渗透性、沉积体系与含铀岩系分析、流体作用与后期改造、层序地层与铀的空间分布、铀富集因素与沉积和古气候环境,沉积作用因素与砂岩型铀矿预测,以及管理信息化的三维可视化建模等。以新疆伊犁盆地、吐哈盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地北部等地区代表性砂岩铀矿为实例,从铀矿聚集与沉积物形成—演化过程、沉积物特征及沉积体系分析与铀矿聚集、层序地层学与铀聚集作用等方面分析了铀矿沉积学研究的最新进展和认识。同时对铀矿沉积学的发展趋势进行了展望:认为砂岩铀矿“大规模成矿作用”和铀的“超常富集”关键地质环境、含铀岩系沉积与铀的空间分布、多种高新分析测试技术的应用等方面将是铀矿沉积学未来研究和发展的重点。由于铀矿沉积学与人类生存环境关系的重要性,并且其涉及沉积学学科的方方面面,因此有理由相信,铀矿沉积学未来可能作为沉积学的一个独立分支学科将得到更好的研究和发展。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三水河剖面上三叠统块状砂岩的异重流成因——来自岩石结构的证据

由于储层质量好、非均质性弱、成藏条件优越,深水沉积中的块状砂岩常常成为油气勘探开发的重要目标。相对具有各种交错层理等沉积构造的其他砂岩而言,块状砂岩的成因判识难度更大。因此,对块状砂岩成因机制的研究,直接影响了其沉积过程的认识,制约了其沉积模式、储层预测地质模型的重建。针对鄂尔多斯盆地南部旬邑县三水河剖面中发育的晚三叠世中层—巨厚层块状砂岩,利用高密度岩石样品的岩石薄片和激光粒度分析,对块状砂岩的粒度组成、粒度参数及其垂向变化特征进行研究。结果表明: 1）块状砂岩为长石岩屑质极细砂—细砂岩,内部偶含漂浮状灰黑色、红褐色泥砾,底部发育球枕、沟模等沉积构造;2）块状砂岩之间及其与交错层理砂岩层之间夹薄层—极薄层灰黑色泥岩、油页岩,二者间突变接触常见;3）岩石薄片中碎屑颗粒分选差,呈棱角—次棱角状,成分及结构成熟度中等偏低;4）粒度组成上,跳跃组分与悬浮组分各占50%左右,显示底床载荷与悬浮载荷同时存在且贡献相当;5）其偏度与浊流沉积相似,但其分选略差于浊流沉积,与三角洲沉积相差更远;6）垂向上,块状砂岩内部存在多期分米级复合韵律,厚度范围为10~30 cm。综合研究区地质背景、沉积构造、微观显微结构、粒度组成及其搬运过程、沉积分异解释结果,认为该剖面块状砂岩为洪水成因的异重流沉积。该研究丰富了对深水块状砂岩成因的理解,深化了异重流沉积块状砂岩结构特征的认识,同时也为异重流沉积的判识提供了依据。     

沉积岩数据库:计算机的应用

岩石学数据在许多地质统计分析中是相当有用的。为了得出焦伊布尔哈德地区的焦因蒂亚布尔区和锡尔赫特地区焦伊布尔哈德灰岩区的构造、地层和沉积作用情况，已作了大量的详细的野外工作和室内分析。已对锡尔赫特地区和焦伊布尔哈德地区的灰岩作了化学分析，且对Ｔｉｐａｍ砂岩作了矿物分析。所获取数据可应用于ＳＥＤＢＡ。用于ＳＥＤＢＡ的参数必须是精确的和沉积成因的。     

地震沉积学在识别重力流沉积体系中的应用

探讨地震沉积学方法在识别陆相断陷盆地重力流沉积体系的研究思路。以歧口凹陷歧南斜坡沙一段的深水厚层砂岩为研究对象, 在现代沉积学和地震沉积学理论和方法的指导下、分频解释和时频分析技术建立高频等时格架的基础上, 通过岩芯相精细描述确定沙一段主要发育重力流水道沉积体系。形成了以古地貌和地震属性约束物源方向, 预测重力流水道的宏观展布;地层切片、反演与三维可视化相结合刻画砂体空间展布形态的断陷湖盆沟道型重力流地震沉积学识别方法和技术。应用该方法对歧南斜坡重力流水道砂体进行了精细刻画, 为在歧口凹陷广泛发育的湖相泥岩中寻找岩性油气藏开辟新的勘探领域, 并在歧口凹陷油气勘探中取得了良好的应用效果, 同时也丰富和发展了断陷盆地重力流沉积体系的地震沉积学研究成果。     

地震属性分析中水平切片的应用

利用地震数据体中含有的丰富地质信息,可以有效地进行储层预测。层拉平水平切片地层学解释方法是先将地震剖面目的层段做层拉平处理,然后对切片顺地层层面追踪,勾绘出各种地层现象,并以地层学的观点加以解释。该方法在吉林探区扶新南部地区的应用中,对于识别河道的展布趋势取得了较好的效果,而且发现了多期叠置的扇型沉积体。另外,还可指导反演数据体的解释,做到对岩性体从定性到定量的描述。     

Base metal exploration by gravity surveys in a part of the Cuddapah basin (India)—A case study

A closely spaced gravity survey was conducted in the Chikativaripally area in the Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh, India for base metal exploration. Analysis of the data using two-dimensional prismatic models suggest a doubly plunging folded structure in the area and also its associated mineralization.     

New Prediction Models for Mean Particle Size in Rock Blast Fragmentation

The paper refers the reader to a blast data base developed in a previous study. The data base consists of blast design parameters, explosive parameters, modulus of elasticity and in situ block size. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to separate the blast data into two different groups of similarity based on the intact rock stiffness. The group memberships were confirmed by the discriminant analysis. A part of this blast data was used to train a single-hidden layer back propagation neural network model to predict mean particle size resulting from blast fragmentation for each of the obtained similarity groups. The mean particle size was considered to be a function of seven independent parameters. An extensive analysis was performed to estimate the optimum value for the number of units for the hidden layer for each of the obtained similarity groups. The blast data that were not used for training were used to validate the trained neural network models. For the same two similarity groups, multivariate regression models were also developed to predict mean particle size. Capability of the developed neural network models as well as multivariate regression models was determined by comparing predictions with measured mean particle size values and predictions based on one of the most applied fragmentation prediction models appearing in the blasting literature. Prediction capability of the trained neural network models as well as multivariate regression models was found to be strong and better than the existing most applied fragmentation prediction model. Diversity of the blasts data used is one of the most important aspects of the developed models.     

吉林省1:20万水文地质图空间数据库建库工作方法及体会

从工作准备、图形矢量化与校正、建立分层文件、属性编辑、坐标转换、图面整饰和成果输出几方面,叙述在1：20万水文地质图空间数据库建设工作中形成的一套工作方法,结合本省实际提出了建立吉林省空间数据库时对本省区域水文地质特征的处理方法和几点工作体会。     

静止均匀环境中气泡射流特性的研究——数学模型及试验资料的分析(Ⅰ)

已往对气泡射流的理论研究,主要集中在半经验和积分模型方面,对流动结构揭示很少。给出了气-液两相流两方程湍流模型。为了加深对气泡射流规律的理解和为数值计算建立对比基础,提出了一组参考量,对Sun和Faeth的试验资料进行了整理。     

Stratigraphic correlation of the Devonian sequence in the Blantyre Sub-basin,Darling Basin,western New South Wales∗

Seismic sections and the analysis of lithostratigraphic units from well-log data were used to develop a new stratigraphic correlation of the Winduck, Snake Cave and Ravendale Intervals for the Blantyre Sub-basin. The stratigraphic boundaries of the intervals were defined at marked changes in well-log characteristics, and depth estimates of the boundaries were derived from the well-log data in Mt Emu 1, Blantyre 1 and Kewell East 1. Six seismic-stratigraphic boundaries have been identified in the seismic sections to show the continuity of the latest Silurian to Holocene sediments throughout the Blantyre Sub-basin; from bottom to top they are: H-1, base of the Winduck Interval; H-2, base of the Snake Cave Interval; H-3, base of the Ravendale Interval; H-4/5 base of the undifferentiated Upper Carboniferous/Permian sediments; and H-6 base of the undifferentiated Cenozoic sediments. All stratigraphic boundaries are based on good continuous markers, with strong amplitudes throughout the whole sub-basin. A three-dimensional geological model was developed from the seismic data to map out the geometry of the key reflectors, and hence the structure and stratigraphy of the Winduck, Snake Cave and Ravendale Intervals in the areas where these intervals have been preserved. This model has better defined the Wilcannia High and two smaller highs around the Mt Emu 1 and Snake Flat 1 wells, and further defines the relationships between the stratigraphy, sub-basin geometry and development of complex structures in the Blantyre Sub-basin.     

平面土基刚性圆管基底压力分布的试验研究

很多给排水、原油输送管道直接敷设于原状平面土基之上,此种情况下的管道基底压力分布明显不同于研究较多的其它类型基础上管道的分布规律。本文在工程现场试验的基础上,结合Winkler弹性地基解析法,初步探讨了平面土基上刚性圆管的基底压力的分布规律,由本文模型所得的计算结果与试验结果吻合程度较高。     

Management and application of Geotechnical Data: The Geotechnical Data Information System of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government

In the Tokyo metropolis many geological surveys are carried out in conjunction with building construction work and urban base improvement undertakings. Furthermore, the Institute of Civil Engineering (ICE) of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has been conducting surveys on urban geology, land subsidence, and geodetics. Thus, ICE of TMG keeps a lot of geological data. In order to plan for a more effective use of these data, the Geotechnical Data Information System of Tokyo Metropolitan Government was organized in 1985, and since 1986, it has become fully implemented.This Geotechnical Data Information System has incorporated a relational data base into a mainframe computer, the NEC ACOS System 430, and as of March 1989 it can retrieve and graphically present borehole, deep-well, and groundwater data.The authors wish to introduce in this article the organizational structure of the Geotechnical Data Information System of TMG, a summary of the data base system, standards of input data, and applicable examples of the data base.     

沉积岩粒度分析专家系统

本文介绍了沉积岩粒度分析专家系统的构成和其知识库、信息库（包括数据库）、扩展表格条件、文本文件等，推理机及知识获取部分的特性。该系统建立在ＩＢＭ及其兼容微机上，模仿专家解答问题的方式，采用良好的人机交互界面，对沉积岩粒度分析结果进行综合分析。经该专家系统咨询后，用户能得出沉积岩的名称、沉积环境和沉积相。     

Groundwater monitoring for cement kiln dust disposal units in karst aquifers

Well-developed karst aquifers tend to be heterogeneous and consist of variable porosities. Groundwater monitoring and the associated data interpretations in such aquifers are often more complicated than porous medium aquifers. Collection of representative data in karst aquifers often requires monitoring at appropriately located wells and/or springs that are proven to connect to the groundwater system. Water samples are to be collected under different flow conditions, including base flow, high-flow, and low-flow. The sampling frequencies may vary from several months for base flows to minutes in response to recharge events. The groundwater monitoring program presented in this paper is for a cement kiln dust mono-fill site in a karst area of southern Indiana. Following dye tracing and extensive geophysical investigations, one spring was selected as a monitoring location. A second spring should be used as a monitoring location when the last cell of the mono-fill begins receiving the wastes. The paper discusses results from the first spring, at which nine background sampling events were completed to evaluate the natural variations of the water quality. Based on the background data, a statistical evaluation plan was developed for 12 water-quality parameters to determine the integrity of the landfill. The statistical power of the statistical analyses was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations.     

柴达木盆地地下水资源调查基础数据库建设数据的采集与处理

基础数据库建设工作的关键是野外地质调查过程中各类性质调查点的数据采集,采集的数据是否系统、统一、齐全、精炼、简洁将直接影响基础数据数库建设工作的顺利进行。本文从基础数据库建设的角度提出野外调查过程中有关数据采集要求。