Quasi-static transient response of a covered permeable inhomogeneous cylinder to a line current source

Summary Transient electromagnetic response of a cylindrical conductor covered by (a) an insulated and (b) a galvanically connected coaxial shell has been obtained. The exciting pulse is produced by switching off a long alternating current source. The study incorporates the influence of magnetic permeability contrast of the cylinder with the surrounding medium and also that of the inhomogeneity in the conductivity. The generalised initial value problem is significant in the study of certain geomagnetic anomalies. The results will also aid to the interpretation of induction prospecting data for elongated porphyry conducting mineral deposits.N.G.R.I. Contribution No. 71-280.     

Electromagnetic response of a covered inhomogeneous permeable conductor in time domain

Summary An initial value induction problem has been solved to examine the response of a massive sulphide ore body under conditions of common occurence. The generalized expression for the induced field due to a step-function dipolar field in the presence of a non-uniformly conducting permeable sphere surrounded by a finitely resistive overburden has been derived. Two cases, when the concentric shell is (i) insulated from and (ii) in galvanic contact with the inner core, have been considered. The analytical results are in computable form to yield the decay-characteristics for application in geoelectromagnetics. Particular cases of the problem treated by the other investigators are discussed.N.G.R.I. Contribution No. 71-234     

瞬变电磁横磁场响应特征与探测能力分析

瞬变电磁法是重建地下电阻率等电性结构的重要方法.传统磁性源和电性源瞬变电磁法主要观测横电极化场,横电极化场仅对良导目标敏感,对高阻目标的分辨能力有限.横磁极化场对高阻目标具有较强的分辨能力,但未得到有效利用.双线源瞬变电磁法可以增强观测电场中横磁极化场的占比,但对该方法的响应特征和分辨能力缺乏系统性的研究.为此,本文以双线源为例开展瞬变电磁横磁场响应特征与分辨能力分析.双线源瞬变电磁水平电场的响应强度要小于传统接地导线源,在发射源的中垂线上,层状大地模型的响应为零,观测的水平电场响应只能由地下的三维目标体产生.分别提取双线源和传统接地导线源激发电磁场中的横磁场和横电场,双线源瞬变电磁场中的横磁场占比要大于传统接地导线源,特别是在中晚期,横磁场远大于横电场,横磁场占比得到明显增强.通过均方根差和三维数值模拟的计算,双线源瞬变电磁水平电场显示出相较于传统接地导线源更强的高阻目标分辨能力,特别是在赤道向,水平电场对高阻目标分辨能力的增强效果更加明显.

     

On the time-domain electromagnetic response of a conductive permeable sphere

The time-domain EM response of a conducting sphere has been subject of past studies with a particular goal of understanding the response of steel unexploded ordnance items. A change in formulas and parameter definition between authors has created inconsistency between published results and analytic formulas. Correction of formulas is required for further studies based on the conducting permeable sphere.     

On the random motion of a uniform beam in a magnetic field

Summary The present note is concerned with the investigation of responses under random processes of a beam-plate placed in a magnetic field which is transverse in nature. The distinctive features of the motion have been pointed out.     

井中磁源瞬变电磁响应特征研究

井中瞬变电磁波勘探是一个全空间地球物理场问题.采用Gaver-Stehfest逆拉氏变换方法,正演计算了瞬变信号激励下接收线圈上的电磁场响应.分析了包含井眼泥浆、套管、水泥环和地层的轴对称多层介质模型的电磁场响应特征,考察了各层介质参数对井中瞬变电磁响应的影响.不同电导率井眼泥浆的电磁场响应衰减曲线表明,井眼泥浆电导率的变化对井中瞬变电磁响应的影响极小.不同套管几何参数的电磁响应数值模拟结果显示,套管内径变化对电磁响应有较大影响;在套管厚度变化的端点处,电磁响应存在明显异常.通过对不同套管磁导率电磁响应特征的讨论,认为套管磁导率参数对电磁响应有重要影响,套管相对磁导率越高,电磁波信号越难穿过套管,响应信号幅度越低.最后,对不同水泥环参数的电磁场响应进行了数值模拟,发现对于低导地层,低阻水泥环会产生较大的测量误差;而对高导地层,水泥环厚度参数对响应信号影响可忽略不计.     

On removing the primary field from fixed-wing time-domain airborne electromagnetic data: some consequences for quantitative modelling, estimating bird position and detecting perfect conductors

In the process of removing the primary field from fixed‐wing time‐domain airborne EM data, the response is decomposed into two parts, which are referred to here as the time‐domain ‘in‐phase’ and ‘quadrature’ components. The time‐domain in‐phase component is dominated by the primary field, which varies significantly as the transmitter–receiver separation changes. The time‐domain quadrature component comes solely from the secondary response associated with currents induced in the ground and this is the component that has traditionally been used in the interpretation of data from fixed‐wing towed‐bird time‐domain EM systems. In the off‐time, the quadrature response is very similar to the total secondary response. However, there are large differences in the on‐time and even some small differences in the off‐time.One consequence of these differences is that when airborne EM data are to be interpreted using a synthetic mathematical model, the synthetic data calculated should also be the quadrature component. A second consequence relates to the time‐domain in‐phase component which is sometimes used to estimate the receiver‐sensor (bird) position. The bird‐position estimation process assumes there is no secondary field in the in‐phase component. If the ground is resistive, the secondary contained in the in‐phase component is small, so the bird‐position estimate is accurate to about 30 cm, but in highly conductive areas the secondary contribution can be large and the position estimate can be out by as much as 5 m. A third consequence arises for highly conductive bodies, the response of which is predominantly in‐phase. This means that any response from these types of body is lost in the component that has been removed in the primary‐field extraction procedure. However, if the bird position is measured very accurately, the actual free‐space primary field can be estimated. If this is then subtracted from the estimated primary (actually free‐space primary plus secondary in‐phase response), then the residual is the secondary in‐phase response of the ground. Using this methodology, very conductive ore bodies could be detected. However, a sensitivity analysis shows that detection of a large vertically dipping very conductive body at 150 m depth would require that the bird position be measured to an accuracy of about 1.4 cm and the aircraft attitude to within about 0.01°. Such tolerances are very stringent and not easily attainable with current technology.     

The response of the electromagnetic field to the catastrophic earthquake of March 11, 2011

The electric and magnetic variations observed during the earthquake of March 11, 2011 that occurred in the Pacific close to the northeastern coast of Honshu Island in Japan are analyzed. The variations in the electric voltage were measured at the decommissioned submarine telecommunication cable laid on the bed of the Sea of Japan. The neighboring observatories recorded the anomalous geomagnetic variations during the studied time interval; the sources and spatial location of these anomalies are studied. The seismic signals were identified from the seismograms recorded by the broadband seismometer STS-2 at the nearest seismic station.     

The response of the electromagnetic field to the catastrophic earthquake of March 11, 2011

The electric and magnetic variations observed during the earthquake of March 11, 2011 that occurred in the Pacific close to the northeastern coast of Honshu Island in Japan are analyzed. The variations in the electric voltage were measured at the decommissioned submarine telecommunication cable laid on the bed of the Sea of Japan. The neighboring observatories recorded the anomalous geomagnetic variations during the studied time interval; the sources and spatial location of these anomalies are studied. The seismic signals were identified from the seismograms recorded by the broadband seismometer STS-2 at the nearest seismic station.

     

利用CSAMT电磁场响应提取激电效应的方法初探

在传统的CSAMT电磁场一雏正演中加入柯尔-柯尔模型,模拟可极化地电断面的CSAMT电磁场响应.通过对均匀半空间、H型地电断面的理论计算,分析了柯尔-柯尔模型参数对CSAMT的Ex、Hy影响特征.基于电场相对磁场对激电效应的反映更加灵敏,提出分别利用Hy与Ex分量反演电阻率、厚度以及激电参数的方法.反演计算表明,该方法克服了电阻率、厚度、激电参数一同反演时受初始模型影响太大,容易陷入局部极小值的问题,可以在一定程度上提取出合适的激电参数.     

Effect of a uniform magnetic field on nonlinear magnetocenvection in a rotating fluid spherical shell

Abstract

Dynamic interaction between magnetic field and fluid motion is studied through a numerical experiment of nonlinear three-dimensional magnetoconvection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell to which a uniform magnetic field parallel to its spin axis is applied. The fluid shell is heated by internal heat sources to maintain thermal convection. The mean value of the magnetic Reynolds number in the fluid shell is 22.4 and 10 pairs of axially aligned vortex rolls are stably developed. We found that confinement of magnetic flux into anti-cyclonic vortex rolls was crucial on an abrupt change of the mode of magnetoconvection which occurred at Δ = 1 ～ 2, where A is the Elsasser number. After the mode change, the fluid shell can store a large amount of magnetic flux in itself by changing its convection style, and the magnetostrophic balance among the Coriolis, Lorentz and pressure forces is established. Furthermore, the toroidal/poloidal ratio of the induced magnetic energy becomes less than unity, and the magnetized anti-cyclones are enlarged due to the effect of the magnetic force. Using these key ideas, we investigated the causes of the mode change of magnetoconvection. Considering relatively large magnetic Reynolds number and a rapid rotation rate of this model, we believe that these basic ideas used to interpret the present numerical experiment can be applied to the dynamics in the Earth's and other planetary cores.     

Earthquake response of arch dams to spatially varying ground motion

The response of two arch dams to spatially varying ground motions recorded during earthquakes is computed by a recently developed linear analysis procedure, which includes dam–water–foundation rock interaction effects and recognizes the semi‐unbounded extent of the rock and impounded water domains. By comparing the computed and recorded responses, several issues that arise in analysis of arch dams are investigated. It is also demonstrated that spatial variations in ground motion, typically ignored in engineering practice, can have profound influence on the earthquake‐induced stresses in the dam. This influence obviously depends on the degree to which ground motion varies spatially along the dam–rock interface. Thus, for the same dam, this influence could differ from one earthquake to the next, depending on the epicenter location and the focal depth of the earthquake relative to the dam site. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空地磁残差计算在平原厚覆盖区找矿应用

磁法是寻找隐伏磁铁矿最有效的地球物理方法,但是厚覆盖层下方铁矿体产生的磁异常较弱,有必要综合空地磁场数据突出铁矿弱异常信息.为有效利用已有的空地磁场数据及在山东齐河平原厚覆盖区实现深部找矿新突破,本文介绍了区域磁场及深部铁矿磁场特征,以不同高度磁场变化规律为依据,设计理论模型获取了不同高度正演磁场,通过计算空地磁残差,突出深部铁矿引起的弱异常.为了验证方法的实际效果,利用近年在该地区实测航空及地面磁场数据计算磁残差,结合推断的地质构造,分析找矿有利部位,确定钻探验证位置.     

TEM方法中磁场垂直分量Bz强度特征研究

瞬变电磁法由于其高效、轻便等诸多优点成为现今应用较为广泛的地球物理勘探手段.但由于二次场随时间衰减较快,TEM方法在勘探深度上受到一定的限制.近几年,低温 SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device)磁传感器硬件已经研发成熟,可以应用到TEM方法中,用于磁场强度探...     

地球主磁场电磁转矩导致的地球差异旋转

为探索驱动地球系统差异旋转的力源,选择整个地球作为研究对象,应用经典电磁学理论,分析地球固体介质中的电荷在地球主磁场中的运动特点,发现存在一个与地球自转方向相反的切向洛伦兹力.通过电荷与介质间的相互作用,切向洛伦兹力传递至介质迫使介质西漂.为探索地球差异旋转的规律,建立了地球薄圆筒圈层模型.应用经典物理学理论和方法推导出了地球主磁场电磁转矩及其产生的角加速度公式.研究得到四点主要结论:1)作用于半径不同的地球薄圆筒圈层的地球主磁场电磁转矩及其产生的角加速度绝对值不同:地轴及赤道附近圈层的小,其自转相对较快;半径等于3～(1/2)倍地球半径的薄圆筒圈层及其相邻圈层的大,其自转相对较慢.2)同一薄圆筒圈层中的差异旋转缘于介质的介电常数、阻力系数及质量密度的差异.3)地球差异旋转缘于地球的自转、正负电荷的非对等分布及介质的介电常数、阻力系数、质量密度的差异.4)地球差异旋转导致地壳运动,孕育地震,地球主磁场是地球差异旋转和地震孕育的敏感因子.     

SuperDARN studies of the ionospheric convection response to a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field

The response of the dayside ionospheric flow to a sharp change in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) measured by the WIND spacecraft from negative B_z and positive B_y, to positive B_z and small B_y, has been studied using SuperDARN radar, DMSP satellite, and ground magnetometer data. In response to the IMF change, the flow underwent a transition from a distorted twin-cell flow involving antisunward flow over the polar cap, to a multi-cell flow involving a region of sunward flow at high latitudes near noon. The radar data have been studied at the highest time resolution available (2 min) to determine how this transition took place. It is found that the dayside flow responded promptly to the change in the IMF, with changes in radar and magnetic data starting within a few minutes of the estimated time at which the effects could first have reached the dayside ionosphere. The data also indicate that sunward flows appeared promptly at the start of the flow change (within 2 min), localised initially in a small region near noon at the equatorward edge of the radar backscatter band. Subsequently the region occupied by these flows expanded rapidly east-west and poleward, over intervals of 7 and 14 min respectively, to cover a region at least 2 h wide in local time and 5° in latitude, before rapid evolution ceased in the noon sector. In the lower latitude dusk sector the evolution extended for a further 6 min before quasi-steady conditions again prevailed within the field-of-view. Overall, these observations are shown to be in close conformity with expectations based on prior theoretical discussion, except for the very prompt appearance of sunward flows after the onset of the flow change.     

海底表面磁源瞬变响应建模及海水影响分析

根据电磁场理论,推导了磁偶源和接收点均位于海水中时层状海底模型的频域电磁场响应一般表达式,并通过此式,得到了海水为均匀半空间和有限海水深度两种情况下,垂直磁偶极装置、中心回线和重叠回线分别置于均匀半空间海底表面时的瞬变电磁响应（磁场和感应电压）表达式. 这些表达式将瞬变响应和海底的电导率等参数有机联系在一起,为海底瞬变电磁法的正演计算和反演解释提供了理论基础. 仿真计算表明,海水的存在不仅使得瞬变响应曲线形态发生变化,而且影响其对海底电导率的分辨能力.     

Dynamic response analysis of nonlinear secondary oscillators to idealised seismic pulses

The paper deals with the seismic response analysis of nonlinear secondary oscillators. Bilinear, sliding and rocking single-degree-of-freedom dynamic systems are analysed as representative of a wide spectrum of secondary structures and nonstructural components. In the first stage, the equations governing their full dynamic interaction with linear multi-degree-of-freedom primary structures are formulated, and then conveniently simplified using primary-secondary two-degree-of-freedom systems and dimensionless coefficients. In the second stage, the cascade approximation is applied, whereby the feedback action of the secondary oscillator on the primary structure is neglected. Owing to the piecewise linearity of the secondary systems being considered, efficient semi-analytical and step-by-step numerical solutions are presented. The semi-analytical solutions allow the direct evaluation of the seismic response under pulse-type ground excitations and are also used to validate step-by-step numerical schemes, which in turn can be used for general-type seismic excitations. In the third stage, a set of decoupling criteria are proposed for the pulse-type base excitations, identifying the conditions under which a cascade analysis is admissible from an engineering standpoint. Finally, the influence and relative dependencies between the input parameters of the ground motion and the primary-secondary assembly are quantified on the response of the secondary systems through nonlinear floor response spectra, and general trends are identified and discussed.     

An overview of the external magnetic field with regard to magnetic surveys

Surveys in Geophysics -     

The response of CO2 flux to rain pulses at a saline desert

As the substantial component of the ecosystem respiration, soil CO₂ flux is strongly influenced by infrequent and unpredictable precipitation in arid region. In the current study, we investigated the response of soil CO₂ flux to rain pulses at a saline desert in western China. Soil CO₂ flux was measured continuously during the whole growing season of 2009 at six sites. We found that there were remarkable changes in amplitude or diurnal patterns of soil CO₂ flux induced by rainfall events: from bimodal before rain to a single peak after that. Further analysis indicated that there is a significant linear relationship (P < 0.001) between soil CO₂ flux and soil temperature (T_soil). However, a hysteresis between the waveform of diurnal course of CO₂ flux and T_soil was observed: with soil CO₂ flux always peaked earlier than T_soil. Furthermore, a double exponential decay function was fitted to the soil CO₂ flux after rainfall, and total carbon (C) releases were estimated by numerical integration for rainfall events. The relative enhancement and total C release, in association with the rain pulses, was linearly related to the amount of precipitation. According to the size and frequency of rainfall events, the total amount of C release induced by rain pulses was computed as much as 7.88 g C·m^–2 in 2009, equivalent to 10.25% of gross primary production. These results indicated that rain pulses played a significant role in the carbon budget of this saline desert ecosystem, and the size of them was a good indicator of rain‐induced flux enhancement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.