超声改性对不同粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响

粘土表面改性方法是提高改性粘土絮凝有害藻华效率的关键。本文研究了超声改性法对粘土去除藻华生物效率的影响,对比分析了粘土颗粒在改性前后的粒度分布、扫描电镜图像以及表面电位等理化特征变化,进而初步探讨了超声改性的作用机制。结果显示,超声改性处理可以有效提高本研究中所试验五种粘土去除藻华生物能力。超声改性导致粘土颗粒粒径进一步减小,且超声时间越长,颗粒粒径越小;超声处理后的粘土粒度分布集中、颗粒均匀,延长超声处理时间可以有效提高增效效果。同时发现,超声改性后粘土颗粒的表面电位负电性变弱,降低了粘土颗粒与表面负电性藻细胞之间的静电斥力,从而提高了粘土对藻华生物藻细胞的絮凝去除能力。本研究探索了提高粘土去除藻华生物效率的新方法,为进一步增强改性粘土去除能力提供了参考。     

铁铝复合改性粘土去除藻华生物的效率与机制初探

粘土表面改性是提高粘土絮凝有害藻华效率的重要方法。本文融合铁系与铝系絮凝剂的优点,将两者复合,制备出了不同Fe含量的铁铝复合改性粘土,考察其对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的去除效率。结果表明,铁的复合对原改性粘土去除藻华生物的效率具有提升作用,该作用随Fe含量的增加而增大,最高可达20%—30%。本研究还采用Zeta电位仪和粒子成像测速仪测定了复合改性粘土在海水中的表面特征和絮凝特性,发现与原改性粘土相比,铁铝复合改性粘土体系中,随Fe含量的增多,粘土表面电位最高可提升15%;稳定絮凝体指数(γ)降低,絮体强度增加。因此, Fe盐的引入,可以有效提高改性粘土颗粒表面正电性和絮体的抗破坏能力,从而增强改性粘土的絮凝除藻效果。     

珠江口黏性泥沙絮凝的湍流动力机制

本文利用2010年枯季在珠江口进行的大、中、小潮LISST剖面及底边界层观测资料,分析了磨刀门河口枯季稳定存在的絮团三峰结构,即构建絮团的基本粒子的平均粒径约为8.3～9.0 μm,小絮团为36～100 μm,大絮团大于180 μm。小潮期,盐跃层捕集的悬浮泥沙以强絮凝过程为主,大絮团含量占优;中、大潮期,平均粒径普遍增大,絮凝占优。潮内的动力变化对絮团多峰结构及形态参数的影响不明显,絮凝与解凝处于动态平衡。结合坐底三角架的湍流资料和简化的群体平衡模型(Population Balance Equation,PBE),进一步揭示了絮团变化的湍流动力机制。高流速下的强紊动剪切力,直接导致大絮团被破坏形成小絮凝体,絮凝体平均粒径减小,反之絮凝强于解凝作用。同时,基于高斯矩积分方法求解PBE,得到的粒径分布基本与观测值吻合,说明在有较好的现场湍流与粒径观测资料的条件下,PBE包含的湍流动力机制可以用来研究黏性泥沙的絮凝过程。     

改性粘土对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除作用

利用改性粘土去除藻华生物是目前有害藻华应急处置最常用的方法。本文研究了六种铝盐改性粘土(PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC、AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC)对藻华生物球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)的去除效率,考察了悬浮液pH、改性粘土颗粒表面电位及粒径分布等因子对去除效率的影响。结果显示:不同赤潮生物由于生物特征不同,其去除效率存在较大差异,PAC-MC、PAFC-MC、PAFCs-MC对东海原甲藻有较高的去除效率,但对于球形棕囊藻去除能力较差;AC-MC、AS-MC、PAS-MC对两种藻华生物均有较好的去除效果,但对水体酸碱扰动较大,在pH敏感水域应注意用量;对于同一种改性粘土,提高铝离子含量、增加改性粘土浓度有利于除藻效率的提升;自絮凝程度越低、表面正电性越强(或负电性越弱)、悬浮液pH值越低的改性粘土,除藻能力越强。本研究进一步为改性粘土应急处置有害藻华提供了参考。     

长江河口北槽河道悬沙絮团特性及其影响因素研究

利用多种先进室内外测量仪器进行河口现场观测和室内电镜扫描获得相关资料,对长江河口北槽河道细颗粒泥沙絮凝的水沙环境、絮团的微观形态结构、絮团的粒径组成及其主要影响因素进行了综合分析和讨论。结果表明,北槽河道具有非常适宜细颗粒泥沙絮凝的潮流、盐度、含沙量和悬沙颗粒粒径等基本环境条件。北槽河道悬沙絮团形态多样,主要包括松散状絮团、蜂窝状絮团和密实状絮团。絮团主要由细粉砂和黏土类细颗粒泥沙组成,表面多粗糙不平,结构或密或疏。絮团粒径变化与潮周期动力过程密切相关,具有周期性变化特征。涨、落憩时絮团粒径较大,涨、落急时絮团粒径较小。絮团粒径涨憩大于落憩,小潮大于大潮。垂向上,絮团粒径由表层至底层逐渐增大。周期性潮流流速对北槽河道悬沙絮团粒径变化起到了控制作用。北槽细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用,是导致疏浚航道发生回淤的主要原因之一。     

盐度和腐殖酸共同作用下的长江口泥沙絮凝过程研究

长江河口有机质含量丰富,盐度变化较大,因此研究长江河口以细颗粒泥沙为主的多因子共同作用下的絮凝有助于了解最大浑浊带的形成机制.通过实验研究盐度和腐殖酸共同作用对长江口细颗粒泥沙浊度变化影响的过程,从浊度相对变化率、絮团粒径和电位变化三方面综合分析了其絮凝机理,并且对絮凝体进行了红外和电镜分析,探讨了絮凝体的微观结构.结果表明:(1)随着盐度增大细颗粒泥沙浊度相对变化率逐渐增大,粒径增大,而电位绝对值变小;(2)随着腐殖酸浓度增大细颗粒泥沙浊度相对变化率先略有升高后迅速降低,粒径增大,电位绝对值增大;(3)微观结构的分析表明腐殖酸是以腐殖酸盐的形式包覆在泥沙表面,同时也验证了河口中C-P-OM(C代表黏土,P代表阳离子,OM代表有机化合物)的泥沙絮凝模式.     

不同黏土对中肋骨条藻的絮凝去除研究

比较了不同种类黏土对中肋骨条藻的絮凝去除效率, 分析了黏土理化特征对絮凝去除效率的影响。结果表明, 不同种类黏土的Zeta 电位为？36.1～？15.9 mV, BET 比表面积为0.31～60.76 m2/g, 硅铝比为1.35～3.62。当黏土用量均为0.50 g/L 时, 不同黏土对中肋骨条藻的絮凝去除速度和去除...     

改性黏土对褐潮生物种Aureococcus anophagefferens的去除研究

褐潮是一种由微微型藻引发的藻华,已连续4年在渤海海域暴发,给当地带来巨大的经济损失。目前,在褐潮尚不能有效预防、预控情况下,如何控制和减少其对生态环境和沿海经济带来的危害,成为一个急需解决的问题。利用改性黏土消除藻华是一种快速有效、并得以多次现场成功应用的方法。考察比较了多种不同产地、不同类型的黏土及其改性后对褐潮生物种Aureococcus anophagef ferens(抑食金球藻)的去除效果,选取5种典型的黏土作为主要的实验材料,开展了不同条件下黏土及其改性后对A. anophagef ferens去除效率的影响研究。实验发现,因A. anophagef ferens个体微小、藻华时密度大,相同用量的黏土或改性黏土对其去除效率低于常见的硅藻、甲藻生物;不同类型黏土对其去除效率有影响,高岭土的去除效率高于蒙脱土;而黏土改性后对A. anophagef ferens的去除效率提高3倍以上。在此基础上,还考察分析了黏土粒径、分散介质等因素对A. anophagef ferens去除效率的影响,为进一步研发安全、高效的褐潮应急消除材料做了有益探索。     

枯季珠江河口悬浮泥沙絮凝沉降特征的观测与分析

2000年1月,利用L ISST-ST现场激光粒度沉速仪,对珠江河口悬浮泥沙的现场粒级与沉速特征进行观测和分析,结果表明:珠江河口悬浮泥沙絮凝沉降特征具有复杂的时空变化,悬浮泥沙颗粒现场中值粒径为10~96μm,各粒级颗粒的现场中值沉速为0.001~0.02 cm/s,并可用关系式iω=k.din(0.29相似文献   

伶仃洋河口泥沙絮凝特征及影响因素研究

泥沙絮凝对河口细颗粒泥沙运动过程起着极其重要的作用。本文通过LISST-100激光粒度仪等仪器实测伶仃洋河口2013年洪季悬浮泥沙絮凝体现场粒径及水动力、泥沙条件,结合实验室悬沙粒径分析,研究大小潮期间伶仃洋河口泥沙絮凝特征,探讨紊动剪切强度、含沙量、盐度分层及波浪等因素对伶仃洋河口泥沙絮凝的影响。结果表明:伶仃洋河口水体中现场粒径平均值为148.53 μm,大于实验室悬沙分散粒径36.74 μm,河口絮凝现象明显;沉速与有效密度、粒径呈正相关,絮团平均有效密度为153.49 kg/m3,平均沉速达1.13 mm/s;小潮时絮团平均粒径大于大潮,垂向上表底层絮团粒径小、中层大,中底层絮团沉速大于表层。伶仃洋河口水动力、泥沙条件是影响其泥沙絮凝的重要因素,低剪切强度（小于5 s-1）、低含沙量（小于50 mg/L）及高体积浓度有利于细颗粒泥沙之间的相互碰撞,促进絮凝作用;当剪切强度与颗粒间碰撞强度高于絮团所能承受的强度时,絮团易破碎分解成小絮团或更细的泥沙颗粒;伶仃洋河口盐度层化引起的泥沙捕获现象增大中层泥沙体积浓度,有利于中层絮凝体的发育;观测期相对较大的波浪增强水体紊动,增大了水体细颗粒泥沙的碰撞几率,表层絮团粒径随波高峰值的出现而增大。     

改性黏土法消除球形棕囊藻赤潮的现场实验与效果评估

球形棕囊藻是一种具有复杂异型生活史的有毒有害赤潮生物,近年来在我国近海频繁暴发成灾,形成的巨大囊体为国内外罕见。迄今还未见到有效消除囊体型球形棕囊藻赤潮的方法报道。本文通过海上围隔实验和现场赤潮消除工程跟踪监测,考察了喷洒改性黏土消除囊体型球形棕囊藻赤潮的可行性与效率,并分析了改性黏土法治理赤潮时对水体及沉积环境的可能影响。围隔实验结果表明,喷洒改性黏土可以有效消除水体中过量的微藻细胞,其中以少量多次喷洒方法的效果最好,生物量(chl a)去除率90%。在对2016年2月广西防城港附近海域球形棕囊藻赤潮消除时的跟踪监测结果表明,改性黏土法适用于工程化消除赤潮作业,能够快速消除水体中的大量球形棕囊藻囊体,随改性黏土絮凝体沉入海底的赤潮藻可以快速分解而失去活性。喷洒改性黏土对于赤潮水体的主要理化指标影响不显著,所监测的水体COD、pH和不同形态氮、磷、硅等生源要素浓度都在原有水质水平范围内波动。     

Examples of spatial and temporal variations of some fine-grained suspended particle characteristics in two Danish coastal water bodies

In June and September of 1999, a LISST-100 in situ laser diffraction particle sizer was used to analyse the temporal and spatial variation of the beam attenuation coefficient, the in situ median particle (aggregate) diameter and the median volume concentration of suspended matter in two Danish coastal water bodies. One of the study sites was generally exposed to wind, while the other was quite sheltered. Measurements of the mass concentration of total suspended matter and chl a were made simultaneously. The in situ median effective density, settling velocity and vertical flux of the suspended matter are computed. Results demonstrate that in September, the in situ median aggregate diameter, settling velocity and vertical flux was smaller (by a factor of up to 16) and the concentration higher (by a factor of up to almost two) than in June. This is attributed to varying degrees of turbulence in the water in the weeks preceding the field work, causing aggregates to break up (lowering in situ aggregate diameter and settling velocity) and sediment to be resuspended (increasing concentration) in September. The fractal dimension of the suspended aggregates is estimated. The fractal dimension is found to increase from June to September at both study sites, supporting the notion of aggregate break-up in September due to turbulence in the upper part of the water column. An algae bloom occurred at the sheltered study site in September. In situ particle size spectra from this site demonstrated increasing aggregate sizes towards the bottom. It is suggested, that the increase in size is due to biologically induced aggregation, causing large aggregates to settle out of the upper part of the water column, leaving finer particles and aggregates behind.     

微生物复合改性粘土去除东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)初探

近年来,随着对抑藻微生物认识的深入,利用藻-菌相互作用控制有害藻华展现出极大的应用前景。在前期改性粘土治理有害藻华方法的基础上,首次将不同种类的微生物与传统的改性粘土复合,研究了不同的复合比例、制备方式等对典型有害藻华生物——东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)去除效率的影响,初步探讨了其作用机制。结果表明:菌密度1.5×1010 cells/L的EM菌(effectivemicroorganisms,有效性微生物)及其滤液可以有效去除东海原甲藻;利用EM菌对粘土进行复合改性处理可以进一步提高改性粘土的除藻能力,呈现出1+12的效果。在适宜范围内,增加熟化时间与温度有利于复合改性粘土除藻效率的提升。文章进一步分析探讨了EM菌复合改性粘土的除藻机制,认为改性粘土通过富集EM菌和分泌的抑藻物质,增加了其对微藻的直接和间接除藻作用;适宜的熟化温度和熟化时间可促进EM菌的繁殖及其在改性粘土上的吸附,有利于复合改性粘土去除效率的提升。上述研究结果为改性粘土治理有害藻华技术的进一步提升和完善提供了新的探索。     

Diatom aggregate formation and fluxes: a modeling analysis under different size-resolution schemes and with empirically determined aggregation kernels

A hierarchical analysis is presented for evaluating the accuracy of different formulations to simulate diatom aggregate formation and diagnose its associated carbon fluxes. We find that, for diagnostic purposes, a two-class arrangement of sizes (small particles and aggregates) is an adequate compromise between the accuracy of estimated fluxes and the level of resolution implemented for particle sizes. Ignoring the existence of aggregates severely underestimates fluxes, whereas increasing the size resolution (up to 7 size classes) yields a small improvement in accuracy. We demonstrate that this two-size-class arrangement is also the minimum resolution for accurately modeling the formation of aggregates. This arrangement requires only one aggregation kernel, which we estimate from experimental data without imposing any assumption for the interaction between particles. Although the kernel is robust to changes in the nature of the particles, the simulations obtained with this approach are very sensitive to the initial concentration of aggregates implemented to run the model. This sensitivity to initial conditions does not appear in a model with higher size resolution whose kernel tensor for aggregation has also been derived from experimental mesocosm data through an inverse modeling procedure. Although the level of accuracy achieved in a simulation with this kernel tensor seems promising, its robustness requires further tests in conditions other than a mesocosm experimental design.     

The small volume particle microsampler (SVPM): a new approach to particle size distribution and composition

The characterization of trophically and geochemically important suspended particulate matter (SPM) has traditionally relied on bottle sampling and subsequent analysis with Coulter Multisizers and other instruments, which are not sufficient in preserving the in situ size, shape and composition of aggregated particles. The small volume particle microsampler (SVPM) is a sampling device that captures individual particles on filters with minimal disturbance for microscope image analysis of size distribution and composition. Sand grains, microalga (Dunaliella tertiolecta) and laboratory cultivated flocs were used to test the SVPM's ability to determine particle size. For statistical analysis of the SVPM's capabilities, sand grain and algal size distribution, calculated as equivalent spherical diameter (ESD), were compared to Multisizer data while video images provided a comparison for the flocs. Non-aggregated sand particles sampled by the SVPM showed a size distribution that was similar to that of the Multisizer. Aggregated D. tertiolecta flocs were broken up by the Multisizer, and SVPM data indicated a significantly greater mean ESD. The SVPM showed significantly smaller mean ESDs than the video images because of the higher resolution of the sampler for small particles. In terms of particle concentration, the microsampler measured values similar to those of the Multisizer and video camera. The most important feature of the SVPM is its ability to capture aggregates for the analysis of composition, by histological stains or other means. The SVPM is an alternative method of sampling that is more effective in preserving aggregates for laboratory analyses and is less complicated and expensive than in situ optical sampling techniques, especially in documenting the lower end of the particle size spectrum.     

In situ particle size spectra and density of particle aggregates in a dredging plume

An in situ laser particle sizer, the LISST-100, was used to describe the spatial variation of beam attenuation coefficient, in situ particle size spectra and aggregate densities in a dredging plume in the sound Øresund between Denmark and Sweden. The results proved that the above mentioned parameters varied significantly within the investigated length of the plume (approximately 2 km). It is shown how the small single primary particles aggregate and change the in situ particle size spectra into a slightly better sorted and coarser size distribution, and at the same time how the mean density of particles/aggregates decreases significantly. This shift in the state in which the particles exist in the water effectively changes the optical response of the mass of particles suspended in the water. It is shown that adequate correlations between mass concentrations and beam attenuation coefficients can only be obtained if parameters describing the in situ quality and state of the mass of particles, e.g. standard deviation of the size spectra and volume concentration, is included in the regression. From the spatial variation in mean density and in situ particle size, it was possible to calculate the spatial difference in settling velocity. It was found that the difference in settling velocity was only about a factor of 1.7, because increasing in situ particle size was counter-balanced by decreasing mean density. Furthermore, the time-scale of flocculation within the plume was found to be in the order of 50 min.     

Fragmentation of marine snow by swimming macrozooplankton: A new process impacting carbon cycling in the sea

Comparisons of the abundances and size distributions of marine snow (aggregated particles >0.5 mm in diameter) in the upper 100 m of the water column at ten stations off Southern California in the late afternoon with those in the same parcel of water the following morning, after nocturnal vertical migration by zooplankton had occurred, revealed the existence of a previously undescribed process affecting marine particle dynamics. Aggregate abundances increased overnight and changes were positively and significantly correlated only with the abundance of the common euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica, and with no other biological or physical factor. Moreover, mean aggregate size decreased and aggregate size distributions shifted toward smaller size classes when euphausiids were abundant. The only conclusion consistent with these findings was that euphausiids were physically disaggregating marine snow into smaller, more numerous aggregates through shear stresses generated while swimming. Video-recording of both tethered and free-swimming E. pacifica in the laboratory dramatically confirmed that aggregates passing within 8–10 mm of the animal's abdomen were fragmented either by entrainment and direct impact with the beating pleopods or by eddies generated during swimming. At the abundances observed in this study, swimming E. pacifica would have sufficiently disturbed 3–33% of the water column each night to disrupt the aggregates contained therein. This is the first evidence for the fragmentation of large particles by the swimming activities of zooplankton and suggests that macrozooplankton and micronekton play a significant role in the particle dynamics of the water column regardless of whether they consume particles or not. Disaggregation of marine snow by swimming and migrating animals may alter the sizes of particles available to grazers and microbial colonizers and reduce the flux of particulate carbon by generating smaller particles, which potentially sink more slowly and reside longer in the water column. This newly discovered process reduces carbon flux while simultaneously conserving carbon and provides a previously unconsidered link between animal behavior and the biogeochemistry of the sea. It may help explain the exponential reduction in particle flux with depth observed in parts of the ocean and help balance oceanic carbon models.