土库曼斯坦高难度Y-3D井钻井液技术

Y-3D井是土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸扬古伊气田构造带上的一口大斜度开发井。针对该井上部地层大井眼泥岩段存在易泥包、易垮塌及携砂困难,中部井段长段膏盐层对钻井液的污染,高温对钻井液性能的影响,以及大斜度定向钻进中的润滑防卡和下部地层易喷、易漏、高含H2S等技术难题,通过对钻井液体系和技术措施优化,使钻井液性能满足了钻井工程、地质录井和保护油气层的要求,实现了安全、优质、快速钻井。     

PDC钻头在三叠系泥岩钻进过程中的技术问题及对策研究

为了提高PDC钻头在ZK7057钻孔三叠系泥岩中的工作效率,减小钻头的切削磨碎程度。本文根据PDC钻头在现场使用的情况,分析钻头在三叠系泥岩进尺缓慢的原因,并提出改进措施。结果表明:由于目的层疏松砂岩、砂砾岩和软煤造成取芯困难,孔壁稳定性差,引起自然事故频发,三叠系泥岩致密造成钻进困难,复合片的异常消耗导致钻速降低,吸附的岩粉清洗不及时导致进尺缓慢。建议在以后的钻进工作中使用屋脊片(V型)复合片钻头进行工作。通过对复合片进行表面抛光处理,改造复合片的齿形结构,增强复合片胎体的抗冲击韧性和抗弯强度,增大复合片钻头水路空间来提高PDC钻头在三叠系泥岩中的钻进速度。     

羌塘盆地玛曲地区膏岩盖层测井评价

为定量评价羌塘盆地玛曲地区膏岩盖层的封闭质量,基于羌资-16井实际钻遇的一套巨厚膏岩地层,根据膏岩与其它岩石的测井响应特征不同,有效地划分出膏岩地层的深度、厚度。选取厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和排替压力等4种关键参数评价膏岩盖层的封闭质量,并确立各参数的权值和计算方法。结果表明羌资-16井雀莫错组膏岩厚度大,孔隙度、渗透率极低,排替压力高,达到优质盖层标准。利用测井方法评价羌塘盆地玛曲地区膏岩盖层的封隔能力,为该区油气成藏机理研究提供了重要的依据。     

内蒙古芒来煤矿在钻探生产中试用钙处理泥浆技术的优势

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟芒来煤矿区在钻进过程中由于泥岩、碳质泥岩中粉土膨胀,水化分散,易发生提下钻困难、泥浆粘度增大、成孔后测井困难等原因。下钻扫孔还极易造成钻孔偏离原孔位,使得钻孔报废,从而使钻进效率低下,影响施工进度。应用钙处理泥浆取得了明显的效果。     

多参数测井在查明钻孔内信息中的应用

某矿区位于内蒙古呼伦贝尔,区内主要出露岩性为花岗岩、安山岩、凝灰岩,通过对施工的ZK15SG001和ZK15SG002两个钻孔进行自然伽马、井温、双收时差、侧向电阻率、井液电阻率、自然电位的综合测井工作,划分了不同的岩性层,划分了层间破碎带、地温梯度等井内信息,为该矿区进行下一步工作提供了思路。     

伊犁盆地地浸工艺钻孔施工效率分析

本文是经过对伊犁地区蒙其古尔至洪海沟地区地浸工艺钻孔施工各项数据及地层总结给出此地区钻头选用及钻进参数选择分析,伊犁盆地地浸工艺钻孔自几十米至700多米深度不等,近几年随着开采的加大,生产井深度逐步扩展到600 m以上,成井中地表覆盖砾石多,中段第三系泥岩较多、进尺慢、泥包现象严重,矿层砂岩段石英含量高、憋车严重造成钻进效率改观不明显,为提高生产效率,通过施工中优选钻头类型、喷嘴搭配、合理使用钻具级配、分地层调整钻压、泵量等措施来提高钻进效率,缩短施工周期,提升经济效益。     

新疆乌鲁木齐头屯河矿区煤层气井钻探施工技术探讨

新疆乌鲁木齐头屯河地区地层较为破碎、地层裂隙发育比较严重,而且煤层气井煤储层埋藏浅、煤层压力低和煤层保护难度大,这些对煤层气井的钻探提出了更高的技术要求。针对目前头屯河地区钻探施工存在的问题和难点,通过井壁稳定的力学分析方法提出井身结构应选择直井。依据空气欠平衡钻井技术与常规钻井技术对煤层的污染和破坏程度,提出采用空气欠平衡钻井技术,采用低固相或无固相钻井液。根据水泥浆顶替流态的计算方式,计算出水泥浆顶替应当采用塞流顶替。依据煤储层的保护要求提出一种新的煤储层保护方案,即使用绕煤层固井工具。     

老挝龙湖矿区ZK309孔泥岩层矿物学与地球化学特征

老挝龙湖钾盐矿区是呵叻高原钾盐矿在老挝境内最主要的钾盐矿区之一,ZK309钻孔是龙湖矿区打穿最好、取样最完整和最典型的钻孔之一,通过对该钻孔盐岩上覆碎屑层的地层、矿物、元素的分析,得出泥岩层作为成盐沉积旋回中的一部分,其矿物元素变化和与其接触的下伏盐层的类型、特征等密切相关。同一旋回中自下而上泥岩颜色由青灰色变为红色,明显表现出沉积环境由还原性转变为氧化性。盐类矿物在垂向上表现出自下而上的淡化序列。矿物和元素在103～107 m处的突变显示盐岩沉积后期曾明显有水流体的淋滤作用,通过微量元素含量等的分析,该水流体表现为偏向淡水的淡水、海水混合水。碳酸盐矿物组合及含量显示当时可能有高Mg流体的活动。将粘土矿物组合与中国其它海相和陆相盆地粘土矿物组合相比较,得出粘土矿物组合与海相更相似,加上绿泥石含量较高,初步推测粘土矿物可能来源于海相沉积环境。     

新疆乌鲁木齐头屯河矿区煤层气井钻探施工技术探讨

新疆乌鲁木齐头屯河地区地层较为破碎、地层裂隙发育比较严重,而且煤层气井煤储层埋藏浅、煤层压力低和煤层保护难度大,这些对煤层气井的钻探提出了更高的技术要求。针对目前头屯河地区钻探施工存在的问题和难点,通过井壁稳定的力学分析方法提出井身结构应选择直井。依据空气欠平衡钻井技术与常规钻井技术对煤层的污染和破坏程度,提出采用空气欠平衡钻井技术,采用低固相或无固相钻井液。根据水泥浆顶替流态的计算方式,计算出水泥浆顶替应当采用塞流顶替。依据煤储层的保护要求提出一种新的煤储层保护方案,即使用绕煤层固井工具。     

云南镇沅地区盐泉水成因与找钾研究

云南思茅盆地是我国重要的含盐盆地,其南部分布着我国目前发现的唯一具有工业开采价值的勐野井固体钾盐矿床。镇沅地区位于思茅盆地整董含盐带,广泛发育白垩纪蒸发岩、碎屑沉积物及盐泉水。本文通过元素及同位素(δ2H,δ18O,δ37Cl)地球化学指标,系统分析了镇沅含盐带盐泉水水源、溶质来源、热储温度及循环演化模式,探讨了区域成钾潜力。氢氧同位素特征显示,盐泉水源于周边山脉(哀牢山和无量山)雨水和 /或冰雪融水的补给;元素特征显示,盐泉水溶质主要源于卤化物矿物(岩盐)溶滤,部分源于硫酸盐矿物(石膏、硬石膏)及含 Ca碳酸盐矿物(霰石、方解石、白云石)溶滤;稳定氯同位素特征显示,岩盐溶滤是盐泉水的主要 Cl源,大气降水补给及水—岩(火山岩、泥岩和砂岩)相互作用是盐泉水的次要 Cl源;盐泉水热储温度估测范围为 44.3～72.4℃,循环深度估测范围为 914～1 884 m。水化学特征系数显示,盐泉水为岩盐溶滤成因水,含盐地层封闭性较好,变质程度较高。直接及间接找钾指标均显示镇沅地区郭河村及大河边村是找钾异常集中区,可能具有找钾远景。     

Utility of the 2-D Multi-Electrode Resistivity Imaging Technique in Groundwater Exploration in the Voltaian Sedimentary Basin, Northern Ghana

Guinea worm and other water borne diseases associated with untreated surface water use have necessitated that communities are supplied with groundwater in the Northern Region of Ghana. The Electrical Resistivity Survey (ERS) method is one of the common geophysical survey techniques used for borehole siting in Ghana. Various groundwater exploration programs have utilized it by employing the four electrode system. However, the ERS has not been able to locate potential borehole sites successfully in the Voltaian Sedimentary Basin (VSB) in the Northern Region of Ghana although it has been successful in other geological formations. Unsatisfactory results obtained from the employment of the ERS system in the VSB therefore necessitated an experiment with the 2-D Multi-Electrode Resistivity Imaging (2-D MERI) technique. Field results show that the 2-D MERI is a robust and efficient technique: an improvement on the four electrode ERS system in terms of amount and quality of data obtained. The 2-D MERI interpretations were confirmed with a much improved borehole drilling success rate of 60% compared to 38% obtained using the ERS within the mudstone and shale formations. The 2-D MERI also indicated that very low resistivity layers in the VSB may not necessarily be good targets for borehole drilling and the generally held notion that groundwater cannot be found at depths more than 25 m is no longer tenable.     

Stabilization of Bottom Hole Temperature With Finite Circulation Time and Fluid Flow

As an alternative to finite element or finite difference modelling, analytical solutions are derived by the method of Laplace transformation and numerical results obtained for several models of the bottom hole temperature stabilization. Included in the models are the finite circulation time, the thermal property contrast between the borehole mud and the surrounding formation, and the presence of radial or lateral fluid flow in the formation, all of which are found to have significant effects on the dissipation of the thermal disturbance induced by drilling.
The mud circulation is considered to have the effect of either maintaining the borehole mud at a constant temperature or supplying a constant amount of heat per unit length per unit time to the borehole. For small circulation times, the former reduces to the 'zero circulation' model in which the mud circulation creates an instantaneous temperature anomaly at the hole bottom; for small borehole radii, the latter reduces to the line source model and the traditional 'Homer plot'.
For typical drilling operations in which the bottom hole temperatures are measured several hours to several tens of hours after the hole is shut in, the new models generally predict higher equilibrium formation temperatures than does the Horner plot. However, predictions from the various models converge if the BHTs are taken after the hole has been shut in for a period which is greater than about five times the circulation period.     

潜江凹陷潜江组深层卤水矿产特征与资源评价

利用潜江凹陷大量井筒及试水资料,研究古盐湖深层卤水赋存方式及成矿规律,开展卤水资源评价,为深层卤水开发利用提供建议。研究表明潜江凹陷潜江组卤水赋存于砂岩孔隙中,纵向上划分为5个卤水组,平面上受砂岩物源影响由北向南矿体厚度逐渐变薄直至尖灭;卤水总矿化度垂向分带平面分异明显,垂向上随着深度增加而增加,平面上凹陷中心矿化度高,向四周逐渐降低;卤水中的钾、锂、硼、溴、碘、铷、铯等元素含量与总矿化度呈正比,平面上与总矿化度规律一致,均呈环带状分布。通过对该区资源量进行测算和评价,得出潜江凹陷潜江组砂岩卤水为中孔、中渗、中产能、中深层、氯化钠型,含锂、溴、硼、钾大型工业卤水矿床;由此提出利用油田钻井和油田伴生卤水采卤并进行综合利用,提取食盐、碘、溴、氨水、氯化钾、硼砂、碳酸锂、氯化铷、氯化铯等产品,具有良好的开发前景。     

Sensitivity and inversion of borehole flexural dispersions for formation parameters

Propagation characteristics of borehole flexural waves are functions of five borehole, fluid and formation parameters. Uncertainties in any of these model parameters may introduce errors in the estimate of formation shear-wave speed. Other sources of error in the estimate may be caused by deviations from the assumed circular borehole cross-section or heterogeneity in the material properties of formation in the vicinity of a borehole from the usually assumed homogeneous properties. The influence of uncertainties in model parameters on borehole flexural dispersion has been calculated from a general perturbation model based on Hamilton's principle. A sensitivity analysis of the flexural dispersion to small variations in the model parameters shows that the formation shear speed has by far the most dominant influence in a slow formation. In contrast, the flexural dispersion in a fast formation is significantly influenced by three of the five model parameters: the formation shear speed, the borehole fluid compressional speed and the borehole diameter. The frequency dependence of these sensitivity functions indicates that the inversion of flexural dispersion for formation shear speed is optimal in the range 2–4 kHz for a borehole of diameter 25.4 cm. The range of validity of the perturbation model has been estimated by comparing results of concentric annuli of different thicknesses, and shear-wave speeds different from that of the formation with those from exact numerical solutions from a modal search program. Generally, the perturbation results for altered annuli of thicknesses up to 15 cm are accurate to within 1 per cent for a shear-wave speed 10 per cent lower than that of the formation. This difference between the perturbation and exact results increases to approximately 1 to 3 per cent for a shear-wave speed 20 per cent lower than that of the formation.     

柴达木盆地马海盐湖储卤层渗透特征及卤水富集机制

通过野外抽水试验方法,确定了柴达木盆地马海盐湖储卤层渗透系数,并结合地下卤水赋存特征与沉积环境对其渗透性能进行分析。结果表明：本地区石盐层大多不纯,石盐晶体内包裹有泥、砂,且晶体间也有泥、砂充填。在石盐沉积期间,由于受到洪水与间歇性河流影响,导致地质环境演化过程中沉积形成的储卤层渗透性能在各处相差较大,区域地下卤水的连通性相对较弱。根据试验开采区27口开采井钻孔资料和地下卤水监测数据,进行了储卤层差异性分类,将钻孔所揭露储卤层划分为3种类型,不同类型储卤层卤水富集性能具有较大差异,表现为渗透系数和单井涌水量在平面分布上的较大数值差距。通过对钻孔岩心岩性、孔隙特征及补给条件等方面进行分析,得出卤水富集性能强的基本条件：储卤层具备天然良好的颗粒骨架和稳定的卤水补给来源与通道。依据储卤层渗透性能和卤水富集规律,将马海盐湖试验开采区划分出不同地下卤水富集区段。     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖磁化率特征及古气候意义

昆特依盐湖是柴达木盆地盐湖演化和古气候研究的重要对象。前人对昆特依盐湖钻孔的年代学和地球化学组成特征开展过一些研究,但由于采样间距大,限制了对成盐演化过程的深入理解。而且,目前关于昆特依盐湖磁化率特征的研究未见报道。本文对昆特依盐湖ZK1402钻孔(35 m深)的₁₄C年代和磁化率进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)钻孔由含盐碎屑层和盐层的互层所组成。钻孔的低频磁化率和高频磁化率的变化极为相似。盐层的低频磁化率值低,含盐碎屑层的低频磁化率值高。低频磁化率清晰地记录到古盐湖经历了四次显著的成盐期。(2)低频磁化率和频率磁化率(百分比形式)呈负相关关系。(3)钻孔24.8 m深处的加速器质谱(AMS)₁₄C校正年代为31780 ± 442 cal a BP,33.0 m深处的年代(19259 ± 207 cal a BP)出现倒转,表明钻孔下部的₁₄C年龄可能受到现代碳污染而接近饱和。     

风力作用下沙粒蠕移概率的转化特征

建立了沙粒从蠕移状态向静止、跳跃转化以及继续滚动的概率模型.根据滚动沙粒简化的运动方程,结合两个关键随机变量-沙床表面风速和床面位置参数,求出了静止概率、滚动概率、跳跃概率随时间变化的表达式.在此基础上通过对时间求极限得到稳定情况下沙粒处于三种运动状态的概率.利用沙粒蠕移概率除蠕移概率和跃移概率之和,得到沙粒相对蠕移概率,并以此反映蠕移输沙量占总输沙量的比例.计算结果表明,三种转移概率是时间、沙床表面风速和沙粒直径的函数.静止概率随时间增大而增大,但随粒径增大而减小;滚动概率随时间的变化根据粒径的不同表现出不同的特点.粒径较小,滚动概率随时间的增大先增大后减小,存在极大值;粒径较大时,滚动概率随时间的增大逐渐增大,不存在峰值.跳跃概率随时间的增大而增大.三种概率达到稳定状态所需要的时间随粒径的增大而减少.同粒径的沙粒在相同的时间内,三种转移概率会趋于定值.稳定概率和相对蠕移概率由沙床表面风速分布和粒径大小来确定,具有很大的取值范围;静止稳定概率和跳跃稳定概率随粒径的增大分别增大和减小;而滚动稳定概率随粒径的增大逐步先增大后减小.在一定风速条件下,相对蠕移概率随风速和方差的变化都不大,沙粒粒径是最主要的影响因素.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖磁化率特征及古气候意义

昆特依盐湖是柴达木盆地盐湖演化和古气候研究的重要对象。前人对昆特依盐湖钻孔的年代学和地球化学组成特征开展过一些研究,但由于采样间距大,限制了对成盐演化过程的深入理解。目前关于昆特依盐湖磁化率特征的研究尚未见报道。对昆特依盐湖ZK1402钻孔(35 m深)的14C年代和磁化率进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)钻孔由含盐碎屑层和盐层的互层所组成。盐层的低频磁化率值低,含盐碎屑层的低频磁化率值高。低频磁化率清晰地记录到古盐湖经历了4次显著的成盐期。钻孔的低频磁化率和高频磁化率的变化极为相似。2)低频磁化率和频率磁化率(百分比形式)呈负相关关系。3)钻孔9.6 m深处的加速器质谱(AMS)14C校正年代为23 333±255 cal a BP,24.8 m深处的年代为31 780±442 cal a BP,33.0 m深处的年代(19 259±207 cal a BP)出现倒转。钻孔24.8 m和33.0 m深处的14C年龄可能被低估。