西天山阿吾拉勒一带石炭系阿克沙克组风暴岩及其意义

西天山阿吾拉勒阔尔库一带早石炭世阿克沙克组以海相碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩为主,发育典型风暴成因的竹叶状砾屑灰岩。风暴沉积构造主要有风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造、风暴浪构造、风暴涡流构造及风暴期后快速沉积构造等。已识别出的风暴沉积类型有具块状层理的竹叶状砾屑灰岩,具递变层理的砾屑灰岩和砾屑砂岩,具丘状、洼状交错层理和平行层理的砂屑灰岩及生物碎屑砾屑粉砂质灰岩,具平行层理的砂屑灰岩、长石岩屑砂岩,具波痕交错层理的砂屑灰岩和砾屑粉砂质灰岩,具水平层理的粉屑灰岩和具块状或水平层理的生物碎屑砾屑粉砂质灰岩。新发现的风暴沉积,说明早石炭世该地区处于低纬度带陆棚浅水沉积环境,因而对于分析西天山石炭纪的古地理、古气候、古构造及板块的运动规律具有重要意义。     

Les différents mécanismes à l'origine de la diversité des séismites,leur identification dans le Pliocène du Saïss de Fès et de Meknès (Maroc) et leur signification tectonique

Various synsedimentary structures (dish-structure, convolute bedding, loadcast, bedding dislocation and dissipation, sand intrusion) are interpreted as being due to seismic liquefaction and subsequent fluidization of marine and fluviatile sands. Their diversity is compared to the various deformation processes of seismites and related to the local influence of granulometry, diagenesis and slope. The two seismites horizons are referred to the end of the Middle Pliocene and the Late Pliocene and associated with tectonics to the south of the Rif orogenic belt.     

柴达木盆地新近纪湖相风暴岩的发现及其对青藏高原隆升的地质意义

通过对柴达木盆地路乐河和西岔沟剖面新近系沉积的详细分析,发现柴达木盆地新近纪发育典型的湖相风暴岩沉积。风暴沉积构造主要有风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造、风暴浪构造以及及风暴期后快速沉积构造等,包括渠铸型构造、冲刷面构造、泥砾、丘状交错层理、洼状交错层理、平行层理和粒序层理等构造类型。根据风暴岩序列的规模、丘状交错层理的波长大小等因素分析柴达木盆地新近系上干柴沟组风暴的规模明显强于下油砂山组。上干柴沟组与下油砂山组之间古风暴强度的变化说明柴达木盆地在该时期发生了一次重大的古气候转型事件,与青藏高原整体初次隆升时间有较好的响应关系。风暴岩的发现,对于分析柴达木盆地新近纪的古地理、古气候、古构造及板块的运动规律具有重要意义,也为青藏高原的隆升研究提供了新资料、开辟了新途径。     

Effects of geological and tectonic characteristics on the earthquake-triggered Daguangbao landslide,China

The Daguangbao landslide is the largest co-seismic landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) occurred on 12 May 2008. The landslide, which is 4.6 km long and 3.7 km wide, involves a volume of approximately 1.2 × 10⁹ m³. An exposed slip surface, situated at the southern flank of its source area, was observed with a length of 1.8 km along the main sliding direction and an area of 0.3 km². To study the geological and tectonic characteristics of the source area and their contributions to the landslide formation during the earthquake, detailed geological investigations were firstly conducted. And it is reached that the landslide occurred on the northwestern limb of the Dashuizha anticline with its scarp showing several geological structures, including joint sets, local faults, and folds. These tectonic-related structures potentially influenced the failure of the landslide. Secondly, further investigations were focused on the inclined planar sliding surface using 12 exploratory trenches, nine boreholes, a tunnel, borehole sonic data, and micro-images. These data reveal that the rock mass along the sliding surface was the fragmented rock of a bedding fault. A pulverized zone was observed on the sliding surface, which was the zone of shear localization during the landslide. This suggests that the shear failure of the Daguangbao landslide developed within the bedding fault. The rapid failure of the landslide was associated with the degradation of the rock mass strength of the bedding fault both before and during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. With this study, we propose that a pre-existing large discontinuity within a slope may be the basis for initiating a large landslide during earthquake.     

CHEMICAL DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE THREE PRINCIPAL SERIES OF BASALTIC ROCKS

We present an outcrop-scale example of a localized contractional fault geometry that developed as part of an imbricate normal fault system in response to regional extension. Although extensional regions are dominated by abundant normal faulting, local thrust duplication may occur during the same phase of deformation, and on a regional scale may concentrate important quantities of hydrocarbons. Characteristics of extension-related fold belts have mostly been derived from seismic sections; thus fault geometries, mechanisms of formation, and kinematics of these structures are not precisely understood. Abundant kinematic indicators and complete exposure of an extended sedimentary sequence within the Dead Sea Transform, however, provide the opportunity to examine these fault geometries and mechanisms in detail. The local contractional geometry developed within an imbricate normal fault system, as a result of an out-of-sequence normal fault that detached at a higher structural level. The out-of-sequence normal fault offset pre-existing faults, but was deflected into a contractional geometry upon encountering an earlier-formed rollover anticline, whose curved bedding surface served as a convenient ramp. Consequently, displacement across the out-of-sequence fault generated coeval extensional and contractional geometries along the same detachment surface. Geometries and kinematics derived from the outcrop structural analysis may serve as important analogs for larger structures identified as potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration.     

广元上寺剖面下三叠统飞仙关组风暴岩:巨型季风体制下的极端气候事件?

早三叠世扬子地台位于特提斯东北缘,研究者根据大量地质证据和模拟实验证实该时期巨型季风强度最大,且控制了整个泛大陆和周边海域的气候循环.笔者于川西北广元上寺剖面下三叠统中发现一套保存完好的风暴岩,其发育于飞仙关组下部,风暴沉积特征明显,风暴侵蚀构造、风暴撕裂构造和层理构造发育;根据沉积构造、岩石性质等识别了Sa-Sb-S...     

邵东保和堂大冶灰岩沉积构造特征

保和堂大冶灰岩中发育丰富的沉积构造,对之研究有助于保和堂、乃至整个湘中的大冶灰岩形成环境的探讨。其第一段岩石发育了丘状波痕、丘状交错层理及粒序层理,是风暴作用的反映;泥裂、水雹痕属于暴露环境。说明大冶灰岩沉积的早期仍属潮上或潮间碳酸盐台地相。中期海水加深,发育了水平层理、变形层理及包卷层理等,近于台地边缘斜坡相。晚期的粒序层理、虫迹等构造,反映了海水再度变浅的趋势。     

Early diagenetic, Na-alunites in Miocene algal mat intertidal facies, Ras Sudar, Sinai

An early diagenetic non-hydrothermal deposit of Na-alunite [(Na,K)Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] is described from the Miocene Ras Maalab Group at Ras Sudar Sinai. The alunite is nodular and occurs along two horizons parallel to bedding. Displacive growth structures and disrupted bedding within the host rock, together with enterolithic growth structures within the nodules, indicate a period of growth prior to compaction. Linear arrays of fabric elements within the nodules, observed under the microscope, further support early diagenetic growth. The host sequence, believed to be the product of sedimentation within barred coastal lagoons has been subdivided into two lithofacies, one reflecting a subtidal open-lagoonal environment, the other an intertidal restricted-circulation environment. Anaerobic conditions of early diagenesis conducive to generation of H₂S and FeS₂ preceded an oxidation event produced either by contact with free-circulating oxygenated waters or by emergence. The sulphuric acid generated lowered the pH and clay minerals were converted to alunite.     

Stylolite-controlled layering in an homogeneous limestone: pseudo-bedding produced by burial diagenesis

It is often assumed that layering in many shelf and platform limestones at weathered outcrop is always bedding: the layers always beds, and the surfaces always bedding planes. Recognition of bedding is fundamental to facies and basin analysis. Examination of part of the Lower Carboniferous High Tor Limestone of the Gower, South Wales, shows that a totally diagenetic layering (pseudo-bedding) resembling, and parallel to primary depositional layering (true bedding), has been produced by the generation of parallel, more or less evenly-spaced stylolite surfaces during burial diagenesis. These stylolite surfaces are picked out by weathering at outcrop and resemble bedding planes. Evidence that the stylolite surfaces do not mark original bedding planes includes: a cross-cutting relationship of a stylolite surface to a primary bedding surface; lack of lithological change across, or sedimentary structures associated with, a stylolite surface; original bedding that is not coincident with stylolite surfaces and has not suffered pressure-dissolution; and lack of sedimentological evidence that the layers defined by the stylolite surfaces are true primary depositional beds. The generation of parallel and more or less evenly-spaced stylolite surfaces could be explained by a mathematical-kinetic model based on the relationship between pressure-dissolution, diffusion, and reprecipitation. Recognition of true bedding depends upon presence of lithological changes and/or sedimentary structures. It is suggested that pseudo-bedding could be confused with true bedding in some open platform/shelf lagoon facies where lithological changes or sedimentary structures are scarce or absent.     

广西北海涠洲岛第四纪湖光岩组的风暴岩

广西北海涠洲岛第四纪湖光岩组以碎屑岩为主, 内发育渠筑型、丘状或洼状交错层理、平行层理等典型的风暴沉积构造.湖光岩组的风暴岩包括3种岩相类型: A.底部具渠筑型、内部具块状层理或递变层理的砾岩、砂砾岩或含砾砂岩; B.具丘状、洼状交错层理或平行层理的砂岩; C.具浪成交错层理的砂岩.这些岩相组合成典型的A -B -C风暴沉积序列, 它们分别代表在风暴作用期间风暴流(A)、风暴浪(B) 和正常波浪(C) 的沉积.晚更新世北海涠洲岛地区位于低纬度的浅海沉积背景下, 上更新统湖光岩组以正常浪及面之上的浅海背景粗火山碎屑和砂沉积为主.湖光岩组风暴岩的发现反映该区晚更新世位于风暴作用频繁的5°~ 2 0°的低纬度地区.风暴沉积发育于正常浪及面之上的浅海地带, 涠洲岛是一个风暴作用控制的浅海陆架.因此风暴岩对解释晚更新世北部湾的古地理和古气候具有重要意义      

Multiple origin and regional significance of bedding parallel veins in a fold and thrust belt: The example of a carbonate slice along the Appalachian structural front

The development and evolution of bedding parallel veins (BPV) are investigated in the Saint-Dominique carbonate slice (southern Québec Appalachian structural front), in order to emphasize the regional significance of BPV in a fold and thrust belt and their importance in establishing its structural and diagenetic evolution. Structural and microstructural analyses reveal that most BPV display a laminated structure locally crosscut by a massive one. Both structures show mutual crosscutting relationships with bedding parallel or bedding perpendicular stylolites and with bedding perpendicular veinlets, indicating that BPV cementation and deformation are continuous processes. Opening both sub-parallel and sub-perpendicular to the BPV walls are documented. Early BPV are planes of weakness that focus later reactivation, and evidence of successive and sometimes opposite senses of opening are locally preserved within a single BPV. The bedding parallel orientation of these veins proved particularly helpful in establishing the structural evolution of an area mostly characterized by front parallel structures with little crosscutting relationships otherwise. Petrographic and geochemical (δ¹⁸O _VPDB and δ¹³C) analyses of structural cements suggest a common, locally derived source for the fluids that percolated through BPV, non-bedding parallel veins and faults. The isotopic ratios also reveal a significant enrichment in ¹⁸O and ¹³C through time. This evolution is tentatively correlated with tectonic, syn-convergence exhumation of the Saint-Dominique slice during its imbrication along the Appalachian structural front, after its burial under Taconian thrust sheets.     

月亮田煤矿层滑构造对煤层厚度的影响

通过观察月亮田矿层滑构造的表现形式及特征,归纳了其发育规律;从地质力学的角度分析了该矿井层滑构造及其他相关构造的形成机理;利用实例说明了层滑构造对矿井安全和生产的影响;并对该矿未开采区域进行了预测。      

Primary sedimentary structures and MISS in Gulcheru quartzite along SW part of Cuddapah basin

Sedimentary structures are very useful in paleocurrent analysis and interpretation of siliciclastic shallow marine environment. These interesting sedimentary structures such as parallel bedding, cross bedding, ripples, and mud cracks as well as synaeresis cracks, are best studied in the field. They are formed by a variety of sedimentary processes, including fluid flow, sediment-gravity flow, soft-sediment deformation and biogenic activity. Gulcheru Formation has evidence of interaction of microbial communities with clastic sedimentation during Palaeoproterozoic time. Because of high porosity-permeability of siliciclastics of Gulcheru Formation, palaeontologists do not expect many fossils preserved in such rocks and thus they have been overlooked. Microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are highlighted in the Gulcheru Formation. They are indicative of shallow marine environment. Gulcheru Formation shows alluvial fan to shallow marine shelf environments within a limited thickness of about ~ 110m, which indicates an alluvial plain coast where alluvial deposits are modified by wave forces.     

Sedimentary structures of tidal flats: A journey from coast to inner estuarine region of eastern India

Sedimentary structures of some coastal tropical tidal flats of the east coast of India, and inner estuarine tidal point bars located at 30 to 50 kilometers inland from the coast, have been extensively studied under varying seasonal conditions. The results reveal that physical features such as flaser bedding, herringbone cross-bedding, lenticular bedding, and mud/silt couplets are common to both the environments. In fact, flaser bedding and lenticular bedding are more common in the point bar facies during the monsoon months than in the coastal tidal flat environments. Interference ripples, though common in both the environments, show different architectural patterns for different environmental domains. Interference ripples with thread-like secondary set overriding the earlier ripple-form, resembling wrinkle marks, are the typical features in estuarine point bars near the high water region. Because structures which are so far considered as key structures for near-coastal tidal flats are common to both the environments, caution should be exercised for deciphering palaeo-environments, particularly for Proterozoic rocks, where one has to depend only on physical sedimentary structures.     

Magnetic fabric of Pleistocene continental clays from the hanging-wall of an active low-angle normal fault (Altotiberina Fault,Italy)

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) represents a valuable proxy able to detect subtle strain effects in very weakly deformed sediments. In compressive tectonic settings, the magnetic lineation is commonly parallel to fold axes, thrust faults, and local bedding strike, while in extensional regimes, it is perpendicular to normal faults and parallel to bedding dip directions. The Altotiberina Fault (ATF) in the northern Apennines (Italy) is a Plio-Quaternary NNW–SSE low-angle normal fault; the sedimentary basin (Tiber basin) at its hanging-wall is infilled with a syn-tectonic, sandy-clayey continental succession. We measured the AMS of apparently undeformed sandy clays sampled at 12 sites within the Tiber basin. The anisotropy parameters suggest that a primary sedimentary fabric has been overprinted by an incipient tectonic fabric. The magnetic lineation is well developed at all sites, and at the sites from the western sector of the basin it is oriented sub-perpendicular to the trend of the ATF, suggesting that it may be related to extensional strain. Conversely, the magnetic lineation of the sites from the eastern sector has a prevailing N–S direction. The occurrence of triaxial to prolate AMS ellipsoids and sub-horizontal magnetic lineations suggests that a maximum horizontal shortening along an E–W direction occurred at these sites. The presence of compressive AMS features at the hanging-wall of the ATF can be explained by the presence of gently N–S-trending local folds (hardly visible in the field) formed by either passive accommodation above an undulated fault plane, or rollover mechanism along antithetic faults. The long-lasting debate on the extensional versus compressive Plio-Quaternary tectonics of the Apennines orogenic belt should now be revised taking into account the importance of compressive structures related to local effects.     

滇中中元古代昆阳群因民组碎屑风暴岩及其意义

滇中地区中元古代昆阳群因民组以碎屑岩为主,内发育典型的风暴沉积构造 (包括渠铸型、丘状交错层理和洼状交错层理、递变层理等 )。风暴沉积主要包括 4种岩相类型 :A -具口袋构造的递变层理砂岩段。B -具丘状或洼状交错层理的砂岩段。C -具均质层理的粉砂岩、泥质岩段。D -具水平层理的泥质岩段。上述岩相A、B、C分别代表风暴流作用 -风暴浪作用 -风暴后期的快速悬浮沉积 (事件沉积 ),D代表风暴过后缓慢悬浮沉积 (背景沉积 ),它们组合成不同的风暴沉积序列。滇中地区昆阳群风暴沉积的发现表明中元古代大气圈、水圈及其相互作用与现今近似;中元古代滇中地区位于低纬度 (5 - 30°)的风暴作用带。该沉积对于解释因民组递变层砂岩的成因、证实昆阳群的地层层序也具有重要意义。     

On the deformation sequence in the New Harbour Group of Holy Island,Anglesey, North Wales

Four phases of deformation are recorded by minor structures in the New Harbour Group (NHG) of southern Holy Island. The regional schistosity in these rocks is a differentiated crenulation cleavage of D₂ age. An earlier preferred orientation (S₁) is commonly preserved as crenulations within the Q-domain microlithons of the S₂ schistosity and is demonstrably non-parallel to bedding. F₃ folds are widely developed in S₂ and, to a lesser extent, in bedding. S₃ crenulation cleavage is sporadically developed but can be intense locally. A major antiformal fold exists in the NHG near Rhoscolyn. This fold is of D₃ age since it clearly deforms S₂ schistosity and is consistent with the vergence of F₃ minor structures. All planar structures are deformed by folds of D₄ age. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A case of normal regression with sea level transgression: Example from the Ganurgarh shale,Vindhyan basin,Maihar area,M.P., India

The Ganurgarh shale, a formation belonging to the Bhander Group of Vindhyan basin is investigated using field based detailed lithofacies and petrofacies analyses in order to interpret the depositional environment in a sequence stratigraphic context. Five major lithofacies have been recognized consisting of calcareous sandstones, laminated mudstones, rippled siltstones, red-grey shales and sandy limestones characterized by small to large-scale cross-bedding, ripple cross-lamination of wave and current origin, parallel lamination, low-angle horizontal bedding, flaser and lenticular bedding, mud-cracks, salt pseudomorphs, convolute bedding and load structures. The constituent lithofacies are recurring and grouped into three lithofacies associations where, the association A is composed of fining upwards and B with coarsening upwards cycles at the lower and middle levels of the succession respectively, are dominantly arenaceous whereas, the association C occurring at upper levels is fining upwards (FU) and becomes calcareous with meager representation of clastics. Petrographically, the section offers three main petrofacies viz., (a) sandstone- (b) siltstone- (c) sandy limestone-petrofacies. Lithofacies characters complimented with petrography show that deposition occurred within the shoreface (subtidal) to foreshore intertidal domain involving tidal flats with sub-environments ranging from intertidal to supratidal. However, lithofacies associations within the Ganurgarh shale of Maihar area represent a case of normal regression during sea level transgression. In the beginning, probably because of excessive sediment supply the sea level had a falling trend during an overall transgressive phase ultimately culminating into limestone sedimentation.     

论震积作用和震积岩

地震是一种灾害性的地质事件。地震及其引发的海啸、重力流可以形成震积岩、海啸岩和震浊积岩。在地震过程中,震积作用可以形成特殊的构造标志(地震断裂层、地裂缝、微同沉积断裂、微褶皱纹理、重力断层等)、沉积和成岩标志(砂岩脉、泥岩脉、泥晶脉,即磨牙(molar tooth)构造、枕状层、砂火山、泥火山、同沉积变形构造、丘状层理等)。地震沉积组合包括原地震积岩(A,包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩、内碎屑副角砾岩等)、海啸岩(B,由具丘状层理、平行层理的碎屑岩或内碎屑灰岩组成)、震浊积岩(C,由具块状层理、递变层理或玻马序列的粗碎屑岩或碎屑灰岩组成)及背景沉积(D)4个单元,它们组合成A-B-C-D、A-B-D、A-C-D、A-D、B-D、C-D等6种类型的沉积序列。     

The role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones

To investigate the role of bedding in the evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones, detailed microscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses were conducted on bedding-oblique and bedding-parallel faults that cut a folded Neogene siliceous mudstone that contains opal-CT, smectite, and illite. An analysis of asymmetric structures in the fault gouges indicates that the secondary fractures associated with each fault exhibit contrasting characteristics: those of the bedding-oblique fault are R₁ shears, whereas those of the bedding-parallel fault are reactivated S foliation. The bedding-oblique fault shows the pervasive development of S foliation, lacks opal-CT, and has low SiO₂/TiO₂ ratios only in gouge, whereas the bedding-parallel fault exhibits these characteristics in both gouge and wall rocks. The development of S foliation and the lack of silica can result from local ductile deformation involving the sliding of phyllosilicates, coupled with pressure solution of opal-CT. Although such deformation can occur in gouge, the above results indicate that it may occur preferentially along bedding planes, preceding the formation of a gouge/slip surface. Thus, in sedimentary rocks that contain phyllosilicates and soluble minerals, bedding can influence the rheological evolution of meso- and microstructural fabrics in fault zones.