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黄河上游末次冰盛期古洪水事件的初步研究 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
洪水的发生规律是洪灾预报的前提,已有的人类洪水记录时间尺度,不足以认识和把握洪水的出现规律。因此,利用地质记录延长洪水序列,探讨地球特征气候期的洪水特点,就显得非常重要的必要。黄河上游兰州-银川段的洪水地质记录表明,在末次冰盛期的20-18ka,该区共发生了106次大洪水漫滩事件,其中有18次为多次洪峰叠加的复合型大洪水,洪水的发生频率达53次/ka。发生于末次冰盛期的大洪水可能属冰凌洪水,与末次冰盛期强烈的气候波动和不稳定有关。这些大洪水的频发与中国西部的末次冰盛期出现的高湖面相对应,既不符合一般的季风气候理论,也不同于我国东部广大地区末次冰盛期以冷干为主的气候特点,表明中国西部气候的独特性和复杂性。 相似文献
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本文通过对渭南黄土剖面末次盛冰期地层较高分辨率的蜗牛化石记录研究,发现这一时期特征蜗牛种类峰值的演替反映了古气候的演化过程和温、湿度的组合关系,气候变化显示出百年~千年尺度波动的特征,温度的变化明显地要早于湿度(降水)的变化1000~2000a,表现为变冷-冷湿-冷干-温干-温湿的气候过程,研究认为造成这一气候特点的原因是东亚冬、夏季风共同作用的结果。对喜温湿蜗牛种类的研究,揭示出东亚夏季风在这一时期至少能够持续地影响到黄土高原的东南部地区,这个时期冬季风强化的结果之一是影响了夏季风在这一地区滞留的时间,加大了季节性的差异。分析表明尽管夏季风在这一地区滞留的时间缩短,但维持了它固有的强度,提供了适量的水热条件供喜温湿蜗牛种类在这一寒冷阶段持续地生长和发育。 相似文献
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A gravity core collected from the upper slope of southwest of Quilon at a water depth of 776 m (Lat: 8°12′263″N, Long: 76°28′281″E)
was analysed for texture (carbonate free), calcium carbonate and organic carbon. Variation in silicic fraction seems to be
controlled by silt, i.e., enrichment from 15 ka BP to 10 ka BP and then constant in Holocene. Below 15 ka BP, the silicic
fraction gets depleted compared to the Holocene section with a minimum around 21 ka BP. Clay content remains nearly constant
except in the Holocene where it shows an enrichment. Carbonate content of less than 63 micron when computed by subtracting
coarse fraction content from the total carbonate suggests that the total carbonates are mainly concentrated in the finer fraction.
All these carbonate phases show an inverse relationship with silicic fraction except in Holocene. Below 15 ka BP, CaCO3 dominates in sediments comprising more than 65%, such an increase is also seen in the coarse fraction. Coarse fraction from
these sections contains abundant nodular type aggregates encrusting small forams. This period is marked by a high sedimentation
rate comparable to Holocene. These parameters suggest that the productivity and precipitation have increased in the Holocene
due to the intensification of the southwest monsoon. During the last glacial maximum and early deglacial period the high sedimentation
rate indicates redeposition of the carbonates from the existing carbonate lithofacies situated between Quilon and Cape Comorin
probably due to the slope instability. 相似文献
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Wei Zhong Jibin Xue Yanming Zheng Jun Ouyang Qiaohong Ma Ying Cai Xiaohong Tang 《第四纪科学杂志》2010,25(6):975-984
Two sediment cores recovered from Dahu Swamp, which is located in eastern Nanling Mountains in south China, were selected for investigation of palaeoclimatic changes. Multi‐proxy records of the two cores including lithological variation, organic carbon isotope ratio, dry bulk density, organic matter content, magnetic susceptibility, humification degree, median grain size and geochemical proxies reveal that during the last deglaciation three drier phases correspond to the Oldest, Older and Younger Dryas cooling events, and the intercalated two wetter phases synchronise with the Bølling and Allerød warming events. The Holocene Optimum, which was resulted from a strengthening of the East Asian (EA) summer monsoon, occurred in the early and mid Holocene (ca. 10–6 cal. ka BP). In the mid and late Holocene (ca. 6–3 cal. ka BP), a prevailing dry climate suggested a weakening of the EA summer monsoon. The general trend of Holocene climatic changes in this study agrees with the 25° N summer solar insolation, suggesting that orbitally induced insolation may have played an important role in the Holocene climate in the study region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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冲绳海槽末次盛冰期孢粉组合的古环境指示意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
冲绳海槽西陆坡末次冰期的高沉积速率为高分辨率研究提供了良好的材料,DGKS-9602钻孔通过氧同位素年代对比,总长931cm的岩心保存了相当于氧同位素阶段1~3的沉积记录.孢粉分析的结果表明,OIS1和OIS三阶段松属花粉含量占优势,平均含量达65%以上,而OIS2阶段松属百分含量明显降低,草本植物花粉含量增加,超过50%.松属与蒿属等草本花粉间的相互消长指示了海平面的升降,并与氧同位素曲线的变化趋势相似.末次盛冰期中国东部大陆架覆盖的植被以草地为主,由于冲绳海槽在末次盛冰期时的绝大部分沉积物质与大陆架的剥蚀作用有关,来自长江中上游山地较远距离带来的物质和山地花粉相对减少.与中国东部尘土花粉结果对比发现,现代东海表层蒿属与禾本科比值(A/P)所指示的纬度正好与长江中下游平均纬度相当,而冲绳海槽末次盛冰期的A/P比值所指示的陆地环境比现代高7个纬度,证明末次盛冰期植被带南移,与前人陆地记录的结果相吻合. 相似文献
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对小兴凯湖内一根长6m的钻孔(XKH1)进行了沉积物颜色、粒度、古地磁和总有机碳、总氮分析。通过与贝加尔湖和琵琶湖沉积岩芯磁倾角记录的对比,建立了该岩芯的时间序列;基于多指标综合分析,重建了24ka以来兴凯湖区域古环境和古气候演化历史,讨论了湖区环境对东亚季风和北半球温度变化的响应;通过粒级-标准偏差方法获得的环境敏感粒级组分9.29~63.00μm能作为降水量的指标。末次盛冰期时(24.0~19.5ka B.P.),东亚冬季风盛行,XKH1岩芯沉积物平均粒径相对较粗,亮度(L*)和磁化率(χ)值高,有机质含量低,反映湖区气候冷湿,湖泊缓慢扩张,湖面比现在低。19.5~18.4ka B.P.,东亚夏季风逐渐减弱,使流域降雨量减少,湖泊收缩,沉积物有机质含量显著增加,可能在湖滨区域发育了沼泽沉积。18.4~15.1ka B.P. 沉积物中植物茎碎片含量高,砂含量波动频繁,指示了湖面进一步降低。冰消期(15.1~11.4ka B.P.),沉积物磁化率(χ)升高,色度值(a*)减小,反映东亚夏季风逐渐增强,湖区降雨量增加,湖泊扩张,为高湖面时期,沉积层底部和顶部砂含量增加明显,环境敏感粒级组分9.29~63.00μm的含量呈现减小-增大-减小的变化规律,可很好的对应于 OD/B-A/YD气候波动事件。进入全新世,夏季风进一步增强,11.2~10.6ka B.P. 时,XKH1沉积物平均粒径增加,指示降雨量的增加为湖区带来大量沉积物,开始在近岸发育砂坝,大、小兴凯湖被隔开;3.80~0.58ka B.P. 时,色度值(a*)剧烈升高,发育虫穴构造并被黄褐色结核充填,指示湖面变浅,气候干旱。 相似文献
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长白山现代理论雪线和古雪线高度 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
根据冰川地貌和地形特征、岩性、冰川沉积物的风化程度以及OSL测年结果,认为长白山地区发育两期冰川作用,即末次冰盛期和晚冰期,测年结果分别为20.0±2.1ka和11.3±1.2ka。根据平衡线(ELA)处6~8月多年平均气温(T)和年降水量(P)的关系,计算长白山现代理论雪线高度为3380±100m。通过积累区面积比率AAR(accumulation-arearatio)、冰川末端到山顶高度TSAM(the terminal to summit altitudinal),冰川末端至分水岭平均高度Hofer(the terminal to average elevation of the catchment area)、末端至冰斗后壁比率THAR(toe-to headwall altitude ratios)、冰斗底部高程CF(cirque-floor altitudes method)、侧碛堤最大高度法MELM(maximum elevation of lateral moraines)等方法计算该区末次冰盛期雪线高度为2250~2383m,平均值2320±20m。考虑到末次冰盛期后地壳上升20m,当时雪线的实际高度为2300±20m,冰盛期的雪线降低值为1080±100m。晚冰期北坡和西坡的雪线高度分别为2490m和2440m,平均值2465m,考虑新构造运动后的雪线实际高度2454m,降低值926±100m。长白山新构造运动(LGM上升约20m,晚冰期上升约11m)在末次冰盛期以来对冰川发育的影响不明显。 相似文献
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Lasafam Iturrizaga 《GeoJournal》2001,54(2-4):397-428
Lateroglacial landforms play a major role in the geomorphological landscape assemblage of the Karakoram Mountains. Nevertheless, in the past they have received only little attention in the glacial-geomorphological literature. In this article, the lateroglacial landscape will be presented as a geomorphological landscape unit. The Karakoram glaciers with lengths of up to 60 km are accompanied by lateroglacial sediment complexes over tens of kilometers. Besides their large horizontal distribution, they are spread over a considerable vertical range and occur between 2500 m–5000 m.The traditional view is that primary processes of rock disintegration such as ice avalanches and freeze-thaw processes as well as glaciofluvial sediments are the main debris suppliers for the formation of lateroglacial sediment complexes. However, the investigation of the lateroglacial sediment landscape of the Karakoram glaciers showed, that firstly the secondary debris supply in form of reworking of older glacigenic deposits (Late glacial slope moraines) represents a major debris source. Secondly, the lateroglacial sediments are composed to a major part of debris supplies from the tributary valleys. In this regard, the sediment input by mudflow events accords a prominent role. Therefore a considerable proportion of the lateroglacial sediments is of non-glacial origin. This fact has to be taken into consideration regarding glacier reconstruction in recent unglaciated mountain valleys. Further on, resedimented mudflow deposits could be identified as important parent material for recent lateral moraine formation. The distribution of lateroglacial valleys (`lateral moraine valleys') was traditionally closely linked to differences in insolation, which are in the subtropical latitude very high (`ablation valleys'). Therefore the S-faced valley flank was seen as the favourable location for lateroglacial valleys. However, field observations on more than 20 glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains proved that lateroglacial valleys occur in all exposures, and can be even absent in S-exposure. Topographical factors seem to be more important than insolation differences for the distribution pattern. Only the distribution of `true ablation valleys' can be regarded as a result of insolation differences. In fact, they can act as initial form for the formation of lateral moraine valleys. 相似文献
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亚洲夏季风强度变化及相应的气候波动对区域生态环境演化和社会经济发展具有重要影响,其近千年演化特征及影响因素备受关注。在精确定年的基础上,利用彝海71 cm沉积物序列孢粉分析结果,恢复了川西地区过去1000年植被与气候演化历史。根据花粉组合特征划分为5个阶段:阶段1(公元1050~1320年)以木本花粉为主,反映中世纪时期区域暖湿的气候环境特征,亚洲夏季风较强;阶段2(公元1320~1570年)和阶段3(公元1570~1680年)桤木属、青冈属等乔木花粉含量降低,以蒿属为代表的草本花粉含量上升,指示进入相对冷干的小冰期,夏季风衰退;阶段4(公元1680~1950年)由于外来移民迁入导致区域人口增加,人类活动增强造成森林选择性砍伐,桤木属等花粉含量显著上升,人类活动开始叠加于自然气候背景上对区域植被造成显著影响;阶段5(公元1950年至今)中云南松、桤木属等花粉含量显著升高,指示人工飞播造林工程对区域植被的影响。基于孢粉组合的主成分分析结果进一步揭示区域环境演变趋势,与西南地区已有气候记录呈现出较为一致的时间变化特征,而太阳活动波动和热带辐合带迁移被认为是驱动近千年西南地区气候变化和夏季风演化的关键因素。 相似文献
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四川茂县较场剖面厚101.1m,其中湖相沉积厚98.0m,为一套浅黄色-灰色的粉砂、粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土层。古地磁测试显示,除2个样品的磁偏角显示负极性外,其余样品的磁偏角全部为正,属布容正极性时,没有出现B/M界线。根据该套地层的岩性、岩相和所处的地貌部位,可以和云南金沙江谷地的龙街组对比,推测其开始沉积的时代为100~120 kaBP.另外,距顶4.0 m处光释光年龄为16.7±1.2 kaBP,推测其结束于10kaBP.湖相沉积历时约100kaBP,是岷江流域出露的末次(间)冰期以来厚度最大的剖面之一。 相似文献
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新疆玛纳斯湖沉积物氧同位素记录的古气候信息探讨──与青海湖和色林错比较 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
内陆封闭湖泊自生碳酸盐氧同位素组成与大气降水同位素组成、空气相对湿度和地面气温这三个参数相关。我国季风带的青海湖与色林错的δ~(18)O曲线非常相似,说明古气候变化受相同因素驱动。在10500~9500aB.P.的末次冰期向全新世的过渡期,这两个湖泊的δ~(18)O值大幅度下降,这是夏季风雨水的低δ~(18)O值的缘故。属于西风带的玛纳斯湖和季风带的青海湖的δ~(18)O曲线基本上是对称的。大约9500~4000aB.P,图形由对称转变为相似,据此推论当时夏季风的影响范围可能达到新疆北部。 相似文献
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新疆玛纳斯湖沉积物氧同位素记录的古气候信息探讨──与青海湖和色林错比较 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
内陆封闭湖泊自生碳酸盐氧同位素组成与大气降水同位素组成、空气相对湿度和地面气温这三个参数相关。我国季风带的青海湖与色林错的δ18O曲线非常相似,说明古气候变化受相同因素驱动。在10500~9500aB.P.的末次冰期向全新世的过渡期,这两个湖泊的δ18O值大幅度下降,这是夏季风雨水的低δ18O值的缘故。属于西风带的玛纳斯湖和季风带的青海湖的δ18O曲线基本上是对称的。大约9500~4000aB.P,图形由对称转变为相似,据此推论当时夏季风的影响范围可能达到新疆北部。 相似文献
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印度尼西亚穿越流是西太平洋和印度洋之间热量传输的重要载体,穿越流的活动由潜在地影响El Nino和季风现象进而影响到全球气候变化。通过对爪哇海SHI9006岩心LGM以来氧同位素、有孔虫与CaCO3沉积量、浮游有孔虫浅层水种与深层水种比值反映的古温跃层变化等的研究,得出结论:研究区末次冰期氧同位素2期穿越流活动微弱,冰后期穿越流活动增强;特别是冰消期终止期IA,穿越流活动由弱迅速增强,是冰川消融、海平面上升,印度尼西亚岛弧古海水通道开放的结果。 相似文献
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Gordon R.M. Bromley Brenda L. Hall Kurt M. Rademaker Claire E. Todd Adina E. Racovteanu 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(3):305-317
Deposits preserved on peaks in the southern Peruvian Andes are evidence for past glacial fluctuations and, therefore, serve as a record of both the timing and magnitude of past climate change. Moraines corresponding to the last major expansion of ice on Nevado Coropuna date to 20‐25 ka, during the last glacial maximum. We reconstructed the snowline at Coropuna for this period using a combined geomorphic‐numeric approach to provide a first‐order estimate of the magnitude of late‐Pleistocene climate change. Our reconstructions show that snowline was approximately 550‐770 m lower during the last glacial maximum than during the late Holocene maximum, which ended in the 19th century, and ~750 m lower than today. While these values are similar to data from nearby Nevado Solimana, reconstructions from the neighbouring peak of Nevado Firura reveal a smaller snowline depression, suggesting the glacial response to climate forcing in the tropics is strongly influenced by non‐climatic factors. These data constitute some of the first directly dated palaeo‐snowline data from the arid tropics and suggest that the magnitude of the last glaciation in at least parts of the tropical Andes was similar to late‐Pleistocene events at higher latitudes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Three‐dimensional (3D) seismic datasets, 2D seismic reflection profiles and shallow cores provide insights into the geometry and composition of glacial features on the continental shelf, offshore eastern Scotland (58° N, 1–2° W). The relic features are related to the activity of the last British Ice Sheet (BIS) in the Outer Moray Firth. A landsystem assemblage consisting of four types of subglacial and ice marginal morphology is mapped at the seafloor. The assemblage comprises: (i) large seabed banks (interpreted as end moraines), coeval with the Bosies Bank moraine; (ii) morainic ridges (hummocky, push and end moraine) formed beneath, and at the margins of the ice sheet; (iii) an incised valley (a subglacial meltwater channel), recording meltwater drainage beneath former ice sheets; and (iv) elongate ridges and grooves (subglacial bedforms) overprinted by transverse ridges (grounding line moraines). The bedforms suggest that fast‐flowing grounded ice advanced eastward of the previously proposed terminus of the offshore Late Weichselian BIS, increasing the size and extent of the ice sheet beyond traditional limits. Complex moraine formation at the margins of less active ice characterised subsequent retreat, with periodic stillstands and readvances. Observations are consistent with interpretations of a dynamic and oscillating ice margin during BIS deglaciation, and with an extensive ice sheet in the North Sea basin at the Last Glacial Maximum. Final ice margin retreat was rapid, manifested in stagnant ice topography, which aided preservation of the landsystem record. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Nina Kirchner Riko Noormets Jakob Kuttenkeuler Elias Strandell Erstorp Erik Schytt Holmlund Gunhild Rosqvist Per Holmlund Marika Wennbom Torbjrn Karlin 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(6):452-462
In Arctic alpine regions, glacio‐lacustrine environments respond sensitively to variations in climate conditions, impacting, for example,glacier extent and rendering former ice‐contact lakes into ice distal lakes and vice versa. Lakefloors may hold morphological records of past glacier extent, but remoteness and long periods of ice cover on such lakes make acquisition of high‐resolution bathymetric datasets challenging. Lake Tarfala and Kebnepakte Glacier, located in the Kebnekaise mountains, northern Sweden, comprise a small, dynamic glacio‐lacustrine system holding a climate archive that is not well studied. Using an autonomous surface vessel, a high‐resolution bathymetric dataset for Lake Tarfala was acquired in 2016, from which previously undiscovered end moraines and a potential grounding line feature were identified. For Kebnepakte Glacier, structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry was used to reconstruct its shape from photographs taken in 1910 and 1945. Combining these methods connects the glacial landform record identified at the lakefloor with the centennial‐scale dynamic behaviour of Kebnepakte Glacier. During its maximum 20th century extent, attained c. 1910, Kebnepakte Glacier reached far into Lake Tarfala, but had retreated onto land by 1945, at an average of 7.9 m year–1. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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对中国北方干旱区329个古土壤和湖泊沉积物的14C年龄数据的时空分布及频数统计分析表明, 从末次盛冰期至冰消期, 我国整个干旱区受控于西风带;在全新世, 干旱区东部环境变化主要受控于东亚季风系统, 而其西部仍属西风控制区。全新世以来, 中国干旱区存在至少4次百年至千年级的干旱事件, 且干湿变化基本上与全球西风模式区的气候变化相反, 而与低纬非洲干旱区气候变化有很好的对应关系 。由于我国干旱区和非洲干旱区的干湿变化均受控于来自低纬热带海洋的夏季风的强弱, 因此 两区干旱事件的同时发生可能与低纬热带海洋的气候变化有关。同时, 本文利用14C年龄的时空分布和其它地质资料, 初步恢复了末次盛冰期和全新世最适宜期我国干旱区的沙漠分布状况。 相似文献