世界地质公园的发展近况和东南亚地质遗迹 的保护现状

20世纪90年代以来,不少地球科学家致力于世界地质遗产的保护工作,在联合国教科文组织地学部的领导下,历时4年开展了2轮地质公园的可行性研究,并于1997年正式获得教科文组织大会批准,推动了地质公园的建立。在1996年北京第30届国际地质大会上,欧洲地质学家酝酿了欧洲地质公园网络的组建,取得了欧盟的支持。2000年,欧洲地质公园网和中国国家地质公园正式建立,2004年首批25家世界地质公园在巴黎联合国教科文组织总部正式通过评审并批准．经4批评审现已有52家世界地质公园正式建立。10余年的发展为地质公园的建设积累了丰富的经验。以中国和马来西亚为代表的东亚、东南亚国家,不仅具有丰富的地质遗产,而且在推动地质公园建设方面也发挥着榜样的作用,但各国的发展还很不平衡。     

Let Me Drill a Coring Hole for You,and I will Return You a Telescope Inserted into the Earth

There was a famous saying by Sage Archimedes over 2,000 years ago that giving him a long enough lever and a fulcrum, he would tilt the entire earth. As an old driller, I propose another non‐famous saying that giving me a chance to drill a coring hole, and I will create a telescope to insert the deepest earth for you. Nowadays, drilling is one of most significant methods to collect samples from the deep earth. Those samples are extremely important for geoscientists to focus on the dynamic evolution of deep earth. Therefore, drilling engineering is thought to be inseparable for the geosciences. Unfortunately, some young geologists, especially students majoring on geology, have no meanings of what the drilling is, and of the importance for their geological researches. In this case, education popularization drilling knowledge should be strengthened in future. And we hope that sufficient attention of drilling engineering will be taken by geologists in the world. Moreover, in order to obtain high‐quality cores by various coring drilling methods. Drilling techniques and special coring tools must be continuously developed to successfully perform with regard to a variety of complex geological conditions. We have developed coring tools these years as follows: Splitted core barrel Triple tube coring drill tool, Advanced tube coring tool, Vacuum suction coring tool, Shock‐type coring tool, Long core barrel coring tool, WL‐drilling system with hydro‐hammer, WL‐drilling system with mud motor. These new coring tools have played a very important role in China's scientific drilling program. All in all, without advanced drilling technology, pickup of high quality samples from the deep Earth and geological research on the dynamic evolution will be restricted.     

Earth Science Education in Cameroon: a case study from the University of Buea

Cameroon is a bilingual country with French and English being the official languages. This bicultural status is linked to pre-independence colonisation of the territory. Consequently, two educational systems exist in formal schools, colleges and the university sector. Studies of Earth Science Education curricula in these systems show completely divergent approaches in colleges and at the Tertiary level. An assessment of the factors that influence these divergences shows their relationship to the cultural background and to available expertise. From 1962 to 1992, Earth Science Education at the Tertiary level was limited to the unique University of Yaoundé and was based on the French system, even though the University served both systems. The curriculum was not related to the major priority needs of the country with respect to its natural or mineral resources and this handicap is being felt today. However, the creation in 1993 of six independent government universities in the country, with one — the University of Buea — being of an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ tradition, has resulted in the development of varied curricula in Earth Science Education in five of these universities. The varied approach is aimed at meeting manpower needs in priority areas of the subject in future. A comparison of the Earth Science curricula from 1993 to 1998 in the Universities of Yaoundé I, Douala and Buea is used to identify the divergent approaches and the expected advantages of each curriculum. A more detailed evaluation of the curriculum in the University of Buea is used to highlight the attempt being made to train geoscientists who will be capable of exploiting the natural resources of the country and equally ensure the conservation of the environment for future generations.     

Earthlearningidea—ideas for the International Year of Planet Earth

'Earthlearningidea' will be putting up a new idea for learning about the Earth every week during 2008—the International Year of Planet Earth. The ideas are aimed at teacher trainers in science and geography who will be training teachers in the teaching of Earth science—but we hope they will be widely used by classroom teachers who have access to the internet too. A blog runs alongside them aiming to build up a worldwide discussion network of Earth science educators. Help us circulate Earthlearningideas around the globe!     

搓麻将的地学工作者会赢吗——反思地球科学

本文以浅显易懂的搓麻将实例,引入年轻的地学工作者较为陌生的时间矢量和混沌概念,又以实例说明时间矢量和混沌理论同样也适用于地球科学,并预言：如果地球科学地翻越思维的分水岭,告别确定性,用时间矢量和混沌理论的思维方式研究地质客体,地球科学将会以新的面貌出现,并发现质的转变。     

Recent trends in strontium isotope stratigraphy

An introduction to Sr-isotope stratigraphy can be obtained from several recent reviews (Elderfield, 1986; Veizer, 1989; McArthur, 1991, 1992a). The purpose of this article is not to repeat these reviews but to give to those not expert in the field, but who may be prospective users, a summary of aspects of the method not covered elsewhere, and some examples of recent applications of the technique and the problems that affect it. Highlighting problems inevitably means highlighting the publications in which they occur; I hope the authors will forgive me for spotlighting their work. Neither is this article intended to be a review of all that has been written on the use of Sr isotopes in low-temperature geochemistry; it concentrates on their use in stratigraphy and dating, rather than how they may be used to elucidate geochemical processes. Many excellent papers are thereby excluded from consideration. Implicit in this article is the view that the successful application of strontium isotope stratigraphy requires an application of good methodology in both geochemistry and stratigraphy.     

青藏高原地球物理研究中几个重要问题之我见

青藏高原的地球物理研究是深化认识高原本体和东亚壳、幔结构、隆升机制和大陆动力学响应的基础,故为中、外地球科学家们所瞩目。主要讨论以下3个方面问题,即问题的提出与背景;当今青藏高原地球物理研究中的核心科学问题;当前地球物理学要做些什么。研究结果表明,第一,在青藏高原地球物理研究中只有在清晰思路指导下取得高分辨率的数据才能反演,并刻画其壳、幔的精细结构;第二,青藏高原壳、幔结构存在分区特征,特别是地壳低速层、力学作用、深部物质运移、多要素约束下的物理-数学模拟及陆-陆碰撞动力学响应进行量化研究;第三,当今在青藏高原地球物理研究的核心问题是地球内部物质和能量的交换、圈层耦合及其深层动力过程。中国地球科学家们应当清晰地认识到,青藏高原地球物理研究乃是中国地球科学家摘取“桂冠”的一个契机,必须走自主创新之路,建立起具有中国地质科学特色的理论和模型。     

On the role of Geography in Earth System Science

Geography is fundamentally a non-reductionist and holistic discipline. While we tend to focus on particular areas (Physical, Human, etc.), or we focus on specific successes (Quaternary studies for example) this paper argues that selling Geography though emphasizing these specific areas or strengths misses a major potential contribution our discipline can make. While most sciences have become reductionist over the last two centuries, they have recently discovered that the Earth is a “complex system” with “emergent” properties that cannot be explained through understanding the components parts individually. Many of these sciences are now contributing to a major effort called Earth System Science, an integrative super-discipline that accepts that biophysical sciences and social sciences are equally important in any attempts to understand the state, and future of the Earth System. This paper argues that the development of Earth System Sciences is a risk for Geography since it is, in effect, Geography with few Geographers. While representing a threat, the development of Earth System Science is also an opportunity. I argue that Geography could be a lead discipline among the other biophysical and social sciences that are now building Earth System Science to address key problems within the Earth System. While I am optimistic about the potential of Geography to take this leadership role, I am pessimistic about the likelihood that we will. I provide suggestions on how we might take on the leadership of Earth System Science including individual engagement and a refinement of tertiary training of some Geography students.     

Google Earth: a new geological resource

Since its release in June 2005, Google Earth has been bringing satellite images of our planet into our homes, or at least to those homes with broadband connections. Computer users, excited by seeing their own houses from on high, or even their cars parked in the drive, have been raving about this impressive piece of software which can be downloaded to your PC (but not, as yet, your Mac) free of charge. After a weekend playing around with Google Earth, I can confirm that there is a whole range of potential applications for this software in teaching Earth science.     

暗物质暗能量与地球动力学

近年来世界重大科技进展中,"暗物质"与"暗能量"始终是关注的焦点。暗物质无法用肉眼看见,意味着它们不能发射电磁波,只能通过引力产生的效应知道它的存在。暗能量是一种不可见的、充溢空间、具有负压强的能量。这种负压强在长距离类似于一种反引力。宇宙中所有的恒星和行星的运动都是由暗能量与万有引力来推动的。但是虽然天体物理对暗物质与暗能量的研究有长足进步,并且尽管它与地球科学密切相关,但是在国内地学界对这个问题却少人顾及。本文引用、抄录、梳理已有暗物质与暗能量文献,对暗物质与暗能量作一初略的介绍,并试图以此观点出发,对地球演化中动力学问题进行探讨。我们认为,地球内的暗能量是推动地球构造演化的主要原动力,它对地球演化的主要效应是使地球膨胀。地球的膨胀引发了其他许多地质作用和效应。文中以青藏高原、秦岭造山带及东南亚西太平洋为例,说明在地球物理研究中都未发现其俯冲的迹象,它们应是暗能量驱动地球膨胀造成的造山带。     

国际合作对中国地球科学家的重要性——来自美国地球物理协会刊物统计数据的启示

国际合作对于提升中国地球科学家的成就和影响力变得越来越重要.为了定量分析其作用,对2001~2010年期间中国地球科学家在美国地球物理协会（AGU）,出版物上所发表的论文数量及论文的引用率数据进行统计.统计结果显示,在AGU出版物上发表论文最多的前50位中国地球科学家中,96%的人与国外科学家进行过合作研究,并且国际合作研究论文的引用率也远远高于国内科学家独立研究成果,被引用率最高的前10名中国地球科学家的论文均有国际合作背景的研究.这表明,开展国际合作对中国地球科学家提升其学术成就和增加影响力是非常有益的.     

世纪之交的地球科学空前盛会———北京第30届国际地质大会综述

北京第３０届国际地质大会盛况空前。本文围绕大会主题进行的学术交流，综述了地质工作者们在矿产资源的可供性、地球环境的保护和减灾等方面取得的巨大成就及今后艰巨的任务，表明地质科学正处于一个崭新纪元的开端。面向未来，地质工作者们还有很多工作要做     

应用MPM­2模式新元古代气候初步研究

新元古代(650MaB.P.)是地球演化历史上最重大的转折时期之一,这一时期地球气候的模拟研究,对于了解气候变迁、现代气候的形成、自然地理环境的演变有重要意义; 在地质学上,对于地层划分和对比,地壳演化研究以及矿产资源成因和探测都有重要意义。本文在借鉴国内外已有研究的基础上,应用MPM­2——一个中等复杂程度的地球系统模式(EMIC),通过太阳常数和大气二氧化碳浓度的敏感性试验,对新元古代地球气候进行了模拟研究,结果表明在650Ma前,地球全球平均温度一直低于零度,即地球一直是“雪球”,直到650Ma前,全球平均温度大于零,“雪球”消融,雪球时代才结束。     

Anchored locally – Linked globally. Transnational social movement organizations in a (seemingly) borderless world*

Dial locally -act globally: this slogan seems to appropriately reflect, under prevailing conditions of globalization and disembeddedness, the seemingly unrestrained possibilities of a variety of actors to influence events - without being present - anywhere on the planet. While focusing on a broadly conceived group of transnational social movement organizations - from non-governmental organizations to loosely linked transnational advocacy networks - the aim of this paper is to give evidence of the fact that geography - and all manner of borders - still matters even for these actors. Despite being linked with the world, they continue to act from deeply embedded local contexts, very often not triggering true transnational interaction but much more limited translocal encounters. In doing so, however, they literally cause collisions between different worlds while not only modifying existing but also constructing new spaces.September 1984 – first week of my field-work on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, eastern Canada. A teacher at the local high school had agreed to make the first contacts with environmental groups, who were opposed to the use of pesticides by a Swedish forest products company. In return, he asked me to give two geography lessons on Germany to his class.After the lessons the 15-year-old pupils asked questions. One of the first of these was what I did with my family on a free weekend. Without long consideration, I answered: ``We often go for a walk in the forest with our children'. The pupils doubled up laughing in response, and the geography teacher was obviously also amused.A few days later I understood the reason for this reaction, when I saw typical forest land in Nova Scotia for the first time. Forests of an age which in Germany would be airy timber forests, which could be walked through even away from paths, were here largely inpenetrable thickets with numerous trunks per square meter not much thicker than an arm. Nobody could `go for a walk' here...This episode serves as a background to the issues that will be discussed, and I will return to it in my conclusion. It supports a central aspect, which is often neglected in many discussions about globalization: geography matters.     

地球的五个气圈与氢、烃资源——兼论气体地球动力学

多年来中外地质界普遍认为地球只有一个外层大气圈。但是,这种概念现在需要修正,我们最近的研究表明,地球可能至少有五个气圈。天然气和石油的生物成因说将随石油资源逐渐告罄而接近其历史使命的完成。现在已经有相当多的资料吸引人们向地球的更深处去探索那更理想的可燃能源和化工原料。当前世界各地油藏开发得已经为数不多,尽管有巨大的投入但后备储量的增长远不能保证急速增长的需求。在我国情况尤其如此,实不容乐观。地球的排气作用(degassing,outgassing,)将为我们提供规模大得难以想象的巨大新能源和新型流体矿产。     

关于固体地球系统与地质作用的三点认识

文中讨论了作为极复杂巨系统的固体地球内部运动规律的 3条推论 :(1)地球系统在偏离平衡态时 ,有选择能量耗散最小方式的“惯性” ,在系统内禀熵急增时或者回到一种准稳定的定态 ,或者通过自组织迅速减少内禀熵增加率。换言之 ,地球系统可能有种尽量保存自身内能不受大量耗散的惯性 ,使其总体内禀熵产生率对时空的积分取极小值。我们把这一认识称为总体熵产生率取极小准则 ,对于孤立与渐变的地质过程 ,它等同于热力学第二定律与普里高津最小熵产生原理 ,对于极复杂地球巨系统及远离平衡态情况加了“总体”两字 ,意思是在局部或短期突变时熵产生率可能是大的 ,但它对全球与长时间的积分而言仍然取极小。换句话说 ,作为一个巨系统 ,固体地球在其局部远离平衡状态时 ,仍然能保持总体上内能消耗取极小的惯性 ,维持对全部固体地球时空系统总体熵产生率取极小准则。 (2 )关于地质作用过程演化的定态遍历准则。地球系统的复杂性不仅表现在其非线性 ,即同时存在着多种可能的定态作为其演化的趋势 ,而且表现在其时空发展过程中将经历尽可能多的定态。非线性非平衡态动力学的一般规律符合大多数包含激变事件的地质作用过程。将来在地球系统偏离平衡态足够远时 ,它可能会具有无穷多个耗散结构 ,因而使系统进入完全?     

岩石圈研究的重要问题与研究方向

岩石圈研究是８０年代和９０年代国际地球科学研究的前沿课题。地球４６亿年的历史记录有９５％都保存在大陆岩石圈中。大陆和大陆边缘岩石圈的研究最具挑战性吸引力。文中笔者简述了研究岩石圈的现代地球物理方法技术,岩石圈研究已取得的重大进展,全球地学断面图的编制和综合研究,大陆动力学热点研究,大陆科学钻探工作,岩石圈生物圈计划,同时介绍了青藏高原的研究状况。青藏高原是全球地球科学家从事研究的最佳野外实验室,它的隆升对亚洲及全球都有重大影响。     

Spatial Modeling Techniques for Characterizing Geomaterials:Deterministic vs.Stochastic Modeling for Single-Variable and Multivariate Analyses

Sample data in the Earth and environmental sciences are limited in quantity and sampling location and therefore, sophisticated spatial modeling techniques are indispensable for accurate imaging of complicated structures and properties of geomaterials. This paper presents several effective methods that are grouped into two categories depending on the nature of regionalized data used. Type I data originate from plural populations and type II data satisfy the prerequisite of stationarity and have distinct spatial correlations. For the type I data, three methods are shown to be effective and demonstrated to produce plausible results: (1) a spline-based method, (2) a combination of a spline-based method with a stochastic simulation, and (3) a neural network method. Geostatistics proves to be a powerful tool for type II data. Three new approaches of geostatistics are presented with case studies: an application to directional data such as fracture, multi-scale modeling that incorporates a scaling law, and space-time joint analysis for multivariate data. Methods for improving the contribution of such spatial modeling to Earth and environmental sciences are also discussed and future important problems to be solved are summarized.      

"谱遥感"与地球体检计划

人类活动的不断加剧已逐步影响到地球的健康状况,急需发展有效的地球健康诊断、评估与识别技术.为获悉地球健康状态,需要对地球进行全面的体检.谱遥感技术因具有动态、快速、大范围应用等特点,综合了地物波谱、地学图谱、地表时空演化谱信息,是监测和分析资源、环境乃至生态状况的最佳手段之一,是地球健康状况检测的核心技术.本文在遥感地物波谱特征的基础上,结合遥感揭示地学图谱和地表时空演化谱的优势,提出了谱遥感的定义、谱遥感地球体检应用的内容及其关键技术,总结了实现健康地球的谱遥感应用需求,归纳了天、空、地一体化的谱遥感平台构建方法,并探讨了提高地球体检效果的技术体系,最后对利用谱遥感技术开展地球体检提出了思路和展望.      

Theory and Practice in Mathematical Geology—Introduction and Discussion

Mathematical geology has developed into a very diverse system of mathematical models, algorithms and corresponding software. Experience shows that this diversification of approaches and methods was and is accompanied by an increasing gap between the availability of powerful tools and the continuation of many traditional working methods in the geosciences. Besides continuing to develop models, one of the basic functions of mathematical geology should be to introduce all new tools into practice and to aid non-specialized geoscientists to use them successfully and without bias. Some ways to do so will be briefly discussed here. Instructive and intelligible contributions towards attaining this goal were presented at the last (32nd) International Geological Congress held in Florence, Italy, in 2004. The intention of this present compilation is to suggest relevant discussions and conclusions. Mathematical geology should not be the domain of a few experts. It should be made accessible to all geologists and scientists in related fields.