重力潮汐改正

高精度重力测量迫切要求提高重力潮汐改正的精度,本文应用现有的我国重力潮汐观测成果和海潮重力负荷改正计算结果,提出一组重力潮汐改正的实用计算公式。并且根据计算误差要求小于±1μGal的条件下,将我国划分为四个区,与合适的计算式相对应。此外,对近年来国外学者所提出的理论重力潮汐改正计算公式进行了评述,尤其对过去不曾注意的潮汐永久项（M0S0波）在潮汐改正中的影响进行了较详细的讨论。最后还对目前海潮负荷改正的精度提出了一些看法。     

重力潮汐改正

高精度重力测量迫切要求提高重力潮汐改正的精度,本文应用现有的我国重力潮汐观测成果和海潮重力负荷改正计算结果,提出一组重力潮汐改正的实用计算公式。并且根据计算误差要求小于±1μGal的条件下,将我国划分为四个区,与合适的计算式相对应。此外,对近年来国外学者所提出的理论重力潮汐改正计算公式进行了评述,尤其对过去不曾注意的潮汐永久项（M₀S₀波）在潮汐改正中的影响进行了较详细的讨论。最后还对目前海潮负荷改正的精度提出了一些看法。     

南极中山与昭和站重力海潮负荷效应及背景噪声研究

利用南极中山站LCR-ET21重力仪器与昭和站GWR058仪器获得的重力潮汐观测资料,采用最新的三个全球海潮模型（Dtu10,Eot11A和HAM11A）研究了南极地区的海潮负荷效应和背景噪声.结果表明,由三个海潮模型计算的重力负荷均值改正后,中山站O1和M2振幅观测残差分别由13.83%和20.55%下降到5.32%和5.95%,昭和站O1和M2振幅观测残差分别由10.84%和21.52%下降到1.91%和3.40%,说明海潮负荷改正的有效性.利用加汉宁窗的FFT变换,获得了地震频段的地震噪声等级（SNM）,其值分别为1.574（中山站）和1.289（昭和站）.而在潮汐频段,中山站的背景噪声比昭和站高一个数量级,主要由不同观测仪器和台站局部环境所致.本文结果可为进一步利用南极重力资料研究局部环境和全球动力学问题提供有效参考.     

琼中台重力非潮汐变化气压与海潮负荷改正

本文对琼中台连续重力观测数据进行收集整理并处理,基于处理后的数据,进行了潮汐分析和非潮汐分析。潮汐分析采用VAV调和分析方法;非潮汐分析则分别进行了零漂改正、固体潮改正、气压改正和海潮改正。其中,零漂改正采用一般多项式拟合零漂的方法;气压改正采用VAV软件;海潮改正运用SPOTL程序,以NAO.99b潮汐模型计算了琼中台海潮负荷值。最终获得了改正后的琼中台重力非潮汐变化,结果表明琼中台的重力气压导纳值为-0.34×10^-8m/s²/mbar,气压改正幅度约为10×10^-8m/s²,海潮改正幅度约为5×10^-8m/s²。改正后,琼中台重力非潮汐变化数据,比仅进行零漂固体潮改正后的重力非潮汐变化数据中的潮汐信号更加微弱,说明进行海潮改正后的效果是明显的,该方法可进一步去除其中的潮汐信号。     

海潮负荷引起的弹性潮汐形变解

1.计算方法根据自由振荡理论,质量负荷作用下的地球形变平衡方程形式为■式中u和v表示球坐标系中r和θ方向的位移量,ρ_0=ρ_0(r)、g_0=g_0(r)为形变前的地球密度场和引力加速度,ψ为质量附加扰动位ψ_1和直接作用于地球的扰动位ψ_2之和,(?)为体胀系数,λ(r)、μ(r)、e_(?)(?)、e_(?)(?)、e_(?)(?)和e_φφ分别为拉梅常数和应变分量。扰动位ψ满足泊松方程     

武汉基准台重力合成潮信号确定

合成潮是一种半理论和半实测的潮汐信号,综合采用武汉国际重力潮汐基准值,非弹性地球潮汐理论模型,地球近周日摆地周日重力潮汐观测的共振影响以及全球和局部海洋潮汐的负荷效应,精密确定了武汉基准台的重务合成潮信号,与同一段时间内超导重力仪的实测潮汐信号的均方差为０．２２５＊１０＾－８ｍ／ｓ＾２。     

武昌重力潮汐基准研究

为了检验和完善理论地球模型和海潮模型,必须提高重力潮汐观测的精度。这除了提高仪器的精度以外,关键问题在于仪器的格值的准确性,因为它是衡量潮汐参数的尺度。但是,各种类型重力仪的出厂格值存在着误差,且各成系统,其系统偏差可达1％-2％。需要高精度的潮汐基准与之比较,统一和确定重力仪的格值。根据国际地潮中心的观测结果分析,布鲁塞尔潮汐基准系统可能偏大。因此,建立我国重力潮汐基准,对固体潮观测与研究具有重要意义。     

海拉尔地震台重力潮汐扰动分析

基于前兆数据跟踪及分析应用,对海拉尔台重力潮汐滤波观测值在远震前后有向下扰动的现象进行分析,对海拉尔地震台和乌加河地震台的重力潮汐滤波观测值在全球Ms7.0以上地震、中国大陆Ms6.0以上地震的震后效应及同震响应进行统计。得出,海拉尔台重力潮汐滤波值中叠加向下扰动属非地球物理事件。     

香港地区重力固体潮和海潮负荷特征研究

介绍了在香港地区重力固体潮合作观测成果, 获得了该地区完整的重力固体潮实测模型. 利用全球和近海海潮模型以及岛屿验潮站数据较系统地研究了海潮负荷特征, 反演了全球海潮模型的适定性. 数值结果说明周日频段内的海潮模型要比半日频段内的模型更加稳定, 实施验潮站潮位高变化改正对精密确定重力固体潮相位滞后起重要作用. 文章还研究了重力观测残差和台站背景噪声水平. 本项研究填补了中国地壳运动观测网络在该地区重力固体潮观测空白, 为地表和空间大地测量提供有效参考和服务.     

海潮误差对GRACE时变重力场解算的影响研究

海潮误差是 GRACE 时变重力场反演中重要的误差源,目前发布的海潮模型中主要包含振幅较大的主潮波分量模型,在时变重力场反演中次潮波的影响也是不可忽略的,因此,GRACE 时变重力场反演中的海潮误差主要包括受限于海潮模型误差和次潮波影响.本文利用轨道模拟方法检测了短周期潮波的混频周期以及次潮波对ΔC20, ΔC30的时序特征,并进一步通过轨道模拟结果分析了海潮误差对时变重力场反演的影响,然后通过实测数据解算分析了海潮误差对当前 GRACE 时变重力场解算的影响,研究发现:(1) 利用轨道模拟能够有效地检测短周期潮波的混频周期;(2)时变重力场解算过程中,次潮波的影响大于海潮模型误差的影响;(3)海潮模型误差以及次潮波影响是当前 GRACE 没有达到基准精度的重要因素之一.     

Loading effect of a self-consistent equilibrium ocean pole tide on the gravimetric parameters of the gravity pole tides at superconducting gravimeter stations

The gravimetric parameters of the gravity pole tide are the amplitude factor δ, which is the ratio of gravity variations induced by polar motion for a real Earth to variations computed for a rigid one, and the phase difference κ between the observed and the rigid gravity pole tide. They can be estimated from the records of superconducting gravimeters (SGs). However, they are affected by the loading effect of the ocean pole tide. Recent results from TOPEX/Poseidon (TP) altimeter confirm that the ocean pole tide has a self-consistent equilibrium response. Accordingly, we calculate the gravity loading effects as well as their influence on the gravimetric parameters of gravity pole tide at all the 26 SG stations in the world on the assumption of a self-consistent equilibrium ocean pole tide model. The gravity loading effect is evaluated between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2006. Numerical results show that the amplitude of the gravity loading effect reaches 10⁻⁹ m s⁻², which is larger than the accuracy (10⁻¹⁰ m s⁻²) of a SG. The gravimetric factor δ is 1% larger at all SG stations. Then, the contribution of a self-consistent ocean pole tide to the pole tide gravimetric parameters cannot be ignored as it exceeds the current accuracy of the estimation of the pole tide gravity factors. For the nine stations studied in Ducarme et al. [Ducarme, B., Venedikov, A.P., Arnoso, J., et al., 2006. Global analysis of the GGP superconducting gravimeters network for the estimation of the pole tide gravimetric amplitude factor. J. Geodyn. 41, 334–344.], the mean of the modeled tidal factors δ_m = 1.1813 agrees very well with the result of a global analysis δ_CH = 1.1816 ± 0.0047 in that paper. On the other hand, the modeled phase difference κ_m varies from −0.273° to 0.351°. Comparing to the two main periods of the gravity pole tide, annual period and Chandler period, κ_m is too small to be considered. Therefore, The computed time difference κ_L induced by a self-consistent ocean pole tide produces a negligible effect on κ_m. It confirms the results of Ducarme et al., 2006, where no convincing time difference was found in the SG records.     

Effect of dilatancy on ocean load tides

Summary The decrease in elastic constants due to dilatancy in the earth's crust may bring about changes of its loading response to ocean tides. The amount of change is estimated by two-dimensional finite element analysis. The results show that if a dilatant zone of thicknessd underneath a coastline extends seaward and under the land, then amplitude changes will be detectable at distances 3d andd inland for strain and tilt tides, respectively. An anisotropic decrease of elastic constants in the vertical direction only will reduce the range by one half at most for strain tides especially.     

The effect of the Baltic Sea level on gravity at the Metsähovi station

The loading effect of the Baltic Sea is immediately recognizable in the gravity record of the superconducting gravimeter T020 in Metsähovi, Finland, by simply inspecting residual gravity together with the tide gauge record at Helsinki 30 km away. The station is 10 km from the nearest bay of the Baltic Sea and 15 km from the open sea. Sea level variations in the Baltic are non-tidal and driven at short periods primarily by wind stress, at longer periods by water exchange through the Danish straits. Locally they can have a range of 2–3 m. Loading calculations show that a uniform layer of water covering the complete Baltic Sea increases the gravity in Metsähovi by 31 nm/s² per 1 m of water, and the vertical deformation is −11 mm. The observed gravity response to the local sea level is generally less, since the variations at short periods are far from uniform areally, the same water volume just being redistributed to different places. Regression of the whole gravity record (1994-2001) on local sea level gives 50–70% of the uniform layer response, as do loading calculations using actual water distributions derived from 11 tide gauges. However, both fits are dominated by some extreme values of short duration, and parts of the gravity record with long-period variations in sea level are close to the uniform layer response. The gravity observations can be used to test corrections for other co-located geodetic observations (GPS, satellite laser ranging) which are influenced by the load effect but not sensitive enough to discriminate between models.     

武汉台重力潮汐长期观测结果

采用武汉台超导重力仪(SG C032)14年多的长期连续观测资料,研究了固体地球对二阶和三阶引潮力的响应特征,精密测定了重力潮汐参数,系统研究了最新的固体潮模型和海潮模型在中国大陆的有效性.采用最新的8个全球海潮模型计算了海潮负荷效应,从武汉台SG C032的观测中成功分离出63个2阶潮汐波群和15个3阶潮汐波群信号,3阶潮波涵盖了周日、半日和1/3日三个频段.重力潮汐观测的精度非常高,标准偏差达到1.116 nm·s-2,系统反映了非流体静力平衡、非弹性地球对2阶和3阶引潮力的响应特征.结果表明,现有的武汉国际重力潮汐基准在半日频段非常精确,但在周日频段存在比较明显的偏差,需要进一步精化.对于中国大陆的大地测量观测,固体潮可以采用Dehant等考虑地球内部介质非弹性和非流体静力平衡建立的固体潮理论模型或Xu 等基于全球SG观测建立的重力潮汐全球实验模型作为参考和改正模型,海潮负荷效应应该采用Nao99作为改正模型.     

On the correction of gravity tides observation and the indication analysis of gravity anomaly

The problems of correcting gravity tidal observations and indicating of the gravity anomalies used in earthquake prediction in China are systematically studied in this paper. The correcting problems of the rheological model of the instrument, inertia of the earth and the effects of the ocean loading, air pressure, underground water on gravity tidal recording data are also discussed in details, the related results are also given in the paper. The problem of the indicating non-tidal information in stational gravity data is dicussed. The properties of the several different data processing filters are compared in theoretical point of view.     

Nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and tides

In this study, we present the nonlinear interactions between gravity waves (GWs) and tides by using the 2D numerical model for the nonlinear propagation of GWs in the compressible atmosphere. During the propagation in the tidal background, GWs become instable in three regions, that is z = 75―85 km, z = 90―110 km and z = 115―130 km. The vertical wavelength firstly varies gradually from the initial 12 km to 27 km. Then the newly generated longer waves are gradually compressed. The longer and shorter waves occur in the regions where GWs propagate in the reverse and the same direction of the hori-zontal mean wind respectively. In addition, GWs can propagate above the main breaking region (90—110 km). During GWs propagation, not only the mean wind is accelerated, but also the amplitude of tide is amplified. Especially, after GWs become instable, this amplified effect to the tidal amplitude is much obvious.     

Vertical displacement loading tides and self-attraction and loading tides in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas

The loading tides are calculated by means of the Green’s function method based on a high-resolution regional ocean tide model, the TOPO7.0 global ocean tide model, and the Gutenberg-Bullen A Earth model. The results show that the maximal amplitude of M2 vertical displacement loading (VDL) tide in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas exceeding 28mm appears 150km off the Zhejiang coast; the second maximum exceeding 20mm appears in Inchon Bay; and the third maximum exceeding 14mm is located in the northeast of the North Yellow Sea. The maximal amplitudes of S2 VDL tide at the above three locations exceed 10, 8, and 4mm, respectively. The maximal amplitudes of the K1 and O1 VDL tides, exceeding 13 and 10 mm respectively, appear near the central and north Ryukyu Islands; the amplitudes tend to decease toward the inward areas. The phases of semidiurnal VDL tides are basically opposite to those of corresponding ocean tides. The phases of diurnal VDL tides are basically opposite to those of corresponding ocean tides in the most part of the East China Sea and the eastern part of the South Yellow Sea. This anti-phase relationship generally does not hold in the rest parts of the Bohai and Yellow Seas. The distribution patterns of self-attraction and loading (SAL) tides are very similar to those of VDL tides. The SAL tides have amplitudes about 1.2-1.7 times of the corresponding VDL tides and their phases are basically opposite to the corresponding VDL tides. The maximal amplitude of M2 SAL tide also appears off the Zhejiang coast, with a magnitude exceeding 42mm.