The electrical conductivity of weight diluted and concentrated standard seawater as a function of salinity and temperature

The ratiosR_{s,t,o}of electrical conductivity of seawater samples of precisely known salinity to standard seawater at the same temperature have been measured over a wide range of salinities from 0 to42permilS and over the full range of oceanic temperatures from -2 to35degC. The samples withS<35permilwere prepared by accurate weight dilution of standard seawater with distilled water. High salinity samples were prepared by fast evaporation of standard seawater and subsequent weight dilution into the already determined <35permilrange. An equation was derived which expresses the S versusR_{s,t,o}relationship very precisely from1-42permiland at all temperatures, i.e.,S = f_{1}(R_{s,t,o}) + f_{2}(R_{s, t,o},t) =Sigma_{n=0}^{5} a_{n}R^{n/2}+ frac{Delta t}{1+kDelta t} Sigma_{n=0}^{5} b_{n}R^{n/2}whereDelta t = t-15degC,R = R_{s, t.o}; only the first termf_{1}is required at15degC. The effeet of temperature on the electrical conductivity of standard seawater was also measured. The ratior_{t}of the conductivity at temperaturetto the conductivity at15degC (C_{35,t, o}/C_{35,15,o}) is very aeenrately expressed by a fourth degree equation int. i.e,r_{t}=Sigma_{n=0}^{4} c_{n}t^{n}These two equations are sufficient for all salinity determinations at normal atmospheric pressure.     

Density of standard seawater solutions at atmospheric pressure

Abstract

This paper gives the results of the density of diluted and concentrated standard seawater which has been measured in a salinity range from 0 to 42 and a temperature from 0 to 30°C. Equations for density of standard seawater (S = 35) vs the temperature and for density of standard seawater solutions vs the temperature and salinity have been fitted.     

海水淡化浓海水与电厂温排水混排方案研究

本文以渤海湾为例，运用MIKE3 FM数值模拟软件建立了渤海湾天津附近海域海水淡化浓海水与电厂温排水混合排放温盐扩散三维数值模型，开展了浓海水和温排水不同混合比例温盐扩散对比研究。研究结果表明：浓海水与温排水混合排放可以使受纳海域盐升范围显著减小，并且混合比例越高，效果越明显。在温升影响方面，与等量温排水单独排放相比，混合排放会使底层海域温升包络面积增大，表层减小，但当混合比例超过1：30（温排水量约为35 m³/s），表层和底层海域温升包络面积接近于等量温排水单独排放的温升包络面积；综合考虑温盐扩散，当海水淡化浓海水排放量在10×104 m³/d，盐升不超过20时，与温排水混合排放比例超过1：30（温排水量超过35 m³/s），盐度在排放口附近可稀释到背景值，由于混合排放密度变化引起的温度下沉影响几乎可以忽略不计。相关研究结论可为海水淡化浓海水科学排放/推动海水淡化和海洋环境和谐可持续发展提供技术支撑。     

Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater

The solubility of nitrous oxide in pure water and seawater has been measured microgasometrically over the range 0–40°C. The data have been corrected for nonideality and are fitted to equations in temperature and salinity of the form used previously to fit the solubilities of other gases. The fitted values have a precision of 0.1% and an estimated accuracy of 0.3%. The nonideal behavior of nitrous oxide—air mixtures is discussed, and the solubility of atmospheric nitrous oxide is presented in parametric form. A similar parametric representation for the solubility of atmospheric carbon dioxide is given in the Appendix.     

温度或盐度对水下量子密钥分配影响的研究

水下量子密钥分配对保障水下通信安全具有十分重要的意义.本文研究不同温度或盐度的海水对光传输以及水下量子密钥分配的影响.本文在有限的范围内改变水槽中水的温度或盐度,在温盐均匀和有温盐差的海水信道中对出射光进行偏振测试,并进行了基于偏振编码的BB84协议水下量子密钥分配实验研究.研究表明:偏振光经过温盐均匀或有温盐差的模拟...     

The Practical Salinity Scale 1978: Fitting the data

Three equations have been fitted to new data relating the electrical conductivity of seawater to the Practical Salinity Scale 1978. These equations have been designed for the reduction of in-situ measurements of temperature, pressure, and conductivity from anywhere in the world oceans. The standard deviation of the fit is roughly equivalent topm0.0015permilin salinity depending on the pressure at which the data is taken and, as such is commensurate with the best accuracy attainable with modern instruments.     

Fishery analysis using gradient-dependent optimal interpolation

The current lack of high-precision information on subsurface seawater is a constraint in fishery research. Based on Argo temperature and salinity profiles, this study applied the gradient-dependent optimal interpolation to reconstruct daily subsurface oceanic environmental information according to fishery dates and locations. The relationship between subsurface information and matching yellowfin tuna(YFT) in the western and central Pacific Ocean(WCPO) was examined using catch data from January 1...     

Temperature coefficient of seawater pH as a function of temperature,pH, DIC and salinity

pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution, which is a function of temperature. Under normal seawater conditions, it is well constrained. Nowadays, with an increasing interest in complex environments(e.g.,sea ice), a better understanding of the temperature change on pH under extreme conditions is needed. The objective of this paper was to investigate the temperature coefficient of the seawater pH(?pH/?T) over a wide range of temperature, pH, dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) and sa...     

The concentration of the KCl solution whose conductivity is that of standard seawater (35 ‰) at 15°C

The concentration of the potassium chloride solution (KCI) which has the same conductivity as15degC at P79 standard seawater corrected to35.0000permilhas been evaluated. The variation of the conductivity ratio of KCI solutions to standard seawater (35permil) has been measured between 14.8 and15.2degC for KCI solutions whose concentration varies from 32 to 33 g.kg^-1.     

Hydrographic changes during 20 years in the brine-filled basins of the Red Sea

Many of the deep basins filled by hot brines in the Red Sea have not been investigated since their discovery in the early 1970s. Twenty years later, in September 1992, six of these deeps were revisited. The temperature and salinity of the Suakin, Port Sudan, Chain B, and Nereus deeps ranged from 23.25 to 44.60°C and from 144 to 270‰. These values were approximately the same in 1972, indicating that the budget of heat and salt was quite balanced. We measured strong gradients of properties in the transition zone between brines and overlying seawater. The contribution of salinity to the density gradient was more than one order of magnitude higher than the opposite contribution of temperature across the seawater–brine interface. Therefore the interface was extemely stable, and the transfer of properties across it was considered to be controlled mostly by molecular diffusion. We calculate that the diffusional transport of salt from the brines to seawater cannot affect significantly the salinity of the brines over a 20 year period, which agrees with the observations. The brine pools can persist for centuries with no salt input. Therefore, the persisence of brines does not correspond to a steady balance between diffusional loss and continuous input of hydrothermal solutions. Deeps that experience only episodical hydrothermal brine supplies may persist for a long time with salt inherited from past inputs. The theoretical loss of heat by diffusion from the brine to seawater was higher than the observed decrease in temperature of the brine pool during the 20 year period of observation. We calculated that the heat flux out of the pools into the overlying seawater was compensated by a heat flux into the pools of about 250–600 mW/m². This range of values corresponds to bottom heat flow values that have been reported earlier for the axial zone of the Red Sea. In contrast to the other brine pools, the temperature and salinity of the Valdivia Deep brine increased by 4.1°C and 10‰, respectively, between 1972 and 1992, which is explained by present-day hydrothermal brine discharge.     

一种浮力式盐度计

于１９９５年综合应用液体浮力←→密度←→盐度←→溶液性质等原理研制浮力式盐度计,该盐度计具有操作简单,测试快速、不用电源和试剂、使用前无需标准海水标定、测试值不受样品成分变化影响的特点;其测增精度可达克纽森滴定法,适用于一般工业化生产,水产养殖、港湾河口区调查等．     

我国氨氮海水质量基准的探讨

我国现行的氨氮海水质量标准参照国外基准与标准制定,未考虑是否能够有效保护中国海洋物种,科学性欠缺。对我国海水氨氮质量基准进行研究,采用美国EPA推荐的物种敏感度排序(SSR)技术,结合美国海水氨氮水质基准数学模型,搜集利用我国15种海水水生生物的非离子氨毒性数据,根据非离子氨氮和总氨氮转换公式,得出水体在不同pH值、温度和盐度条件下的总氨氮水质基准在pH为7.0~9.0、温度为0~30℃的范围内,盐度为10时,基准最大浓度(CMC)和基准连续浓度(CCC)的范围分别为0.089~57.141 mg/L与0.007~4.365 mg/L;盐度为20时,CMC和CCC的范围分别为0.092~61.152 mg/L与0.007~4.671 mg/L;盐度为30时,CMC和CCC的范围分别为0.095~65.446 mg/L与0.007~4.999 mg/L;3个环境因子,对CCC和CMC的影响程度由大到小依次为:pH、温度、盐度。相对于美国,我国急性基准的取值区间收缩了5倍,慢性基准的取值区间收缩了10倍。研究结果认为,现行的非离子氨数值应修正为0.007 mg/L才能有效保护我国海洋生物,同时建议使用总氨氮的基准来管理海水中氨氮变化。为修订我国氨氮海水质量标准提供了科学依据。     

Aircraft measurements of the microwave scattering signature of the ocean

Microwave scattering signatures of the ocean have been measured over a range of surface wind speeds from 3 m/s to 23.6 m/s using the AAFE RADSCAT scatterometer in an aircraft. Normalized scattering coefficients are presented for vertical and horizontal polarizations as a function of incidence angle (nadir to55deg) and radar azimuth angle (0degto360deg) relative to surface wind direction. For a given radar polarization, incidence angle, and azimuth angle relative to the wind direction, these scattering data exhibit a power law dependence on surface wind speed. The relation of the scattering coefficient to azimuth angle obtained during aircraft circles (antenna conical scans) is anisotropic and suggests that microwave scatterometers can be used to infer both wind speed and direction. These results have been used for the design of the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) to be flown in 1978 on this first NASA oceanographic satellite.     

Diffusion coefficients of major ions in seawater

Self-diffusion coefficients of five major ions have been determined by a radioactive tracer method (capillary tube method) in seawater of salinity 34.86 at 25°C. Data are presented for Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄², and HCO₃⁻, which constitute about 95% by weight of sea salt. The influence of temperature and salinity on these coefficients has been studied for Na⁺ and Cl⁻ which are the major components of sea salt: self-diffusion coefficients of these two ions have been measured in seawater, at different temperatures for a salinity of 34.86 and at different salinities for a temperature of 25°C. Diffusion coefficients of the same ions have been determined at 25°C by using another radioactive tracer method (quasi-steady cell method). In this experiment, seawater ions were allowed to diffuse from natural seawater into dilute seawater. Data have been obtained at 25°C for Na⁺, Ca ²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and HCO₃⁻, corresponding to different salinity gradients.     

A Gibbs–Pitzer function for high-salinity seawater thermodynamics

A high-salinity Gibbs function for seawater is derived from Pitzer equations of the sea salt components, in conjunction with the 2003 Gibbs function of seawater for low salinities. Various properties, computed from both formulations by thermodynamic rules, are compared with each other, and with high-salinity measurements. The new Gibbs–Pitzer function presented in this paper is valid in the range 0–110 g kg⁻¹ in absolute salinity, −7 to +25 °C in temperature, and 0–100 MPa in applied pressure. The formulation is expressed in the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS-90), and is consistent with the International Standard for Fluid Water (IAPWS-95), and with the 2005/2006 equations of state of ice Ih.     

The effect of concentration and temperature on the conductivity ratio of potassium chloride solutions to standard seawater of salinity 35 ‰(Cl 19.3740 ‰)

The ratiosZ_{K,t}of electrical conductivities of potassium chloride (KCI) solutions of known concentration (K) to standard seawater at the same temperature have been measured at15degC and24degC for solutions withZ_{k,15}between 0.96 and 1.04. The "normal" concentration (N or K_{N}) givingZ_{N,15}= 1was found to beK_{N} = 32.4356gKCI/kg solution. The effect of temperature onZ_{N,t}was measured over the range15degC to30degC. Equations are given for KCI concentration as a function ofZ_{15}and the inverse function, forZ_{15}/Z_{24}as a function ofZ_{24}(to allow use of a laboratory salinometer for the KCI-seawater comparisons), andZ_{N,t}as a function of temperature.     

Study on halotolerance of phyllosoma larva of Chinese spiny lobster (Panulirus stimpsoni Holthuis)

INTRODUcrIONAs a quality seaha, lobster has a greater market demand or higher demand than supply. Inrecent years the natural resource of lobster is decreasing day by day due to overfishing oPera-tions. Conequently, an attention has been increasingly drawn to the development of artificialbreeding in lObster and seedstock preduction. From the l970s to the l980s the culture of lobsterlarva started but with very slow pngress. Inoue et al. (l978), Yamakawa et al. (1989), Kitta-ka and Kimura(l…     

Semi-empirical equations for the partial molar volumes of some ions in water and in seawater

Partial molar volumes of the major salts of seawater found in diluted seawater and in pure water are experimentally determined at temperatures of 5°C, 15°C and 25°C. The range of salinity investigated, which is not purely oceanographic, is the link between pure water and seawater in the World Ocean.The partial molar volumes were determined by using the procedure of Poisson and Chanu (1976). An empirical relation is given, linking the partial molar volumes of the salts or major ions of seawater in pure water with those measured in seawater, within the salinity range 0–40 g kg⁻¹ and the temperature range 0–25°C.     

Effects of salinity on mineralogy and chemical composition of Cerastoderma edule and Monodonta articulata shells

Shells of the mollusks Cerastoderma (Cerastoderma) edule (Linnaeus 1758) and Monodonta (Osilinus) articulata Lamark 1822 from salt evaporate basins in western Sicily are studied and the effect of environmental conditions (particularly salinity and water chemistry) on mineralogy and chemical composition is investigated and discussed.

The elements determined both in seawater and shell carbonate are: Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb.

Both species studied discriminate against all the minor and trace elements determined; the degree of such discrimination, for some elements, is inversely related to salinity.

The mineralogical composition of the shells (Monodonta has a mixed mineralogy while Cerastoderma is entirely aragonitic) appears to be controlled neither by temperature nor by salinity.

In Monodonta shells direct correlations have been found between the following parameters: calcite-Sr (in younger shells only), calcite-Fe, calcite-Pb (in older shells only), calcite-Zn, salinity-Mg and salinity-Pb, whereas inverse correlations were observed between calcite and Sr (in older shells only) and calcite and Pb (in younger shells only). In Cerastoderma shells a direct correlation was found between salinity and Fe and Mg.

The thickness of the shells appears, in both species, to be an inverse linear function of salinity.     

Experimentally determined Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in juvenile bivalve calcite for Mytilus edulis: implications for paleotemperature reconstructions

To further evaluate the potential use of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios as a paleothermometer in the shell carbonate of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, we grew juvenile mussels (～15 mm shell height; <2 years old) collected from Maine, USA, in controlled environments for 4 months. The four-by-three factorial design consisted of four circulating temperature baths (7, 11, 15 and 19°C), and three salinity ranges (23, 28, and 32). During the experiment, water Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca molar ratios were monitored weekly, and showed little variation across all salinity and temperature ranges. Data from sampled shells including all salinity treatments yielded relatively poor relationships between shell elemental chemistry and water temperatures. However, if only the low salinity treatment data (23) are used, the relationships between shell elemental chemistry and water temperature improve moderately. Based on the data presented here, it may be possible to use Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios from the shell carbonate of juvenile M. edulis to reconstruct paleotemperatures in estuarine settings (salinity below 24) with a corresponding RMSE (root mean squared error; 95% confidence interval) of ±2.4°C and ±2.8°C, respectively. In order for this methodology to be statistically meaningful, water temperature changes must be rather large, as the errors associated with using Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios from the shell material of M. edulis are substantial. Further work is required to determine if the findings presented here can be duplicated, and if the potential salinity effect is pervasive.