各向异性对土质心墙坝水力劈裂的影响

应力诱导各向异性对复杂应力状态下土体的应力-应变规律有重要影响,而建立在各向同性假设基础上的常用土体本构模型并不能反映土体的这种特性,因此需要分析土体各向异性对土质心墙坝水力劈裂的影响。采用各向异性非线性弹性模型,对水荷载作用下粘土心墙坝进行有限元数值分析,并与邓肯模型计算结果比较。结果表明,各向异性模型考虑了蓄水期间从小主应力方向加荷引起的土体应力各向异性,计算得出的小主应力σ3较邓肯模型的大,且相应抗水力劈裂能力亦大,则邓肯E-v模型由于不能模拟蓄水期土体各向异性特性,对于水力劈裂发生的评估可能偏于危险。     

复杂应力条件下掺砾黏土真三轴试验

采用新型真三轴仪器,对掺砾黏土进行了复杂应力条件下加载试验,近似模拟了土石坝填筑期心墙土体单元的加荷过程。试验结果表明,由于土体单元处于复杂应力状态,即使是单向加载这样的简单加荷应力路径,在不同应力方向上的应力和变形也都呈现显著的应力各向异性。土石坝应力变形分析中坝体单元处于三向应力条件下,由于加载引起的应力各向异性对心墙乃至整个坝体的应力变形规律都有较大影响,合理的本构模型应该能够反映并描述这种复杂应力状态下的应力各向异性。     

高能强夯下地基土体的变形特性

为了掌握高能级强夯作用下土体的变形特性,在LS-DYNA的框架内,采用非线性大变形显示有限元算法和“帽子”本构模型,计算了强夯作用下地基土体的变形。首先,根据现场施工的实际情况建立了有限元基本模型,并与实际的监测数据进行比较,其计算结果与测试结果基本一致,该模型能较好地反映出土体的隆起和侧向位移特点。其次,以该基本模型和夯坑的变形为考察对象进行参数分析,研究了不同能级、同能级不同动量以及夯锤与地基土间的水平摩擦力对土体变形的影响。结果表明,高能级强夯作用下夯锤与地基土间的水平力是不可忽略;夯锤与地基土之间的摩擦力,对夯坑侧向的土体位移和地表的隆起有明显的影响     

考虑土体各向异性的沉降计算

在前人研究的基础上,利用积分法推导出了均布矩形荷载作用下考虑土体各向异性的附加应力计算公式;选用双曲型模型描述土体的变形特性,进而发展了一种考虑土体各向异性的沉降计算方法;选用实例进行了计算分析。结果表明,土体的各向异性对沉降计算结果有较为显著的影响。      

土体各向异性的再认识

土体原生和次生各向异性有本质不同。从柔度矩阵的角度分析了弹性和弹塑性理论对各向异性的反映 ;复杂应力状态下砂土真三轴试验结果表明 ,次生各向异性对土体应力应变关系有很大影响 ,是土体特性的本质体现 ,在土工数值分析中应当充分考虑其影响。     

基于Eshelby等效夹杂原理的地基沉降分层总和分析方法探讨

本文针对地基土变形模量变化影响地基沉降分析的问题。首先,从细观力学机理入手,引入本征应变的概念并利用Eshelby等效夹杂原理,研究土体细观结构与宏观性能之间的关系,建立了土体变形模量、土颗粒骨架变形模量与土孔隙率之间的关系模型。随后,针对地基变形的非线性特征,引进分级加载思想,建立了在初始地应力和附加应力作用下的地基土变形模量以及孔隙率的递推变化关系模型。然后,引进分层总和和分级加载思想以及增量广义虎克定律,建立了能反映地基土变形模量变化影响的地基沉降计算方法。该方法充分体现了地基沉降变形的非线性特征,不仅能反映变形模量变化对地基沉降分析的影响,还能有效避免地基沉降分析须采用地基土压缩试验曲线或地基静载试验曲线。最后,通过工程实例计算,并与现有同类方法进行比较分析,表明了本文方法的合理性与优越性。     

复杂应力条件下土体各向异性及其建模思路

由于加荷方式不同,土体在复杂应力状态下在各主应力方向上应力-应变关系表现出显著应力各向异性,在常规三轴试验基础上,采用经典弹塑性理论各向同性土体模型对此不能合理描述。通过真三轴试验,总结应力各向异性柔度矩阵规律,结合试验规律进行相应理论研究,用非线性各向异性弹性矩阵代替弹塑性模型的弹性矩阵,用具有各向异性屈服准则的弹塑性模型描述塑性部分,建立非线性各向异性弹性-塑性模型,可以改善柔度矩阵矩阵形态,反映复杂应力状态下土体应力各向异性特征。     

考虑非达西渗流和应力历史的土体非线性固结研究

黏土在低水力坡降下偏离达西定律的现象及应力历史对土体变形的影响已为人们所认识,但能够同时考虑非达西渗流及应力历史影响的土体固结理论还很鲜见。在传统太沙基一维固结理论基础上,引入经典的Hansbo渗流模型,并考虑土体在不同应力状态下的变形特性,建立实际变荷载作用下土体的非线性固结模型。利用有限差分法对模型进行数值求解。在保证数值解可靠性的基础上,着重分析非达西渗流对超固结土固结性状的影响及非达西渗流下应力状态对固结性状的影响,并分析比较其异同点。结果表明:非达西渗流下超固结土的固结速率要比达西定律下慢,且随非达西渗流模型参数m、i_1值的增大,固结速率的减慢愈加明显;对考虑非达西渗流的不同应力状态土体而言,超固结土的固结速率最快,且超固结土在外荷载作用下产生的地基最终沉降值最小;对考虑非达西渗流的超固结土而言,前期固结压力越大、回弹再压缩指数越小,则土的固结速率越快,地基土的最终沉降值越小。     

液化土层上建筑物倾斜计算要点初步分析

地震中饱和砂土地基液化会引起结构物倾斜并导致其功能丧失,但目前缺乏相应的数值模拟方法。通过振动台简单模型试验,寻找输入波-基底竖向动应力-基底孔压-结构震陷之间的关系,提出发展液化土层上建筑物倾斜数值模拟方法所需要考虑的要点和应满足的条件。结果表明：（1）分析方法中孔压增长模型应适于不规则波计算,能准确地计算出孔压增长过程,准确地计算出峰值一样但不同波形下孔压增长的差别;（2）孔压增长模型应能反映土的各向异性特性对孔压增长的影响,能合理地计算出拉、压不同应力作用下孔压增长的差异;（3）孔压增长模型应能反映非均等固结条件对孔压增长过程的影响,能合理地计算出结构底部不同固结比土体中孔压增长过程;（4）分析方法中土体变形的计算应能跟踪液化过程中的变形发展,且具备大变形计算能力。     

均布矩形荷载作用下土体各向异性对附加应力分布的影响

简要地介绍了均布矩形荷载作用下考虑土体各向异性的附加应力计算公式,编制了相关程序计算了各种不同情况下的附加应力系数,并与各向同性情况下的附加应力系数进行了对比。在此基础上,详细地分析了均布矩形荷载作用下土体的各向异性对附加应力分布的影响。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861