X射线粉晶衍射仪在大理岩鉴定与分类中的应用

大理岩主要有方解石大理岩、白云石大理岩和菱镁矿大理岩三种。以往大理岩是依据偏光显微镜下观察岩石结构构造及矿物成分进行分类定名,由于方解石、白云石、菱镁矿都属于三方晶系,具有闪突起、高级白干涉色、一轴晶负光性和菱形解理等相同晶体光学特征,偏光显微镜下区分十分困难。为了准确鉴定大理岩中碳酸盐矿物种类及其相对含量,本文利用岩石薄片偏光显微镜和X射线粉晶衍射技术对32件大理岩岩石样品进行分析测试。岩石薄片鉴定结果表明:大理岩造岩矿物主要有方解石、白云石、菱镁矿、石英、斜长石、白云母、黑云母、绿泥石、黏土和金属矿物。根据岩石结构构造及矿物组分特征,可把32件大理岩样品划分为方解石大理岩、长英质方解石大理岩、石英绿泥白云石大理岩、白云石大理岩、云英质白云石大理岩和菱镁矿大理岩等15个类型。X射线粉晶衍射分析表明:大理岩造岩矿物主要有方解石、白云石、菱镁矿、石英、斜长石、钾长石、云母、绿泥石、滑石和蒙脱石。综合分析认为:岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定技术很难区分方解石、白云石和菱镁矿等碳酸盐矿物,以及细小的石英、钾长石和斜长石、滑石和白云母等鳞片状硅酸盐矿物;X射线粉晶衍射分析技术不仅能准确检测出大理岩中方解石、白云石和菱镁矿等碳酸盐矿物种类及相对含量(方解石、白云石和菱镁矿的X射线衍射主峰有明显差异,d值分别为0.303 nm、0.288 nm和0.274 nm),而且能够有效鉴别岩石中粉砂级斜长石、钾长石与石英(三种矿物的X射线衍射主峰d值分别为0.319 nm、0.324 nm、0.334 nm);且能区分蒙脱石、绿泥石、云母和滑石等层状硅酸盐矿物(四种硅酸盐矿物的X射线衍射主峰d值分别为1.400 nm、0.705 nm、0.989 nm、0.938 nm)。综合岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射分析结果,最终确定32件大理岩样品划分为22个岩石类型。研究认为:仅根据岩石薄片偏光显微镜鉴定或X射线粉晶衍射技术其中一种方法不能准确鉴定大理岩岩石,应将大理岩岩石野外观察、岩石薄片鉴定和X射线粉晶衍射技术结合起来,才能准确确定大理岩岩石类型。     

Depositional conditions of the coal-bearing Hirka Formation beneath Late Miocene explosive volcanic products in NW central Anatolia,Turkey

This work focuses on the relationship between the coal deposition and explosive volcanism of the Miocene basin, NW central Anatolia, Turkey. The coal-bearing Hirka Formation was deposited over the Galatian Andesitic Complex and/or massive lagoonal environments during the Miocene. The investigated lignite is a high ash (from 32 to 58%) and sulphur (from 1.43 to 3.03%) lignite which is petrographically characterised by a high humunite content. The mineral matter of the studied lignite samples is made up of mainly clay minerals (illite-smectite and kaolinite), plagioclase and quartz in Bolu coal field, clay minerals (illite-smectite, smectite and illite), quartz, calcite, plagioclase and gypsum in Seben coal field, quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) in K?br?sc?k, and dolomite, quartz, clinoptilolite, opal CT and gypsum in Çaml?dere coal field. The differences in these four types of lignite with specific mineralogical patterns may be due to the explosive volcanic events and depositional conditions which changed from one coal field to the others. There is a zonation from SW to SE in the studied area for zeolites such as Opal CT+smectite-clinoptilolite-analcime-K-feldspar. Carbonate minerals are commonly calcite in Seben and K?br?sc?k coal fields. In Bolu, coal samples are devoid of calcite and dolomite. These analyses show that there is an increase in the amount of Mg and a decrease in the amount of Na from the northwestern part to the southern part in the study area.     

Diagenesis of a mixed siliciclastic/evaporitic sequence of the Middle Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic), the Catalan Coastal Range, NE Spain

The Middle Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) of the Catalan Coastal Range (north-east Spain) comprises sandstone, mudstone, anhydrite and minor carbonate layers. Interbedded sandstones and mudstones which are dominant in the north-eastern parts of the basin are terminal alluvial fan deposits. South-westward in the basin, the rocks become dominated by interbedded evaporites and mudstones deposited in sabkha/mudflat environments. The diagenetic and pore water evolution patterns of the Middle Muschelkalk suggest a strong facies control. During eodiagenesis, formation of microdolomite, anhydrite, baryte, magnesite, K-feldspar and mixed-layer chlorite/smectite was favoured within and adjacent to the sabkha/mudflat facies, whereas calcite, haematite, mixed-layer illite/smectite and quartz formed mainly in the alluvial facies. Low δ¹⁸O_SMOW values for microdolomite (+23.7 to +28.4%) and K-feldspar overgrowths (+17.3 to +17.7%) suggest either low-temperature, isotopic disequilibrium or precipitation from low-¹⁸O porewaters. Low-¹⁸O waters might have developed, at least in part, during low-temperature alteration of volcanic rock fragments. During mesodiagenesis, precipitation of quartz overgrowths and coarse dolomite occurred in the alluvial sandstones, whereas recrystallization of microdolomite was dominant in the sabkha/mudflat facies. The isotopic compositions of these mesogenetic phases reflect increasing temperature during burial. Upon uplift and erosion, telogenetic calcite and trace haematite precipitated in fractures and replaced dolomite. The isotopic composition of the calcite (δ¹⁸O_SMOW=+21.5 to +25.6%o; δ¹³C= 7.7 to - 5.6%o) and presence of haematite indicate infiltration of meteoric waters.     

Variations in Chemical Composition of Clay Minerals and Magnetic Susceptibility of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks in the Hishikari Epithermal Gold Deposit, SW Kyushu, Japan

Hydrothermal alteration, involving chiefly chlorite and illite, is extensively distributed within host rocks of the Pleistocene Hishikari Lower Andesites (HLA) and the Cretaceous Shimanto Supergroup (SSG) in the underground mining area of the Hishikari epithermal gold deposit, Kagoshima, Japan. Approximately 60% of the mineable auriferous quartz‐adularia veins in the Honko vein system occur in sedimentary rocks of the SSG, whereas all the veins of the Yamada vein system occur in volcanic rocks of the HLA. Variations in the abundance and chemical composition of hydrothermal minerals and magnetic susceptibility of the hydrothermally altered rocks of the HLA and SSG were analyzed. In volcanic rocks of the HLA, hydrothermal minerals such as quartz, chlorite, adularia, illite, and pyrite replaced primary minerals. The amount of hydrothermal minerals in the volcanic rocks including chlorite, adularia, illite, and pyrite as well as the altered and/or replaced pyroxenes and plagioclase phenocrysts increases toward the veins in the Honko vein system. The vein‐centered variation in mineral assemblage is pronounced within up to 25 m from the veins in the peripheral area of the Honko vein system, whereas it is not as apparent in the Yamada vein system. The hydrothermal minerals in sandstone of the SSG occur mainly as seams less than a few millimeters thick and are sporadically observed in halos along the veins and/or the seams. The alteration halos in sandstone of the SSG are restricted to within 1 m of the veins. In the peripheral area of the Honko vein system, chlorite in volcanic rocks is characterized by increasing in Al in its tetrahedral layer and the Fe/Fe + Mg ratio toward the veins, while illite in volcanic rocks has relatively low K and a restricted range of Fe/Fe + Mg ratios. Temperature estimates derived from chlorite geothermometry rise toward the veins within the volcanic rocks. The magnetic susceptibility of tuff breccia of the HLA varies from 21 to less than 0.01 × 10^?3 SI within a span of 40 m from the veins and has significant variation relative to that of andesite (27–0.06 × 10^?3 SI). The variation peripheral to the Honko vein system correlates with an increase in the abundance of hematite pseudomorphs after magnetite, the percentage of adularia and chlorite with high Fe/Fe + Mg ratios, and the degree of plagioclase alteration with decreasing distance to the veins. In contrast, sedimentary rocks of the SSG maintain a consistent magnetic susceptibility across the alteration zone, within a narrow range from 0.3 to 0.2 × 10^?3 SI. Magnetic susceptibility of volcanic rocks of the HLA, especially tuff breccia, could serve as an effective exploration tool for identifying altered volcanic rocks.     

Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Pleistocene Lignites and Associated Sediments of Marathousa Coal Field,Central Peloponnese,Greece

The mineralogy and geochemistry data are presented for thirty-seven shales,four concretions,two carbonate sediments and seven lignites from the Marathousa coal field of the Megalopolis Basin in Greece.The argillaceous rocks consist of chlorite,illite,kaolinte,albite,quartz.opal-A,calcite and dolomite;the concretions of aragonite,gypsum and pyrite;and the carbonate rocks of calcite,quartz and illite.The mineral matter in the lignites consists of gypsum,quartz,albite,chlorite,illite,opal-A,dolomite,pyrite,and rarely calcite and kaolinite Athree-factor model explains the total variaition of major and trace elements in the argillaceous sediments.The first factor is an aluminosilicate factor and involves the following elements:Al,Si,Mg,Na,K,Ti,Mn,Nb,Y,Rb,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Nband V,associated with chlorite,albite and illite.The second factor involves the elements Ca,Sr,Ba,Znand Sc and is related to carbonate lithology and mainly the carbonate concretions with gypsum.The third factor involves Fe and Ce with a weak association with Mn.The diagenesis of the Marathousa sediments and lignites was not very advanced as indicated by (a) the total thickness of the sequence (500m),(b) the presence of biogenic silica(opal-A) and (c) the age of the deposit(Pleistocene).FOr these reasons the rpresence of chlorite,illite and kaolinite in the sediments and lignite is due not to diagenetic reactions but to weathering of the flysch and metamorphic rocks at the edges of the Megalopolis Basin and transport of the weathering products(illite,chlorite,kaolinite)into the basin of deposition.The diagenetic minerals of the Marathousa sequence include pyrite,gypsum,dolomite and aragonite.     

兰州市取暖期可吸入颗粒物中单颗粒矿物组成特征

为研究兰州市2005年冬季大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中单颗粒的矿物组成,用能谱扫描电镜识别和统计了兰州市区(东方红广场)和郊区(榆中县)两个采样点的单矿物颗粒。结果在市区样品中识别出方解石、伊/蒙混层、石英、斜长石、伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、高岭石、浊沸石和钾长石等21种矿物,前7种占统计总量的75%以上;郊区样品中识别出20种矿物,以方解石、石英、伊利石、绿泥石、斜长石和伊/蒙混层为主(占70%以上),与市区相比缺少钾石膏、金红石和水铝酸钙而增加了硫酸镁和磷灰石。总体来看,大气PM10中的矿物颗粒可分为粘土类、长石类、碳酸盐类、硫酸盐类、氧化物类和其他六类,以粘土类和碳酸盐类矿物为主(约占60%);冬季市区颗粒物表面的“硫化”现象较郊区严重;这些矿物颗粒主要来自地表土,人为排放和大气中二次化学反应生成的矿物的贡献较小。     

Very Low Grade Metamorphism of Upper Paleozoic–Lower Mesozoic Sedimentary Rocks Related to Burial and Thrusting in the Central Taurus Belt,Konya, Turkey

Metasedimentary and sedimentary rocks that represent the allochthonous Bolkardagi Unit crop out in the Central Taurus Belt. Devonian units include mainly slate, metadolomite, metadolomitic limestone, and metasandstone. Slates with slaty cleavage and chlorite-mica stacks are characterized by phyllosilicate, quartz, calcite, dolomite, feldspar, and goethite. Phyllosilicates consist of 2M₁ and lesser amounts of 1M muscovite, IIb chlorite, pyrophyllite, paragonite. PM, C-V, C-S. rectorite, and dickite, and reflect conditions of the low epizone-anchizone. In the Carboniferous-Triassic units, limestone, clayey limestone, dolomitic limestone, marl, shale, and sandstone retaining primary textures are composed of calcite, dolomite, quartz,1Md illite, chlorite, and I-S, and locally smaller quantities of 2M₁ muscovite, PM, paragonite, pyrophyllite, and rectorite. In contrast, the Triassic formation is made up of calcite, 1M_d illite, I-S, kaolinite, smectite, chlorite, C-S, C-V, dolomite, and quartz. Textural and mineralogical data indicate that development of the diagenetic-metamorphic grade in the Central Taurus was related to sedimentary burial and thrusting; moreover, the metasedimentary rocks were metamorphosed in a typical anticlockwise P-T-t pathway in an extensional setting.     

Diagenetic evolution of the volcaniclastic deposits: an example from Neoproterozoic Dokhan Volcanics in Wadi Queih basin,central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Wadi Queih basin hosts a ～2,500-m thick Neoproterozoic volcanoclastic successions that unconformably lie over the oldest Precambrian basement. These successions were deposited in alluvial fan, fluviatile, lacustrine, and aeolian depositional environments. Diagenetic minerals from these volcaniclastic successions were studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical electron microscopy. The diagenetic processes recognized include mechanical compaction, cementation, and dissolution. Based on the framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied or followed by the development of part of the pore-lining and pore-filling clay cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cement and feldspar grains. In addition to calcite, several different clay minerals including kaolinite, illite, and chlorite with minor smectite occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements. Chlorite coating grains helps to retain primary porosity by retarding the envelopment of quartz overgrowths. Clay minerals and their diagenetic assemblages has been distinguished between primary volcaniclastics directly produced by pyroclastic eruptions and epiclastic volcaniclastics derived from erosion of the pre-existing volcanic rocks. Phyllosilicates of the epiclastic rocks display wider compositional variations owing to wide variations in the mineralogical and chemical compositions of the parent material. Most of the phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, mica, and smectite) are inherited minerals derived from the erosion of the volcanic basement complex, which had undergone hydrothermal alteration. Smectites of the epiclastic rocks are beidellite–montmorillonite derived from the altered volcanic materials of the sedimentary environment. Conversely, phyllosilicate minerals of the pyroclastic rocks are dominated by kaolinite, illite, and mica, which were formed by pedogenetic processes through the hydrothermal influence.     

Hydrothermal alteration of basic island-arc volcanic rocks north and south of Mytilini Town,Lesvos Island,Greece

The mobilities of major and trace elements have been investigated in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks of Pliocene age on the island of Lesvos. One type of hydrothermal assemblage, montmorillonite-K-feldspar-goethite, was recognized in outcrops north of Mytilini town. The alteration occurs a few metres under the surface of unaltered volcanic rocks of high-K andesite and high-K basaltic andesite composition. The unaltered latite-andesite consists of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, sanidine and magnetite with quartz, calcite, pumpellyite and montmorillonite as subordinate secondary minerals. The main control over major oxide distribution appears to be the extent of conversion of plagioclase to K-feldspar. Three distinct groups of elements were revealed to be positively correlated:

• 1 Si, Mg, Ca, Na, Mn, Sr and Ba, which are leached during the alteration process. This group of elements reflects their association with plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene.
• 2 Fe, K, Ti, P, Nb, Zr, Y, Rb, Ni, Cr, V. This group includes elements which are enriched relative to the unaltered volcanic rock, reflecting their association with K-feldspar, iron hydroxides and Ti and P-bearing minerals.
• 3 Ti, P, Nd, La, Ce. From this group of elements it is indicated that Nd, La and Ce are associated with Ti- and P-bearing minerals.

There is no evidence of Cu or Zn addition to the system by hydrothermal fluids since there are no correlations between these base metals and elements enriched in the K-feldspar, montmorillonite-rich zone. This potassic rich zone may be connected with hidden epithermal sulphide mineralization with gold.     

Rock composition and origin of the Duwi Formation calcareous rocks, Upper Egypt

Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.     

鄂东南地区脉状铜矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析——以湖北大冶刘家垄矿区为例

鄂东南矿集区殷祖岩体南部的刘家垄矿区,勘探线和钻孔显示刘家垄铜矿体主要倾向南、南西,受到毛铺-两剑桥东西断裂带的构造控制.矿体主要集中在石英闪长岩体与志留系碎屑岩接触交代部位,在岩体内侧赋存成矿.矿化类型主要有黄铜矿化石英闪长岩和含黄铜矿石英脉.围岩主要为钾化石英闪长岩和角岩化的粉砂岩.通过对比区域上的成矿类型,刘家垄脉状铜矿与斑岩型有关,即斜长石和石英为造岩矿物,可见绿泥石、方解石等蚀变矿物.矿化主要发生在夕卡岩化石英闪长岩带.通过总结成矿规律,认为有利的勘探区段在断裂构造发育、岩体与碎屑岩接触部位的岩体一侧.     

塔里木盆地西北地区震旦系苏盖特布拉克组潮坪相碎屑岩成岩作用与成岩演化研究

塔里木盆地西北地区苏盖特布拉克组发育一套潮坪相沉积,是该层系油气勘探的主要目标。基于什艾日克剖面、奇格布拉克剖面、肖尔布拉克剖面的地质测量,采用薄片鉴定、阴极发光、扫描电镜、流体包裹体测温及黏土矿物X衍射等分析手段开展海相碎屑岩成岩作用和成岩演化研究,为塔里木盆地苏盖特布拉克组进一步开展油气勘探部署和甜点储层预测提供地质依据。结果表明：（1）研究区苏盖特布拉克组发育潮坪沉积环境的砂体,砂岩类型以岩屑石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩为主,偶见长石岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度和结构成熟度中等;（2）苏盖特布拉克组砂岩经历了压实（溶）作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用及交代作用等成岩作用,压实作用是造成储层致密的直接原因,钙质胶结和硅质胶结是储层致密化的根本因素;（3）苏盖特布拉克组砂岩的成岩演化阶段已达到中成岩B期,成岩演化序列为：压实作用/自生黏土矿物（绿泥石）环边—第一期长石、岩屑溶蚀作用—第一期硅质胶结—第一期泥微晶方解石胶结/压溶作用/黏土矿物的伊利化—第二次硅质胶结/第二期铁方解石胶结—钙质胶结物溶蚀。据此建立的成岩演化模式为塔里木盆地超深层致密砂岩中甜点储层预测提供可靠的地质依据。     

黑龙江省西吉诺山多金属矿点地质特征

西吉诺山多金属矿点位于大兴安岭呼中区白卡鲁山林场.矿床产于得尔布干断裂带的北西近侧额尔古纳隆起区内的次级火山盆地中.矿区内出露的地层为上侏罗统塔木兰沟组安山岩和上库力组酸性火山碎屑岩,侵入岩不发育,北西向构造破碎带为容矿构造,矿化和矿脉均分布于塔木兰沟组内的北西向破碎带中.已圈出Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag和W矿脉30余条.矿脉呈带状、透镜状,沿北西向蚀变带平行分布,为多金属硫化物蚀变安山岩和石英脉等.金属矿物组合比较单一,主要为金属硫化物.西吉诺山矿区围岩蚀变普遍较弱,围岩蚀变由两期叠加而成,早期为青磐岩化,晚期为硅化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化和碳酸盐化.本区矿化亦可分为两期,一是由塔木兰沟中早期火山热液引起的塔木兰沟组地层矿化;二是由于晚上库力期的侵入岩浆热液引起的矿化.矿床形成温度为148~230℃,大部分在200℃左右.成矿物质主要来源于塔木兰沟组火山岩.矿床成矿时代为晚侏罗-早白垩世.晚侏罗世塔木兰沟期火山热液使成矿物质初步富集,早白垩世上库力晚期,由于次火山热液和超浅成侵入斑岩体热源的影响,在大气降水的参与下,成矿物质进一步富集,在断裂破碎带沉淀就位形成矿体.矿床类型为次火山热液-侵入岩浆热液复合类型.     

鄂尔多斯盆地盐池-定边地区水化学场分布特征及形成机理

鄂东南矿集区殷祖岩体南部的刘家垄矿区，勘探线和钻孔显示刘家垄铜矿体主要倾向南、南西，受到毛铺-两剑桥东西断裂带的构造控制.矿体主要集中在石英闪长岩体与志留系碎屑岩接触交代部位，在岩体内侧赋存成矿.矿化类型主要有黄铜矿化石英闪长岩和含黄铜矿石英脉.围岩主要为钾化石英闪长岩和角岩化的粉砂岩.通过对比区域上的成矿类型，刘家垄脉状铜矿与斑岩型有关，即斜长石和石英为造岩矿物，可见绿泥石、方解石等蚀变矿物.矿化主要发生在夕卡岩化石英闪长岩带.通过总结成矿规律，认为有利的勘探区段在断裂构造发育、岩体与碎屑岩接触部位的岩体一侧.     

Diagenetic processes in cretaceous sandstones from occidental Brazilian Equatorial Margin

Despite a great interest in Brazilian Equatorial Margin exploration, very little was published on the diagenesis of sandstones from that area. A wide recognition petrographic study was performed to identify the major diagenetic processes that impacted the porosity of Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Pará-Maranhão, São Luís, Bragança-Viseu and Barreirinhas basins. Arkoses from the Pará-Maranhão Basin show neoformed or infiltrated clay coatings, mica replacement and expansion by kaolinite and vermiculite, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling quartz, kaolinite, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, pyrite and titanium oxides. Compaction, quartz and calcite cementation were the main porosity-reducing processes. Barreirinhas Basin lithic arkoses and subarkoses display clay coatings, compaction of metamorphic fragments into pseudomatrix, and precipitation of grain-replacive and pore-filling kaolinite, quartz, albite, chlorite, calcite, dolomite, TiO₂ and pyrite. The main porosity-reducing processes were calcite cementation in the subarkoses, and compaction and quartz cementation in lithic arkoses. Quartzarenites from this basin were early- and pervasively cemented by dolomite. Arkoses and lithic arkoses of the São Luís and Bragança-Viseu basins show clay coatings, pseudomatrix from mud intraclasts compaction, and precipitation of pore-filling and grain-replacive kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, quartz, albite, chlorite, illite, calcite, dolomite, hematite, TiO₂ and pyrite. Compaction of mud intraclasts and dissolution of feldspars and heavy minerals were the main porosity-modification processes. These preliminary results may contribute to the understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diagenetic processes and their impacts on the porosity of the sandstones from these basins.     

Mineralogy and chemical composition of the clay fraction of Neogene shales from the Surma Group in the Bengal basin,Bangladesh

Mineralogical and chemical investigations (<2μm clay separates) of shale samples from the Neogene-age Surma Group obtained from four wells (Habiganj-11, Shahbazpur-1, Titas-11, Titas-15) in the Bengal basin, Bangladesh, were carried out in order to reveal the clay mineral composition as reservoir exploration and exploitation requires a good understanding of the clay minerals. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Mineralogically, the sub-surface Surma Group shales comprise predominantly quartz, plagioclase, illite, chlorite, kaolinite, with lesser amounts of K-feldspar, dolomite and smectite, and minor to trace amounts of calcite, siderite and pyrite. The chemical composition of the <2 μm clay separates also suggests an illite and chlorite-rich composition. With increasing burial depth, the Surma Group shales are enriched in illite. The gradual decreasing of the smectite clays with depth and ultimate disappearance at greater depths (≥ 3000 m) may have been responsible for the presence of the diagenetic illite. Based on the mineralogical composition it is most likely that the illite-chlorite associations together with quartz and feldspar were predominantly detrital in origin and thus reflect the presence of a rapidly-rising source terrain not subjected to intense weathering.     

Diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic characteristics of the Paleozoic series of the Istanbul Terrane (NW Turkey)

The Istanbul Terrane along the Black Sea coast in NW Anatolia, is a Gondwana-derived continental microplate, comprising a well-developed Paleozoic succession. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction studies were performed on rock samples from measured sections throughout Ordovician?CCarboniferous sedimentary units. Diagenetic-very low-grade metamorphic clastic (shale/mudstone, siltstone, sandstone) and calcareous rocks (limestone, dolomite) mainly contain phyllosilicates, quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite, hematite and goethite minerals. Phyllosilicates are primarily represented by illite, chlorite, mixed-layered chlorite?Cvermiculite (C?CV), chlorite?Csmectite (C?CS) and illite?Cchlorite (I?CC). Feldspar is commonly present in the Ordovician and Carboniferous units, whereas calcite and dolomite are abundant in the Silurian and Devonian sediments. The most important phyllosilicate assemblage is illite?+?chlorite?+?I?CC?+?C?CV?+?C?CS. Illite and chlorite-bearing mixed layer clays are found in all units. The amounts of illites increase in the upper parts of the Silurian series and the lower parts of the Devonian series, whereas chlorite and chlorite-bearing mixed-layers are dominant in the Ordovician and Carboniferous units. Kübler index values of illites reflect high-grade anchimetamorphism for the Early Ordovician rocks, low-grade metamorphism to high-grade diagenesis for the Middle Ordovician?CEarly Silurian rocks and high-grade diagenesis for the Late Silurian?CDevonian units. The K-white micas b cell dimensions indicate intermediate pressure conditions in the Early Ordovician?CEarly Silurian units, but lower pressure conditions in the Middle Silurian?CDevonian units. Illites are composed of 2M ₁?±?1M _d polytypes in all units, except for Upper Ordovician?CLower Silurian units which involve 1M polytype in addition to 2M ₁ and 1M _d polytypes. The 2M ₁/(2M ₁?+?1Md) ratios rise from Devonian to Ordovician together with the increasing diagenetic-metamorphic grade. Chlorites have IIb polytype. In general, crystal-chemical data of clay minerals in the Istanbul Terrane show a gradual increase in the diagenetic/metamorphic grade together with increasing depth. The new data presented in this work indicate that the diagenetic/metamorphic grade of the Paleozoic of the Istanbul Terrane is higher than that of the neighboring Zonguldak Terrane and generated by a single metamorphic phase developed at the end of Carboniferous. This finding contrasts with the metamorphic history of the neighboring Zonguldak Terrane that displays a distinct Early Devonian unconformity and a thermal event.     

陕甘宁盆地庆阳地区长8油层砂岩成岩作用及其对储层性质的影响

庆阳地区长8油层为湖泊三角洲前缘沉积。水下分流河道和河口砂坝组成的指状砂坝控制了水下三角洲沉积格局。砂岩主要由细砂和少量中砂组成,砂岩类型主要为细粒岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩。主要成岩矿物为绿泥石环边、方解石胶结物、石英和长石加大生长、伊利石、伊-蒙混层、钠长石和高岭石等。绿泥石环边的发育对原生粒间孔的保存起到有利的作用,对石英和长石加大起到抑制作用。烃类注入时储层埋深已较大,不利于孔隙保存。储层发育粒间孔隙、粒内溶孔、铸模孔隙、特大孔隙、裂缝孔隙和微孔隙等多种孔隙类型,其中以粒间孔隙最为发育。局部发育的特大孔隙和伸长状孔隙表明该区发生了一定规模的次生溶蚀作用。长8油层主要受埋藏作用的影响,成岩演化处于晚成岩A期。主要成岩相类型为绿泥石环边胶结成岩相、压实充填成岩相、压实压溶成岩相和碳酸盐胶结成岩相,不同成岩相类型决定了油气储层性质不同,绿泥石环边胶结成岩相构成了本区最好的储层类型。     

酒西盆地碎屑岩胶结物的形成问题

酒西盆地下白垩统陆相碎屑岩胶结物的形成关系到油气储集的重要问题,富铁的洪积扇沉积体系和非富铁的河流一湖泊沉积体系形成两种不同的胶结物组合类型,平面上可分为三带胶结物:混合胶结带、铁镁胶结带和浓聚成岩带。盆地边缘带是以铁、泥、钙为主的混合胶结物,中间为以碳酸铁镁矿物的白云石、铁白云石为主的胶结物,盆中带形成胶结物的浓聚成岩层,事实证明过渡的铁镁胶结带是最富于聚集油气的地带。本文还在纵向上探讨了泥质粘土矿物和碳酸盐胶结物的成岩变化。     

Mineralogical changes during intense chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is situated in a subtropical to tropical climatic zone. A recently weathered crust has developed on sedimentary bedrock (sandstone, siltstone, shale and claystones) of Tertiary–Quaternary age. Weathered samples were collected from 16 sections totaling 68 samples and were analyzed mineralogically. The main primary minerals identified in the weathered crust of sedimentary rocks are quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, muscovite, sparse carbonate and epidote. The secondary minerals are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, gibbsite and goethite. Weathering initiated along the grain boundaries and cleavage planes of the minerals, forming small cloudy materials which were very difficult to identify. In the advanced stage of weathering, these cloudy materials have turned into secondary minerals. In region 1, high rain fall (7100 mm/yr) and monsoonic climate resulted in a kaolinite–gibbsite–goethite suite through the weathering of feldspars and biotite. The occurrence of gibbsite in the relatively elevated lands of Sylhet and Fe-kaolinite throughout the study areas is indicative of a humid–tropical climate during formation of the weathered crust.