中生代东亚大陆边缘构造演化

摘　要　根据东亚陆缘增生带生物古地理、放射虫时代研究的进展并结合同位素年代及东亚 地区火山活动、构造演化探讨了中生代东亚大陆与古太平洋板块之间的运动学关系及俯冲带 后退特征。中、晚三叠世那丹哈达岭、美浓等地体还位于北纬１２°以内及赤道附近,晚侏罗世 到达中高纬度。东亚活动大陆边缘开始于中侏罗世末,在此之前属转换大陆边缘。洋壳板块 向大陆下俯冲之后,由于地体拼贴引起俯冲带快速、长距离后退。     

东北亚大陆边缘中新生代构造事件与演化序列

东北亚大陆地边缘地区三民时洋盆扩张作用较强，形成由多个小洋盆和一些微陆块或地体组成物复杂洋区；侏罗纪该洋区逐渐收缩，聚敛直至关闭，并奠定大陆边缘轮廓，白垩纪是该区安第斯大陆边缘的形成和演化时期；新生则是岛弧型大陆的形成与发展阶段。     

华南大陆边缘新生代构造地貌演化机制研究

研究表明,从中生代安第斯型大陆边缘发展到现代弧盆体系,华南大陆边缘的地貌演化经历了中生代末期的古华夏山脉、新生代早期的准平原和中新世以来的海盆三个阶段。古华夏山脉的夷平导致本区陆壳减薄、莫霍面埋深变浅和区域性的重力升高;而地壳温度的整体下降则导致中生代壳内岩浆层自上而下的固结和盖层断裂的向下延伸。两者的耦合最终导致陆缘地区从中新世起发生大规模的断块沉陷,其结果是古准平原面下降到海面之下、海区正断层体系形成、地幔岩浆大量溢出、莫霍面位置被压低、沉降区两侧地块被顶托隆起并形成岛弧和断块山。     

论西昆仑大陆边缘构造演化及塔里木西南盆地类型

中元古代至早古生代塔里木板块与羌塘－扬子板块发生解体。晚古生代至三叠纪西昆仑演化为活动大陆边缘,自南而北形成了公洛尔－桑株塔克、库尔浪－卡尔隆沟、弧、盆体系,塔里木西南则于这一时期发展成为克拉通坳陷型盆地。三叠纪末塔里木板块与羌塘－扬子板块碰撞,以及中、新生代以来特提斯开与合的“手风琴“式运动施加的影响,使西昆仑发生了强烈的变质、变形和变位。     

南海大陆边缘盆地构造演化差异性及其与南海扩张耦合关系

南海大陆边缘盆地由于边界条件的差异,不仅形成了不同类型的陆缘盆地,如离散型、走滑伸展型和伸展挠曲复合型,而且这些盆地构造演化存在明显的非同步性。这些陆缘破裂过程与南海扩张作用过程呈现明显不一致性。研究表明,南海扩张时期南海南、北大陆边缘均形成了一系列裂陷盆地,然而,南海南部、北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束时间不同,北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束于23 Ma或21 Ma,而南部大陆边缘盆地裂陷作用结束于15.5 Ma,显然北部大陆边缘盆地裂陷结束时间明显早于南部大陆边缘盆地。南海扩张停止后,南海南、北部陆缘仍表现出明显差异,北部陆缘仍以伸展作用为主,晚中新世以来出现快速沉降幕,而南海南部陆缘则以挤压作用为主,且其挤压时间及强度呈现南早北晚的特点,即南部曾母盆地明显早于南薇西盆地和北康盆地。南海南、北大陆边缘盆地形成演化的差异性,特别是构造转型差异变化,为新生代南海扩张的迁移性提供了有力的佐证,可以推断南海不同期次海盆扩张可能存在向南的突然跃迁。因此,本次研究梳理出的南海不同陆缘盆地张裂伸展的非同步性可为南海洋盆扩张演化过程解释提供新的证据。     

东亚大陆边缘的构造格架及其中-新生代演化

燕山运动在亚洲大陆雏形东缘形成2条北东向的剪切带:郯庐断裂带和长乐-南澳-中央构造线断裂带,晚侏罗世—古近纪早期沿之发生地体/地块的拼贴。系统叙述了各移置地体/地块的主要岩石记录和拼贴时代,据起源分为3类:异地的(包括源自冈瓦纳的和源自盘古大洋的)、半异地的和准原地的;据拼贴位置分为2组:拼贴后基本位于原地的(日本海张开以前) 和发生过向北东错移的。新生代内东亚大陆边缘发生解体,可以台湾岛以北的菲律宾海盆断裂为界将东亚大陆边缘弧分为2段,北段仍处于剪切-拉张中,南段已进入剪切挤压-造山阶段。强调该地区中—新生代演化经历了2个里丁旋回, 形成早白垩世的北东向和新近纪的北东东向2期新生构造。     

那丹哈达地体与东亚大陆边缘中生代构造的关系

中国黑龙江省境内的那丹哈达地体属于侏罗纪裂解的地体,主要由石炭、二叠纪灰岩和绿片岩、三叠纪层状燧石以及中侏罗世的硅质页岩组成。它们都被包裹在较年轻(晚侏罗世-白垩纪的)碎屑岩中。该地体的地层古生物、岩石以及构造特征完全与日本列岛的美浓地体相同。在日本海形成之前,两个地体曾与西锡霍特阿林地体一起构成一个统一的超地体。与那丹哈达地体和美浓地体十分类似的构造地层地体在琉球岛弧,菲律宾以及婆罗洲也能找到。三叠纪中国大陆拚贴作用完成之后,所有这些地体在晚侏罗世和早白垩世期间沿着亚洲大陆东缘组成了一个增生杂岩带。     

朱夏教授研究大陆边缘构造演化的思路

本文介绍了朱夏教授研究大陆边缘构造演化的思路,概括了“活动论构造历史观”在时间上、空间上、属性上的特征。朱夏教授强调地球岩石圈水平运移演化历史,提出了中生代以前古老的“潘基亚”大陆边缘和以后的年青的巨板块边缘;结合中国地质构造独特点,精辟地论述了中国大陆边缘构造的网络格架。     

南海北部及台湾海峡晚白垩世—新生代大陆边缘构造演化和构造性质

南海北部与台湾海峡地区自晚白垩世至新生代，经历了由挤压性大陆边缘向伸展性大陆边缘的转化，这一伸展性质除台湾海峡地区由于后期弧陆碰撞封闭而转化成带有挤压性的前陆盆地外，其余部分一直保持着伸展性质，但它不是被动式陆缘而是活动性陆缘的一部分，其主要依据是整个南海这一时期处于印度板块，菲律宾板块与欧亚板块的相互挤压和活动大陆边缘之中，其岩浆活动除有陆缘裂谷型火山岩外，尚有活动陆缘的火山岩，南海是一个活动陆     

东亚大陆边缘的俯冲带构造

东亚大陆边缘自北向南发育了琉球海沟和马尼拉海沟等俯冲带。简要论述了这些俯冲带的构造特征、演化历史和一些科学前缘问题 ;认为愈来愈多的地球科学问题 ,如地震的发生机制、俯冲板块动力学等 ,集中在俯冲板块边界 ;解决弧后盆地成因和中国大陆边缘张裂过程等许多地质科学问题 ,有待于对俯冲带构造演化的深入了解。同时 ,在这些俯冲带发现了丰富的天然气水合物 ,具有良好的资源前景 ,因而 ,俯冲带的构造研究成为科学研究的前沿热点     

Cenozoic tectonic jumping and implications for hydrocarbon accumulation in basins in the East Asia Continental Margin

Tectonic migration is a common geological process of basin formation and evolution. However, little is known about tectonic migration in the western Pacific margins. This paper focuses on the representative Cenozoic basins of East China and its surrounding seas in the western Pacific domain to discuss the phenomenon of tectonic jumping in Cenozoic basins, based on structural data from the Bohai Bay Basin, the South Yellow Sea Basin, the East China Sea Shelf Basin, and the South China Sea Continental Shelf Basin. The western Pacific active continental margin is the eastern margin of a global convergent system involving the Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Indian Plate. Under the combined effects of the India-Eurasia collision and retrogressive or roll-back subduction of the Pacific Plate, the western Pacific active continental margin had a wide basin-arc-trench system which migrated or ‘jumped’ eastward and further oceanward. This migration and jumping is characterized by progressive eastward younging of faulting, sedimentation, and subsidence within the basins. Owing to the tectonic migration, the geological conditions associated with hydrocarbon and gashydrate accumulation in the Cenozoic basins of East China and its adjacent seas also become progressively younger from west to east, showing eastward younging in the generation time of reservoirs, seals, traps, accumulations and preservation of hydrocarbon and gashydrate. Such a spatio-temporal distribution of Cenozoic hydrocarbon and gashydrate is significant for the oil, gas and gashydrate exploration in the East Asian Continental Margin. Finally, this study discusses the mechanism of Cenozoic intrabasinal and interbasinal tectonic migration in terms of interplate, intraplate and underplating processes. The migration or jumping regimes of three separate or interrelated events: (1) tectonism-magmatism, (2) basin formation, and (3) hydrocarbon-gashydrate accumulation are the combined effects of the Late Mesozoic extrusion tectonics, the Cenozoic NW-directed crustal extension, and the regional far-field eastward flow of the western asthenosphere due to the India-Eurasia plate collision, accompanied by eastward jumping and roll-back of subduction zones of the Pacific Plate.     

日本海陨击事件与新生代东亚大地构造演化

北太平洋及东亚地区在始新世左右发生了一系列重大地质事件:日本海发生开裂;日本西南和中国板块北部发生顺时针旋转(>20°);NNW向运动的太平洋板块突然改变方向开始NWW向运动;郯庐断裂带由强烈断陷造成快速冷却事件;渤海湾盆地出现地幔热异常开始形成裂谷系;阿尔金断裂开始脉冲式走滑;贝加尔湖裂谷开始形成。这些重大地质事件的发生都与日本海陨击事件相关。     

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。     

Plate tectonic control on the formation and tectonic migration of Cenozoic basins in northern margin of the South China Sea

The tectonic evolution history of the South China Sea(SCS) is important for understanding the interaction between the Pacific Tectonic Domain and the Tethyan Tectonic Domain,as well as the regional tectonics and geodynamics during the multi-plate convergence in the Cenozoic.Several Cenozoic basins formed in the northern margin of the SCS,which preserve the sedimentary tectonic records of the opening of the SCS.Due to the spatial non-uniformity among different basins,a systematic study on the various basins in the northern margin of the SCS constituting the Northern Cenozoic Basin Group(NCBG) is essential.Here we present results from a detailed evaluation of the spatial-temporal migration of the boundary faults and primary unconformities to unravel the mechanism of formation of the NCBG.The NCBG is composed of the Beibu Gulf Basin(BBGB),Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB),Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB) and Taixinan Basin(TXNB).Based on seismic profiles and gravity-magnetic anomalies,we confirm that the NE-striking onshore boundary faults propagated into the northern margin of the SCS.Combining the fault slip rate,fault combination and a comparison of the unconformities in different basins,we identify NE-striking rift composed of two-stage rifting events in the NCBG:an early-stage rifting(from the Paleocene to the Early Oligocene) and a late-stage rifting(from the Late Eocene to the beginning of the Miocene).Spatially only the late-stage faults occurs in the western part of the NCBG(the BBGB,the QDNB and the western PRMB),but the early-stage rifting is distributed in the whole NCBG.Temporally,the early-stage rifting can be subdivided into three phases which show an eastward migration,resulting in the same trend of the primary unconformities and peak faulting within the NCBG.The late-stage rifting is subdivided into two phases,which took place simultaneously in different basins.The first and second phase of the early-stage rifting is related to back-arc extension of the Pacific subduction retreat system.The third phase of the earlystage rifting resulted from the joint effect of slab-pull force due to southward subduction of the proto-SCS and the back-arc extension of the Pacific subduction retreat system.In addition,the first phase of the late-stage faulting corresponds with the combined effect of the post-collision extension along the Red River Fault and slab-pull force of the proto-SCS subduction.The second phase of the late-stage faulting fits well with the sinistral faulting of the Red River Fault in response to the Indochina Block escape tectonics and the slab-pull force of the proto-SCS.     

燕山运动与东亚构造体制的转变

构造体制转变的本质是动力学体系的转变。东亚构造体制的转变是从一个汇聚碰撞的动力学体系转变为一个活动大陆边缘的动力学体系。其核心问题是古太平洋板块开始向新生的亚洲大陆下俯冲。在这一独特的动力学体系转变过程中 ,产生了陆缘俯冲消减增生杂岩带 ,火山弧和相关的表壳变形等一系列标志。文中强调以自然的、显著的、易于识别的标志———火山弧的出现代表东亚构造域动力学体系的转变 ;指出翁文灏命名的燕山运动A幕———髫髻山组火山岩下的不整合 ( ( 16 0± 5 )Ma前 )和B幕———张家口组火山岩下的不整合 ( ( 13 5± 1)Ma前 )代表这一转变。也就是说 ,燕山运动是东亚构造体制转变的产物 ,其出现有着深刻的地球动力学背景     

Continental margin basins in East Asia: tectonic implications of the Meso‐Cenozoic East China Sea pull‐apart basins

The East China Sea basins, located in the West Pacific Continental Margin (WPCM) since the late Mesozoic, mainly include the East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB) and the Okinawa Trough (OT). The WPCM and its adjacent seas can be tectonically divided into five units from west to east, including the Min‐Zhe Uplift, ECSSB, the Taiwan–Sinzi Belt, OT, and the Ryukyu Island Arc, which record regional tectonic evolution and geodynamics. Among those tectonic units, the ECSSB and the OT are important composite sedimentary pull‐apart basins, which experienced two stages of strike‐slip pull‐apart processes. In seismic profiles, the ECSSB and the OT show a double‐layer architecture with an upper half‐graben overlapping on a lower graben. In planar view, the ECSSB and the OT are characterized by faulted blocks from south to north in the early Cenozoic and by a zonation from west to east in the late Cenozoic. The faulted blocks with planar zonation and two‐layer vertical architecture entirely jumped eastward from the Min‐Zhe Uplift to the OT during the late Cenozoic. In addition, the whole palaeogeomorphology of the ECSSB changed notably, from pre‐Cenozoic highland or mountain into a Late Eocene continental margin with east‐tilting topography caused by the eastward tectonic jumping. The OT opened to develop into a back‐arc basin until the Miocene. Synthetic surface geological studies in the China mainland reveal that the Mesozoic tectonic setting of the WPCM is an Andean‐type continental margin developing many sinistral strike‐slip faults and pull‐apart basins and the Cenozoic tectonic setting of the WPCM is a Japanese‐type continental margin developing dextral strike‐slip faults and pull‐apart basins. Thus, the WPCM underwent a transition from Andean‐type to Japanese‐type continental margins at about 80 Ma (Late Cretaceous) and a transition in topography from a Mesozoic highland to a Cenozoic lowland, and then to below sea‐level basins. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新生代华夏岩石圈减薄与东亚边缘海盆构造演化的年代学与地球化学制约研究

年代学与地球化学制约表明,华南的茂名与三水盆地从92～38Ma期间有近连续的火山喷发,并在(56±2)Ma火山作用源区发生了急剧的转折。这与东亚边缘海盆地最早伸展在时间上和构造方向上是一致的,形成了一系列NE向左旋剪切伸展盆地以及南海南西海盆、苏拉威西海、西菲律宾海等洋盆。35～17Ma期间印支块体沿红河断裂向东南挤出,使东亚沿NE向左旋剪切伸展受阻。因此,这一期间华夏块体上没有出现与拉张有关的玄武质岩浆作用,始新世洋盆NE向扩张也逐渐被终止。关于南海的晚第三纪扩张,年代学与构造证据是与根据磁异常确定的32～17Ma扩张期相矛盾的。17Ma以后,华夏、东海至日本海岩石圈均出现了强的NE向伸展,也使印支块体沿红河断裂从左旋挤出转向右旋走滑。南海在这一期间再次出现扩张,应是一个合理的构造格局。     

从陆缘伸展探讨新生代南海构造演化

南海的形成和演化是地学界长期争论的问题,前人给出了多种成因模式,目前较流行的模式是海底扩张,但它难以合理解释南海海底扩张中的洋中脊跳跃现象及南海大洋中的大陆残片。基于欧亚东缘的陆缘伸展,从地幔上涌和陆壳沿莫霍面的重力滑移的新大陆漂移模型出发,通过横跨南海的几条地震勘探剖面的地质新解释,研究了南海的形成和演化过程。结果说明,南海的形成是一种“构造被动挤出+微陆块主动漂移”模式。构造被动挤出是指印度-欧亚碰撞造成的欧亚大陆东南缘的微陆块被大规模挤出,而由陆缘伸展形成的微陆块在被挤出后发生了主动裂解漂移,南海的海底扩张现象是诸多微陆块主动漂移的结果。这个新的模式能够合理地解释南海形成过程中的洋中脊跳跃现象及南海中大陆残片的成因机制。进一步恢复了南海演化过程中周边陆块的运动演化历史,说明欧亚东缘在中生代晚期发生的大规模伸展构造运动是南海形成的基础,新生代印度-欧亚碰撞是南海形成的直接动力,微陆块的裂解漂移是南海形成的主要参与者。     

柴达木盆地第四纪孢粉组合及古气候波动

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