Early evolution of angiosperms

While many characters have been used to define the nature of the angiosperms in living plants, the list must be reduced to a single character that can be found in the fossil record in order to proceed with our search for the earliest flowering plants.     

ON EVOLUTION OF MAN—LAND SYSTEM IN OASIS—Taking Minqin Basin as a Case

Human beings have had a tremendous impact on natural ecosystems and are now the principal power to change the biosphere.It is logical that we should pay close attention to the interaction between human systems and environ-mental systems.Taking Minqin bsin ,Gansu Province,as a case,this paper focuses on the evolution of regional physic-cal environments and the cultural systems by which people maintain their relationships with those environments.This pa-per presents the conceptural framework for the man-land system.Expecting to accelerate the regional sustainable develop-ment,it also analyses the evolutionary mechanism of regional man-land system.On the basis of reviewing and analyzing the evolution of man-land system in Minqin basin,the paper also brings forward an adujusting mode for the studied area, which consists of three aspects:to build up a concept that economic growth must harmonize with environmental qualityˊs and land productivityˊs improvement;to make a whole planning and management in the drainage area;and to push for-ward the technique of water-saving irrigation and establish water-saving agricultural system. Itˊs meaningful for resource exploitation and sustainable development of Chinese northwestern arid area,which is represented by Minqin basin,by under-standing what great changes the basin has experienced is experiencing at the global background,and studying its time standing what great changes the basin has experienced and is experiencing at the global background,and studying its time order and territorial structure ,the systemˊs character and law of evolution,trend and the regulating ways to improve man-land relationship.     

MODELS OF THE SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF MULTI-PLANT ENTERPRISES

ＭＯＤＥＬＳ ＯＦ ＴＨＥ ＳＰＡＴＩＡＬ ＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮ ＯＦ ＭＵＬＴＩ－ＰＬＡＮＴＥＮＴ ＥＲＰＲＩＳＥＳ ＦｅｉＨｏｎｇｐｉｎｇ（费洪平）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏａｎｄＯｃｅａｎＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ．ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ...     

Type and evolution of landscapes of Nansha Islands

ＴＹＰＥＡＮＤＥＶＯＬＵＴＩＯＮＯＦＬＡＮＤＳＣＡＰＥＳＯＦＮＡＮＳＨＡＩＳＬＡＮＤＳＺｈａｏＨｕａｎｔｉｎｇ（赵焕庭）ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｌｏｇｙ,ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ,Ｇｕ...     

Type and evolution of landscapes of Nansha Islands

Landscapes of the Nansha Islands may be divided into five types: tropical marine organism-breeding landscape of reef knoll like Zengmu Shoal, Wan’an Bank and so on; tropical marine organism-breeding landscape of atoll including all emerged reefs and most submerged reefs; tropical evergreen arbor-bush forest and phosphorous lime soil landscape of limesand Islets like Taiping Islet, Nanwei islet and so on; tropical shallow sea marine organism-breeding landscape of southern continental shelf; tropical oceanic and deep-sea marine organism landscape in middle and north parts of the Nansha Islands area. These five landscape types may be also summed up as two categories, one is tropical sea landscape including those in shallow and deep sea, the other is tropical coral reef landscape including those of reef knoll, atoll and limesand islet. This paper outlines the evolutional model of landscapes of the Nansha Islands. The distribution and evolution of landscape types are related with palaeogeography and modern environmental conditions. The former shallow sea of the Nansha islands was coastal zone in the Late Pleistocene epoch. Deep sea is evolved from shallow sea due to long and slow subsidence of crust. Modern coral reefs develop on old reef top of the Late pleistocene epoch or on baserock of continental shelf in the Holocene due to the rise of sea level in postglacial. Limesand islet is in the peak of developmental stage.     

SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUANGHE RIVER DELTA LOBE

The sedimentary history of a Huanghe(Yellow)River delta lobe can be divided into four stages.In the first stage,the crevasse splays and short-lived distributary channel deposits in the subaerial deltaand sheet silt in the subaqueous delta were well developed.In the second stage,further differentiationof sedimentary environments occurred in the subaerial delta lobe(distributary channel,natural levee,flood plain,central lower delta plain and lateral lower delta plain)and the subaqueous delta lobe(prodelta,delta front and delta lateral).In the third stage,crevasse splay and short-lived distributarychannel deposits mostly occurred in the lower or lower-middle part of the subaerial delta lobe,andsheet silt accumulated off the river mouth.In the fourth stage,the abandoned lobe was reworked.The common vertical sequence of the modern Huanghe River delta showed alternating clayey silt andsilt layers.A complete sequence from prodelta to upper delta plain was commonly composed of twoor more delta lobes.     

Soil evolution features of debris flow waste-shoal land

The reclamation and utilization of debris flow waste-shoal land plays an important role in the mitigation and control of debris flow hazards, which thus contributes a lot to the exploitation of insufficient land resources in mountainous areas and the reduction of losses caused by debris flow. The aim of this paper is to discuss the features and mechanism of soil evolution of debris flow waste-shoal land so as to search for the available modes of its reclamation and utilization. The Jiangjiagou Ravine, a typical debris flow ravine, was selected to study soil evolution features of debris flow waste-shoal land based on the analysis of soil physieochemical properties and soil microstructure. It was found that the soil evolution rates of debris flow waste-shoal land varied with different modes of reclamation. For the land which had been reclaimed for less than lO years, soil evolved most rapidly in paddy fields, and more rapidly in dry farmland than in naturally restored waste-shoal land. For the land which had been used for more than lo years, the soil evolution rates of dry farmland, naturally restored waste-shoal land and paddy farmland decreased in the file. For the same utilization period of time, significant differences were recognized in soil evolution features under different modes of reclamation. Analysis data showed that soil clay content, soil thickness, the psephicity of skeleton particles and contents of microaggregates （〈0.02 mm） in paddy farmland were all highest. Soil nutrients and porosity of dry farmland were better than those of paddy farmland and naturally restored waste-shoal land, and those of paddy farmland were superior to those of naturally restored waste-shoal land. Paddy farmland characterized by rapid pedogenesis, stable evolution and high utilizability was the priority candidate for the reclamation and utilization of debris flow waste -shoal land.     

SPATIAL STRUCTURE EVOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF RECREATION BUSINESS DISTRICT ——A Case of Suzhou City

The growing attention on urban tourism was very widespread. There are two angles to study urban tourism: supply-side and demand-side. And the supply-side of the tourism remains very important. The RBD (Recreation Business District) is a useful framework to understand the components of urban tourism and how they fit together. The paper begins with a review on the RBD and the spatial structure of tourism in urban areas and then attempts to develop a more general understanding of the spatial structure evolution of RBDs in a tourist-historic city—Suzhou. The spatial structures and functions of the RBDs in Suzhou are examined, based on field observations, interviews with city officials and industry leaders, and a review of available documents. The urban tourism of Suzhou has developed in a range of contexts, that various types of RBDs have emerged as a result of different urban development strategies. The spatial structure has evolved from the past “Single-cored Structure“ to “Double-cored Structure“ at present, and then to “Chain Structure“ in the future. The spatial form and evolution of RBD in Suzhou are closely relative with its urban spatial expansion. Urban area dispersal is the prerequisite of the emergence of the RBD. Planning and constructing the RBD becomes a new impetus to urban growth or renewal. Finally, a number of strategies for planning and developing the RBD in Suzhou are suggested. The different RBDs should adopt different strategies.Intensification can be the possible strategy for the RBDs in the ancient city. Accreting with the urban theme park or engrafting on the Jinji Lake is suggested respectively for the RBD in the Suzhou New District and the Suzhou Indus-trial Park.     

Meso-Cenozoic basin evolution in northern Korean Peninsula

In the Korean Peninsula the Meso-Cenozoic basins were mainly formed due to fault block and block movement. The Mesozoic fracture structures correspond basically to modem large rivers in direction. Such faults were usually developed to rift and formed lake-type tectonic basin, such as the Amrokgang-, Taedonggang-, Ryesonggang-, Hochongang-, Jangphari-, Susongchon-, Pujon-, and Nampho basins. The Mesozoic strata are considered to be divided into the Lower Jurassic Taedong System, Upper Jurassic Jasong System, Upper Jurassic-early Lower Cretaceous Taebo System, and the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene （ Chonjaebong, Hongwon, Jaedok Series）. The Cenozoic block movement succeeded the Mesozoic fault block movement. The Kilju-Myongchon Graben and Tumangang Basin, etc, are the basins related to the fault zones developed from the Oligocene to Miocene. In addition, the Tertiary basins were formed in many areas in the Miocene （e. g. Sinhung, Oro, Hamhung, Yonghung, Anbyon, Cholwon, etc）. The Cenozoic sedimentation occurred mainly from the late Oligocene to Miocene. The Kilju-Myongchon Graben was the fore deep connected to the sea and the basins inclined in the Chugaryong Fault Zone are intramountain basins. Therefore, coal-beating beds and clastic rocks in the intramountain basins and rare marine strata and terrigenous clastic rocks are main sedimentary sequences in the Cenozoic.     

月鳢个体发育早期4种同工酶的初步研究

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对月鳢早期(从未受精卵至卵黄吸尽期)8个发育阶段的LDH、MDH、ADH、EST同工酶进行研究。结果表明:月鳢的早期发育阶段ADH酶谱相对稳定,均有两条谱带;LDH、MDH和EST三种同工酶的酶谱在神经胚期前均无明显变化,此后随发育进程逐渐复杂。     

Vertical structure and evolution of the Luzon Warm Eddy

Eddies are frequently observed in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS). However, there have been few studies on vertical structure and temporal-spatial evolution of these eddies. We analyzed the seasonal Luzon Warm Eddy (LWE) based on Argo float data and the merged data products of satellite altimeters of Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1 and European Research Satellites. The analysis shows that the LWE extends vertically to more than 500 m water depth, with a higher temperature anomaly of 5°C and lower salinity anomaly of 0.5 near the thermocline. The current speeds of the LWE are stronger in its uppermost 200 m, with a maximum speed of 0.6 m/s. Sometimes the LWE incorporates mixed waters from the Kuroshio Current and the SCS, and thus has higher thermohaline characteristics than local marine waters. Time series of eddy kinematic parameters show that the radii and shape of the LWE vary during propagation, and its eddy kinetic energy follows a normal distribution. In addition, we used the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) here to analyze seasonal characteristics of the LWE. The results suggest that the LWE generally forms in July, intensifies in August and September, separates from the coast of Luzon in October and propagates westward, and weakens in December and disappears in February. The LWE’s westward migration is approximately along 19°N latitude from northwest of Luzon to southeast of Hainan, with a mean speed of 6.6 cm/s.     

RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH ON ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION IN CHINA

Recent achievements of the research on Chinese environmental evolution are brieny summarized in this paper. Following aspects are touched upon: relationship between Chinese environmental evolution and global change, the influence of the swift uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, time sequence and the reconstruction of environment in characteristic stages, trend towards dryness in north and northwestern China, sea level change and regional studies.     

渗透作用下滑带细观结构演变特性

库岸滑坡受到库水升降作用影响,内部渗透压力会产生周期性的变化。动态渗透压力会导致滑带结构与强度产生劣化,进而影响滑坡整体稳定性。为揭示滑带在渗透作用下的结构演变特征,通过室内渗流试验结合CT扫描技术获取了黄土坡滑坡滑带在不同渗流条件下的细观结构特征,采用Avizo软件量化滑带细观结构参数,定量分析了不同渗透条件下滑带结构的演变规律。结果表明,滑带的渗透系数随渗流时长的增加而呈指数形式下降,且水力梯度越大最终试样的渗透系数越小;连续的CT重构图像显示渗流过程中部分黏土团聚体发生解体,大孔隙被附近的细颗粒逐渐充填,试样结构的宏观均一性增强;统计数据表明滑带土的表观孔隙率由5%下降到了1%,等效直径小于80μm的孔隙占比随渗流时长的增加而增多,而等效直径大于80μm的孔隙占比随渗流时长的增加而减少。结果证明周期性渗透作用会影响滑带内孔隙结构的分布特征,细观上表现为大孔隙被小颗粒充填,导致渗流通道变得细长而弯曲,孔隙的有效连通性被削弱,宏观上表现为渗透系数随渗流时长的增加而降低。     

江南早春二月

江南,这个让多少人魂牵梦萦的地方;江南,这个人杰地灵的佳境。既有“谁言寸草心,报得三春晖”的孝心,也有“东风恶,欢情薄。一杯愁绪,几年离索。错错错”的无奈。置身江南,仿佛走入水墨丹青,宛若踱进人间仙境。“日出江花红似火,春来江水绿如蓝”。     

Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution in northern Korean Peninsula

Since Late Proterozoic era, the Korean Peninsula has been evolved into a state with relatively stable regions and orogenic beltswhich were developed differently each other. The Late Paleozoic (Late Carboniferous－Early Triassic) sediments are well developed in the Korean Peninsula, and called the Pyongan System. The Pyongan System from Late Carboniferous to Lower Triassic is distributed in the Pyongnan and Hyesan-Riwon Basins, and Rangrim Massif, and divided into Hongjom (C2 ) , Ripsok (C2 ) , Sadong (C2-P1 ) , Kobangsan and Rokam ( Taezhawon) ( P2-T1 ) sequences. The sediments of the Tumangang Orogenic Belt are called Tuman System which is composed of the Amgi Series, consisting of clastic formation with mafic effusive material, overlaid by the Kyeryongsan Series, consisting mainly of mafic volcano sediments. The Songsang Series which rests on the Kyeryongsan Series mainly consists of clastic formation with minor felsic effusive material. In the Tuman- gang Orogenic Belt the tectonic movement, called Tumangang Tectonic Movement, occurred in the Lower Permian－Lower Triassic.     

胶东地区早白垩世崂山期花岗岩

崂山期花岗岩是胶东地区广泛分布的中生代花岗岩之一,形成年龄为108～118Ma。崂山期花岗岩形成于弧后拉张环境,是中国东部中生代构造体制转换结束期岩浆事件的产物,受区域构造控制,为地壳深部岩浆沿NE向断裂上侵就位。该期花岗岩具有高硅、富碱,贫Fe、Mg、Al,贫Sr、Ba、Ti、P,并具有显著的负Eu异常,Ga/Al比值高,是中国东部中生代早白垩世晚期下地壳重熔型花岗岩——A型花岗岩,属弱过铝质高钾钙碱性岩。崂山期花岗岩超动侵入伟德山期花岗岩和早白垩世陆相沉积地层,常与伟德山期花岗岩伴生构成I-A型复式杂岩体。     

Meso-Cenozo ic basin evolution in northern Korean Peninsula

In the Korean Peninsula the Meso-Cenozoic basins were mainly formed due to fault block and block movement. The Mesozoic fracture structures correspond basically to modern large rivers in direction. Such faults were usually developed to rift and formed lake-type tectonic basin, such as the Amrokgang-, Taedonggang-, Ryesonggang-, Hochongang-, Jangphari-, Susongchon-, Pujon-, and Nampho basins. The Mesozoic strata are considered to be divided into the Lower Jurassic Taedong System, Upper Jurassic Jasong System, Upper Jurassic－early Lower Cretaceous Taebo System, and the Upper Cretaceous－Paleocene (Chonjaebong, Hongwon, Jaedok Series) . The Cenozoic block movement succeeded the Mesozoic fault block movement. The Kilju-Myonchon Graben and Tumangang Basin, etc, are the basins related to the fault zones developed from the Oligocene to Miocene. In addition, the Tertiary basins were formed in many areas in the Miocene ( e. g. Sinhung, Oro, Hamhung, Yonghung, Anbyon, Cholwon, etc) . The Cenozoic sedimentation occurred mainly from the late Oligocene to Miocene. The Kilju-Myongchon Graben was the fore deep connected to the sea and the basins inclined in the Chugaryong Fault Zone are intramountain basins. Therefore, coal-bearing beds and clastic rocks in the intramountain basins and rare marine strata and terrigenous clastic rocks are main sedimentary sequences in the Cenozoic.