Brittle failure of shale under uniaxial compression

Shale gas reservoirs are characterized by tight matrix, well-developed micro-fissures, and laminations. The study about the failure of shale under compression is of great significance to safe drilling operation and the subsequent reservoir stimulation. The variation of rock mechanical properties with the angle between the axial stress and bedding plane normal (coring angle) is analyzed based on laboratory tests. A failure criterion is applied and verified to describe the strength of shale. Moreover, ultrasonic technology is used to study the damage characteristics of shale during the uniaxial compression process. The experimental results show that shale strength decreases initially and then increases with the increase of the coring angle. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio increase with the increase of coring angle. In a compression process, damage is essentially the development of new micro-cracks induced by the compression. Shale failure is the microscopical reflection of the process of the generation and expansion of axial micro-cracks, so it is the result of damage accumulation. The variation of the lateral p wave velocity can function as a monitor of the development process of shale damage. The damage factor will increase in the linear elastic stage and then enlarge rapidly after entering the stage of unstable micro-crack expansion.     

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three-dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh’s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross-cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.     

弹性模量对岩样破坏前兆及全部变形特征的影响

利用FLAC内嵌语言编制的计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数,计算了弹性模量不同时单缺陷岩样的全部变形特征,研究了弹性模量对岩样的破坏过程及前兆的影响。在峰前及峰后,岩石的本构模型分别取为线弹性模型及莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。当弹性模量不是较高时,岩样自始至终仅出现一条倾斜的剪切带。当弹模较高时,最终剪切应变仅强烈集中于贯通岩样的剪切带内部。剪切带倾角在Arthur与Coulomb倾角之间,且随弹模的增加而降低,经典理论对此不能解释。随着弹模的增加,峰值应力增加,峰前的应力-轴向应变曲线变得陡峭,峰后的应力-轴向应变曲线的斜率几乎不变。随着弹模的增加,峰值强度所对应的轴向应变及侧向应变的大小均降低;应力-侧向应变曲线软化段变得陡峭。随着弹模的降低,侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、泊松比-轴向应变曲线及体积应变-轴向应变曲线在峰前发生转折（偏离线性状态）的程度越来越大;非弹性轴向应变增加;材料缺陷附近的最大剪切应变增量增加。岩样破坏的前兆随着弹性模量的降低而逐渐增强。     

不同温度条件下饱水风化花岗岩强度及变形特性分析

为研究温度和围压对风化花岗岩抗压强度、 剪切强度参数及变形特性的影响规律, 以新疆天山某一矿区的风化花岗岩为研究对象, 对不同温度（15、 -5、 -15 ℃）、 不同围压（0、 4、 7、 10 MPa）条件下的饱水风化花岗岩进行单轴和三轴压缩试验。结果表明： 相同温度条件下, 围压在0 ~ 10 MPa变化时, 风化花岗岩三轴抗压强度随围压线性增大。在相同围压下, 抗压强度随温度的降低而明显提高, 风化花岗岩的黏聚力c随温度降低而增大, 内摩擦角φ随温度的降低呈增长趋势。弹性模量随围压的增大不断提高, 但随着温度的降低, 增长幅度逐渐减小。泊松比也随温度降低和围压的增加呈增大趋势。温度和围压对风化花岗岩试样的破坏形态影响机制不同。温度降低使矿物颗粒及内部的微裂纹和间隙收缩, 进而胶结强度增大; 荷载和围压的增大会使岩石内部形成微裂隙并逐渐贯通, 同时孔隙冰破碎裂隙充分接触, 进一步增加摩擦力提高岩石强度。     

Experimental Study on Acoustoelastic Character of Rock Under Uniaxial Compression

This paper made a research about the change rule of elastic wave velocity with stress applied on rock from theoretical and experimental aspect. Firstly, a mathematical model of P-wave velocity and confining pressure of rock was set up from the point of acoustoelastic character. Effect of axial stress on P-wave velocity in granite and sandstone during uniaxial compression process was studied experimentally by using GAW-2000 rock mechanical testing system and RSM-SY5 ultrasonic wave testing system, and the relation curves of axial stress with P-wave velocity were obtained. Based on test data, acoustoelastic theoretical formulas of granite and sandstone were established and the best empirical formulas were fitted by using regression method. Meanwhile, a comparative analysis of the empirical and theoretical calculated values was carried out. Finally, the reliability of applying acoustoelastic theoretical formula in hard rock range was further verified based on the experimental data of granitic gneiss. The results show that the P-wave velocity experiences a rapid increase, gentle increase and then a sharp fall during the uniaxial compression process. The B-value in acoustoelastic theoretical formula (proportion coefficient determined by elastic modulus and third-order elastic constant) decreases exponentially with axial stress. The acoustoelastic theoretical formula can effectively reflect the relationship between rock acoustic velocity and stress within the allowable error, which can be the theoretical foundation of acoustoelastic geo-stress measurement of subsurface rock mass.     

单轴压缩下两种脆性岩石强度及声发射特性的试验研究

脆性对岩石破裂机制及声发射特性具有重要影响。采用花岗岩及大理岩两种不同岩性的岩石,开展了单轴压缩及声发射测试试验,获取了两种岩石的强度及变形特性,并对其脆性大小进行定量评价,分析了单轴压缩过程中两种岩石声发射能量演化特性,结合声发射b值计算结果及其物理意义,对比了两种岩石破裂机制的差异性。结果表明:(1)试验所采用的两种岩石,花岗岩的σ_cd/σ_p之比介于0.676~0.745之间,平均为0.706,而大理岩的σ_cd/σ_p之比介于0.439~0.615,平均为0.52;(2)基于脆性评价指标,结合试样宏观破坏现象及形态,本次试验采用的花岗岩其脆性大于大理岩;(3)岩石脆性程度越大,在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段,在产生相同的轴向压缩变形的情况下,环向变形量越大;(4)强脆性的花岗岩在裂纹不稳定扩展阶段持续出现高能级的声发射信号,而弱脆性的大理岩则表现出能量持续降低的变化趋势,峰值强度后,弱脆性的大理岩其高能级能量的声发射信号更活跃;(5)单轴压缩下,与大理岩相比,花岗岩破坏过程中大尺度的破裂事件所占比例较大。     

雪峰山隧道砂板岩各向异性力学特性的试验研究

利用MTS815 Flex GT岩石力学试验系统,对雪峰山隧道围岩中的砂板岩开展单轴和三轴试验,研究这种砂板岩中的细微层理对岩石变形特性、强度特性及其参数的影响,结果表明：岩石力学特性的各向异性特征显著。层理面与轴向力夹角0°时应力-应变曲线呈不稳定破裂特征,破坏面沿层理面方向发育;夹角90°时曲线呈峰后迅速软化特征,破坏面为对角贯通性剪切破坏。单轴试验中夹角0°的抗压强度比夹角90°高出约20%,弹性模量和变形模量比夹角90°分别约大50%和80%。三轴试验中2种夹角情况破坏时主应力差 相近,夹角0°的弹性模量和变形模量分别比夹角90°时约大6%和20%,围压对砂板岩的各向异性特征有弱化效应。这些结论揭示了该砂板岩各向异性的力学特性,对解决工程实际问题有重要的参考价值     

冻融温变速率对岩石受载特性的影响规律

以贺兰山岩画、云冈石窟等中常见的硅质胶结砂岩为研究对象,对不同温变速率冻融后岩样进行称重、超声波测试和单轴压缩试验,探究了冻融后岩石物理力学性质随冻融温变速率的变化规律;根据冻融后岩石受载过程中的声发射和微震特征,揭示了温变速率对冻融后岩石内部不同尺度裂纹扩展的影响规律及其内在机制。研究表明：（1）随着温变速率增加,岩样冻融后的微裂纹增多,颗粒间联结强度减弱,峰值强度、弹性模量降低,破坏应变及损伤参量D_e、D_v增大;（2）冻融岩石受载过程中,微裂纹具有“初始压密―扩展孕育―急速扩展”的演化特征,宏观裂纹演化过程可分为“匀速扩展－急速扩展”两个阶段,其中宏观裂纹的急速扩展阶段还呈现出“孕育－扩展－再孕育－再扩展”的波浪式发展特点;温变速率越大,冻融后岩石受载过程中的微裂纹、宏观裂纹扩展越快,且更易于进入急速扩展阶段;当温变速率增大到一定数值后,微裂纹、宏观裂纹从加载开始即以较高速率扩展,直至岩样破坏;（3）微裂纹孕育阶段和加载全过程的声发射振铃相对增长速率,以及宏观裂纹匀速扩展阶段的相对时长、微震振铃相对增长速率均与损伤参量D_e、D_v具有较好的拟合关系,能够反映冻融循环对岩石的初始损伤作用;（4）冻胀力随温变速率增加而增大,导致不同温变速率冻融后岩样的初始损伤不同,这是引起冻融后岩石受载过程中裂纹扩展、声震特性出现显著差异的内在原因。     

Plane Strain Testing with Passive Restraint

A plane strain condition for testing rock is developed through passive restraint in the form of a thick-walled cylinder. The so-called biaxial frame generates the intermediate principal stress that imposes a triaxial state of stress on a prismatic specimen. Major and minor principal stresses and corresponding strains are accurately measured, providing data to calculate the elastic (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio), inelastic (dilatancy angle), and strength (friction angle and cohesion) parameters of the rock. Results of experiments conducted on Indiana limestone in plane strain compression are compared with the results of axisymmetric compression and extension. With proper system calibration, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are consistent among the tests. The plane strain apparatus enforces in-plane deformation with the three principal stresses at failure being different, and it allows one to determine the Paul-Mohr-Coulomb failure surface, which includes an intermediate stress effect.     

随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形特性研究

洞室开挖后,其周边通常会产生许多随机分布的贯穿裂隙,直接影响洞室围岩稳定,研究随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的变形及变形特性具有重要意义。基于线弹性理论和线性刚度理论计算岩石和裂隙的位移,用概率的方法建立了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体变形的计算模型,给出了随机分布贯穿裂隙岩体的等效弹性模量和等效泊松比,研究了岩石和裂隙的材料参数和几何参数对岩体等效弹性模量和等效泊松比的影响。可得如下结论：等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着岩石弹性模量的增大而增大;等效泊松比随着岩石泊松比的增大而增大;等效弹性模量和等效泊松比随着裂隙法向刚度的增大而增大;随着剪切刚度的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐增大,而等效泊松比则逐渐减少;随着裂隙平均间距的增大,等效弹性模量逐渐减小,等效泊松比在平均倾斜角较小时逐渐增大,在平均倾斜角较大时逐渐减小;随着裂隙平均倾斜角的增大,等效弹性模量先减小后增大,而等效泊松比先增大后减小。模型能较全面地考虑构成岩体的岩石和裂隙的材料参数与几何参数对岩体变形的影响,其结果对研究洞室围岩的变形和工程设计有一定的参考价值。     

高温下花岗岩断裂特性的研究

本文介绍了室温到300℃温度范围内的花岗岩试件的三点弯曲断裂试验和圆柱体试件的单轴压缩试验。给出了花岗岩的断裂韧度 KIC,单轴抗压强度 fp,弹性横量 E 等力学参数随温度和加温速率变化的试验结果。这些试验结果表明,花岗岩以≤2℃/min 的加温速度缓慢加热到150℃时,断裂韧度将取得最大值,它约为室温值的1.14倍,虽然它的单轴抗压强度是随着温度的升高而递减的。另外,还用电镜和光学显徽镜的观察结果说明了温度对花岗岩断裂过程的影响。     

含横向节理的柱状节理岩体力学特性试验研究

针对柱状节理岩体的构造特性,采用水泥砂浆等材料制作出具有不同柱体倾角且含有横向节理分布的柱状节理岩体模型,并通过单轴压缩试验,研究柱体倾角和横向节理对岩体各向异性力学特性及破坏机制的影响。结果表明：试样峰值强度和变形模量随柱体倾角变化曲线均近似为U形,并体现出典型的各向异性特征;随着柱体倾角的变化,试样单轴压缩破坏模式可分为垂直于柱体轴向的劈裂破坏、沿纵向节理面的剪切滑移破坏、滑移破坏与劈裂破坏同时发生的复合破坏和平行于柱体轴向的劈裂破坏4类;横向节理的存在降低了柱状节理岩体沿柱轴方向的完整性,并影响了劈裂破坏裂纹的分布与扩展,因此,横向节理切割柱体是影响柱状节理岩体承载能力的重要因素。     

Mechanical and Elastic Properties of Transversely Isotropic Slate

Planes of weakness like schistosity and foliation affect the strength and deformational behaviors of rocks. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the elastic and strength behavior of slate rocks obtained from foundation of Sardasht dam site in Iran. Wet and dry specimens with different orientation of foliation were evaluated under uniaxial, triaxial, and Brazilian tests. According to the results obtained, slate mechanically pronounced U-shaped anisotropy in uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. In addition, the degree of anisotropy for the slates tested in current study was relatively high, showing the effect of foliation plane on strength and elastic parameters. It was concluded that stiffness of the samples decrease as the angle of anisotropy reaches 30–40°. This change was more pronounced for wet comparing to dry samples. However, the tensile strength obtained during Brazilian tests indicated that there is no apparent relationship between angle of anisotropy and tensile strength. However, increasing the water saturation decreased the tensile strength of the samples. The calculated elastic moduli referring to different anisotropy angles could be valuable for the design of various engineering structures in planar textured rock masses.     

单轴压缩过程中花岗岩声学特性的研究

本文研究了单轴压缩过程中不同风化程度花岗岩的超声波谱参数(包括纵、横波速度、波幅、振幅谱密度函数、振幅谱相对平均频率比、波形、动杨氏模量和动泊松比等)的变化规律及其与力学特性的关系。     

万福煤矿不同含水率砂岩蠕变力学特性试验研究

为研究深部巷道围岩在地下水作用下的长期蠕变力学特性,采用自主研制的深部软岩五联流变试验系统,开展不同含水率(0%、0.8%、1.6%、2.4%、3.3%)下砂岩吸水软化单轴压缩试验及单轴蠕变试验。通过试验结果研究表明：砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和蠕变破坏应力与含水率呈指数下降关系,蠕变破坏应力与单轴抗压强度的比值在0.76～0.84之间;砂岩衰减蠕变阶段时间随着含水率的增加而减少,随应力水平的增加而增加。径向应变比轴向应变先进入稳态蠕变阶段,破坏应力下径向应变的加速蠕变阶段开始时间要先于轴向应变;基于稳态蠕变速率曲线确定了砂岩的长期强度,径向稳态蠕变速率确定的值略小于轴向,长期强度与含水率之间满足负指数关系;将蠕变试验中径向应变与轴向应变之比定义为μ_c,提出了基于μ_c值的岩石长期强度确定方法且μ_c值与含水率无关,对于本次砂岩样品可以认为μ_c值大于0.3时样品会在一定时间内发生加速蠕变破坏;随着含水率的增加,样品破坏形态由单斜面剪切破坏逐渐演变至X状共轭斜面剪切破坏。研究结果为地下水作用下巷道长期稳...     

The Research on Acoustic Properties of Granite under Uni-axial Compression Condition

The paper deals with the ultrasonic wave-spectra parameters including velocities of compression and shear waves, dynamic young’s meduli and Poisson’s ratio, density function and average frequency ration of amplitude spectra, waveforms, etc.. And also, presented are the change law of these parameter of variously-weathered granite in the course of uniaxial compressive loading and its relationship with the mechanical characters.     

不同频率循环荷载作用下岩石阻尼比试验与变形破坏机制细观分析

通过对取自海南昌江核电厂一期工程主厂区的黑云母花岗岩,在RMT－150B多功能全自动刚性岩石伺服试验机进行单轴不同频率的循环加卸载试验,研究花岗岩动应变-应力滞回曲线、动弹性模量和阻尼比同循环频率之间的规律,然后对破坏断裂断口进行细观电镜扫描试验,分析了不同频率下花岗岩断口细观形貌与结构特征。结果表明,花岗岩在循环荷载作用下的加卸应力-应变曲线并不重合,而是形成一个封闭的滞回环;当循环频率在0.01～1.0 Hz范围内变化时,随着频率增大,花岗岩滞回环面积、动弹模和阻尼比都增大;通过细观数字图像试验分析发现,循环荷载作用下,随着频率的增大,岩石断口细观裂纹总的数目、面积、分形维数均变大。文中给出不同频率循环荷载作用下岩石破裂的细观损伤力学机制,研究成果对海南昌江核电厂的地震反应分析和场地安全性评价有着重要参考价值。     

矿物粒径对花岗岩单轴压缩特性影响的试验与模拟研究

高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视。花岗岩是我国高放废物地质处置工程的候选围岩,深入了解处置库花岗岩的强度及破坏特性对于处置系统的设计及性能评价具有十分重要的意义。作为矿物颗粒的集合体,花岗岩是一种由石英、长石和黑云母等矿物组成的非均质岩石,矿物粒径对其宏观力学特性影响明显。以我国高放地质处置库预选区阿拉善花岗岩为例,选取矿物粒径差异明显的似斑状花岗岩和中粒花岗岩两类岩石,采用单轴压缩试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了矿物粒径对岩石力学特性的影响。单轴压缩试验在MTS815岩石力学试验系统进行,数值模拟采用基于离散元的颗粒流程序PFC2D完成。数值模拟过程中,以试件表面图像为基础,采用数字图像处理技术获取岩石内部矿物组分的实际空间分布,从而建立了精确反映花岗岩内部矿物种类及其空间位置的数值模型。利用该模型对花岗岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,论证了模型的可靠性。试验及模拟结果表明,阿拉善花岗岩破坏形式为脆性张拉破坏,裂纹大多平行于轴压方向,数字图像数值分析方法可真实地反映材料细观结构。矿物粒径对材料力学特性的影响主要表现为:细粒、等粒结构的岩石强度高,粗粒、不等粒结构的岩石强度低。研究成果可为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供依据。     

川西北茂县群千枚岩各向异性力学特性

利用MTS815Teststar岩石力学试验系统,对川西北茂县群千枚岩开展单轴和三轴试验,研究千枚岩各向异性力学特性。研究结果表明：千枚岩在达到峰值强度50%以前就普遍出现很大的变形和局部破坏,表明围岩产生大变形或出现早期扩容并不意味着其丧失承载能力,如及时进行针对性支护或加强围岩保护仍具有较强的强度。损伤扩容是千枚岩变形破坏的典型特征,并对变形产生不同的影响,横向应变对损伤扩容比轴向应变更敏感,能更灵敏地反映岩石材料内部的屈服、弱化。千枚岩各向异性随含水率与围压水平表现出不同的变化规律,强度各向异性随含水率和围压水平提高而降低,弹性模量和泊松比则与加载方向和转化围压有关。不同含水状态下干燥千枚岩的单轴抗压强度各向异性最为显著,大部分千枚岩的强度各向异性率在0.80以下,其中绢云母千枚岩最强,为0.48,其强弱对比依次为绢云母千枚岩、绿泥石千枚岩、石英千枚岩、炭质千枚岩。千枚岩表现出不同的破坏模式,并随围压或含水率的增加而变化;剪切机制单独控制着各向异性力学特性,千枚岩统一沿软弱面剪切破坏。     

多尺度节理岩体力学特性的颗粒流分析

以白云鄂博露天铁矿东矿岩质高边坡为工程背景,结合现场地质调查、室内岩石和节理力学试验等数据,采用等效岩体技术,构建能充分反映节理分布特征的实验室、现场原位试验和工程尺度等多尺度等效岩体模型。通过对各类等效岩体模型进行单轴压缩试验,研究岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量等力学特性的尺寸效应和各向异性。研究表明：节理的存在使岩体表现出尺寸效应和各向异性,且随着尺寸的增大,这种特性基本呈逐渐减弱的趋势;研究区域岩体的表征单元体积、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量分别为20 m×10 m×10 m、1.46 MPa和3.91 GPa;岩体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与轴向尺寸的关系,近似符合渐进式指数函数关系,且该函数能直观地给出工程尺度岩体的力学特性。