我国黄金珠宝首饰典当行业的现状及其影响因素分析

我国传统典当行业从20世纪80年代末期开始复苏,黄金珠宝首饰的民品典当业务开始成为典当的主体。随着经济的发展和社会环境的不断变化,这种状况在21世纪后发生了明显的改变,房地产、汽车典当业务占据了我国典当业务的半壁江山。从国家新兴产业发展、典当产业政策、业务风险差异、客户群体变化等方面对当前影响我国黄金珠宝首饰典当业务发展的因素进行了分析。分析认为,国家经济发展格局、政策环境和典当业需求的变化,是最近十年黄金珠宝首饰失去典当业务主体地位的关键原因。未来要恢复黄金珠宝首饰在典当业务的主体地位还存在一定的困难,但作为传统民品典当的重要组成部分,黄金珠宝首饰典当业务不会失去其重要性。只要国家在黄金珠宝首饰绝当品流通方面给予相关的政策和便利,典当行业合理配置黄金珠宝鉴定科技人才,黄金珠宝首饰典当业务在未来仍有较大的拓展空间。     

土地储备的发展 实践以及新时代背景下的思考

土地储备制度起源于欧洲,发展于欧美地区。我国自20世纪90年代末,在借鉴国外发展经验的基础上,相继成立了土地储备机构,建立了土地储备制度。经过二十多年的发展,土地储备有效解决了土地无偿使用制度下产生的诸多历史遗留问题,为培育和规范土地市场、有效配置土地资源、优化城市空间布局、促进城市经济以及社会发展发挥了重要作用。十九大后,中国特色社会主义步入新时代。土地储备工作要深入贯彻新发展理念,积极应对新情况新问题新挑战,强化政府主导和公益性定位,适应土地市场发展改革需求,寻找新的转型发展之路。     

From compassion to compliance? Trends in refugee and humanitarian migration in Australia

Australia has a long history of offering protection to refugees. In the post-World War II period it has predominantly been involved in an offshore refugee settlement program whereby it has assisted international efforts to assist refugees and resettled almost 600,000 refugees in Australia. In recent years, however, substantial numbers of asylum seekers have arrived on Australia's shores and this has seen the development of an onshore refugee program which is seen as quite separate from the offshore program. This has involved the detention of asylum seekers while their claims for protection are assessed and when they are assessed as being qualified for protection they are given different status to offshore determined refugee settlers. The paper summarises the development of refugee policy in Australia and the evolution of the offshore and onshore policies. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Regional policies and regional consciousness in Europe's multinational societies

This paper is concerned with the political significance of the spatial economic activities of states. Regional problems are often the result of social differences which frequently are expressed in regional consciousness and loyalties and in turn they often create potential political and social cleavages and thus affect the cohesion and viability of the state. Various aspects of regional development policies in both western and eastern European multinational states which involve the spatial distribution of economic activities are examined. Planning the economic and social life emphasizes the regional allocation of resources, the coordination of national plans with regional objectives and increased consideration of the problem of lagging regions. Most regional movements are a protest against neglect and demand more local control and autonomy, therefore regional policies must be geared to the modification of long standing grievances resulting from past policies. In countries where increased participation by its inhabitants in the economic and social policies of their respective countries has been a matter of national policy, regional grievances generally have been kept under control.     

抓住机遇敢于挑战加快发展

《国务院关于加强地质工作的决定》为地质工作的发展提供了良好的社会氛围,对其多元化投入步伐将加快,工作领域将进一步拓宽,人才培养、装备更新力度可望加大,长期困扰地勘工作发展的政策问题有望逐步得到解决。这为地质工作发展提供了新的发展机遇与空间,同时地质工作尤其是化工地质行业也面临着市场化管理,地勘单位企业化挑战,体制上的挑战及矿种比较优势不强的挑战。贯彻、落实好决定需要有相应的配套政策;对地勘单位而言,应找准定位,利用好政策寻求发展。对化工地质队伍,更应增强了犹患意识,扎实做好主业,正确评估自身实力,搞好队伍建设及做好跟踪新理论、新技术,拓宽领域等一系列工作。     

Regional policy in Cameroon: The case of planning without facts

Cameroon's economic development is without doubt a story of success. Since independence, the country has been favoured by internal and external advantages but, as in most African countries south of the Sahara, the results of regional development policies — in spite of an existing and sound planning structure — are disappointing. Cameroon was always well-provided with the now fashionable ‘integrated’, ‘basic need-oriented’, ‘bottom-up’ and ‘development-from-within’ regional policy programmes. In discussing such a programme and proposing elements of a modified development strategy, it can, however, be argued that even the first step of creating a basic regional development project has been far from satisfactory. Further, in spite of government rhetoric, no regional development policy as normally defined exists. What does exist are regional effects of development projects. This prompts the question of whether it may be preferable to replace the term ‘regional development policy’, and to return to a ‘regionally based, comprehensively planned, project policy’, based on facts which first have to be collected and analysed.     

地质找矿改革发展面临的突出问题与对策

国有地勘单位的改革始于20世纪末,以原地矿部所属的地勘队伍以及工业部门所属的大部分地勘单位属地化为标志,国有地勘单位开始了企业化进程。国家一系列优惠政策,给地勘单位的发展注入了新的活力。国家在加大对地勘单位投入的同时,放开了民营资本进入地勘市场的限制,商业性地勘市场出现了前所未有的繁荣,并取得了一大批重要的地质找矿成果。但国民经济的快速发展及国际矿业巨头的垄断,致使国内矿产品供需矛盾日益突出,经济发展对地质技术保障能力的要求被迅速放大,同时地勘单位体制机制的不和谐性也显现出来,具体表现为:勘查体制不顺、找矿机制不活、政策落实不够、勘探能力不强等。针对上述突出问题,提出了完善勘查体制、创新找矿机制、推进政策落实、提升勘探能力等相应的对策。     

A vision for Iran’s fuel cell and hydrogen development

Hydrogen combined with fuel cell (FC) technology has been widely discussed as a long-term fuel option to address environmental and energy security concerns. Iran, despite outlining a long-term plan to develop its renewable energies’ (REs) infrastructures, is faced with difficulties in deploying fuel cell hydrogen (FCH). These obstacles—led by lack of adequate funding—have caused a slowdown in the government-driven initiatives in recent years, thus resulting in projects delays and suspensions. This paper focuses on current status of Iran’s FCH within and among leading and neighboring countries. Barriers and challenges of the three main actors (government, university, and industry) on Iran’s FCH development are analyzed and then supported with a policy perspective. It is shown that the government obligations play a significant role to overcome these obstacles and also act as the main driving force to perform the required actions. The paper also proposes strategic measures in a short-, medium-, and long-term framework to promote the technology in Iran in hopes of a clear national policy and a proper vision. It is shown that the responsibility for the short- and medium-term actions lies predominantly upon the government while it will be fully devolved to the private sector in the long term.     

Iran’s energy policy: Current dilemmas and perspective for a sustainable energy policy

Iran is facing large challenges in the area of energy policy. In order to illuminate these challenges and the problems and possibilities, which are present, firstly, the current energy consumption patterns have been analyzed in Iran as well as the energy policy of the Iranian government. Based on this analysis, the alternative concepts have been then formulated for Iran’s future energy. The increase in energy usage in Iran is distinctly out of proportion with the development of economic productivity. Negative structural characteristics of this system are: first, an above average energy intensity; second, an increase in energy consumption in the traffic sector; third, a high growth rate in usage of electric energy; and lastly, an above-average amount of stress to the environment. Traditionally, Iran’s energy policy has focused on satisfying the growing demand for energy by oil and, in the last fifteen years, by successively expanding natural gas. However, the further development of the natural gas supply only makes sense within the context of a holistic energy policy, which takes into account the principles of sustainable development. In the short term, such a policy would take advantage of both considerable energy saving techniques, as well as potential renewable energy sources. In the long term, such a policy would strive for the complete transfer to renewable energy sources and technology.     

产权政策视角下废弃矿井采矿用地再开发模式研究

废弃矿井再利用已成为资源型城市实现功能转型的主要路径,矿井地面生产区采矿用地的再开发属于城市存量工业用地更新的范畴,是一个伴随产权转移的空间转型过程.通过分析相关产权政策与废弃矿井再开发模式之间的关联性,探讨制度对空间的影响,提出对未来发展的政策建议.通过系统梳理自1990年以来国家、地方层面的产权政策,并以该时段内不...     

U.S. Economic strategies against Western Europe: From Nixon to Reagan

This paper seeks to examine the destabilizing role of the U.S. in international monetary affairs by charting the changing economic and monetary policies of successive U.S. administrations. It suggests that U.S. economic policy since the beginning of the 1970s can only be explained as a reaction to the relative decline of the U.S. economy vis-à-vis Western Europe and Japan. To ward off this decline the U.S. has pursued unilateral policies of dollar devaluation and revaluation which have often worked to the disadvantage of its rivals and the Third World. In detail, this paper examines the nature and consequences of a dollar devaluation policy under Nixon and Carter, of the strong dollar policy of the first Reagan administration, and of the renewed devaluation policies of Reagan's second administration. This paper shows how these policies have evolved against a background of deepening international crisis (and with reference to U.S. geopolitical strategies and the sanction of protectionism). Lessons are drawn for the European Left and future scenarios are mapped out concerning possible geographical alignments at the turn of the century. This paper places the debt crisis in the wider context of an asymmetrical and dysfunctional economic and monetary order.     

Central–local conflicts in China’s environmental policy implementation: the case of the sloping land conversion program

Deforestation since the 1980s has led to substantial loss of ecological services in China. As a responsive strategy, China launched the most ambitious reforestation efforts in the developing world. However, like many other environmental policies, forestry policy has not been effectively implemented, mainly due to the fragmentation nature in China’s environmental governance institution. This paper highlights the impact of central–local conflicts on forestry policy implementation. With insufficient motivation, local governments tend to minimize their efforts in planning, monitoring, and supporting reforestation activities, which poses great challenges on the sustainability of the reforestation benefits. With extensive field experiences, this paper also raises three innovative strategies to solve the financial dilemma that leads to the effort minimization phenomenon, with both the advantages and disadvantages for each strategy critically discussed. It finally recommends ways by which the central government could improve design of reforestation policies, or other large-scale ecological programs, which involve local governments as a key liaison.     

主要发达国家地质信息服务的政策体系及其特点

信息服务政策是信息服务顺利实施的保障。美、加、澳和英国等主要发达国家的地质调查机构制定并执行了一系列的信息服务政策。这些政策规定了服务的对象、内容、定价、合作伙伴关系、信息发布、客户关系、服务质量等方面的行为准则,涵盖了实施信息服务涉及的所有主要行为,已经形成了比较完整的体系。从以下几个方面阐述了上述主要发达国家信息服务政策体系的特点:信息自由法、版权对地质信息服务的影响,比较完善的定价政策、价格体系和重视用政策、标准规范信息服务。     

Regional policies and the national interest

The shifting relationships between central and local government policies with regard to land use and economic development in Britain are reviewed, and recent tendencies in the management of spatial economic change summarised. Public interest and activity in this sphere have waned markedly in recent years as economic circumstances have deteriorated, traditional policies disappointed and economic priorities changed. The continuing advantages of regional intervention are considered and exemplified at several spatial scales. The policy constraints imposed by the weakness of the national economy are acknowledged. New attitudes and policies are advocated which, more than in the past, would recognise and exploit the considerable economic strengths of some parts of the country, and which suggest the desirability of a different spatial development path to that espoused by governments in recent decades.     

Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.     

Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.     

Energy and policy providing for sustainable rural livelihoods in remote locations – The case of Cuba

Modern, small-scale renewable energy technology has the potential to enable and sustain rural livelihoods, particularly in developing countries remote locations without access to the grid. Yet, the provision of rural energy to isolated communities might not achieve the desired long-term result unless its development is part of wider national policy geared to sustainable development and social equity. This article shows how a combination of technology and policy targeted at the improvement of livelihoods in rural areas is the best solution for maximising the capacity of renewable energy to deliver services. It pinpoints the transforming processes and the institutions participating in the delivery of energy technology. This work draws on the Cuban experience of renewable energy technology, that country’s efforts to improve quality of life for remote populations, and its pledge to promote environmental sustainability. Using a sustainable livelihoods approach, the results of a survey in a rural community are analysed in the framework of existing assets and policies. The article describes how it is not only local users who benefit from a comprehensive technical, social and environmental energy approach. The same governmental administration that promotes such services has much to gain from technology that works well, benefits the poor in remote locations and protects the environment within its larger policy promoting sustainable and egalitarian society.     

A watershed on the Rhine: Changing approaches to international environmental cooperation

Since the 1950s, the governments of the riparian countries of the Rhine have attempted to protect the ecosystems of the river basin through international cooperation. Before 1987, their relations were unproductive and antagonistic. International programs for the protection of Rhine were far less effective than domestic policies. From 1987 onwards, international cooperation on the protection of the Rhine has been exemplary, and has led the way in domestic and international water protection policies. Many existing frameworks of international relations are not able to offer an adequate account of this wholesale change. In this article, an attempt is undertaken with the help of grid-group theory. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cultural policy in Singapore: negotiating economic and socio-cultural agendas

In this paper, I examine the role of cultural policy in a newly industrialised economy, which is at the same time a state with a short history and only nascent beginnings in nation-building and efforts to construct a distinctive cultural identity. Using Singapore as the site of analyses, develop an understanding of the intersection between the economic and socio-cultural agendas behind cultural development policies. I illustrate the hegemony of the economic, supported by the ideology and language of pragmatism and globalisation. At the same time, I explore the reception of and attempts to negotiate (and at times, contest) state policies by “cultural practitioners” – artists, dancers, playwrights, actors, directors and so forth, illustrating the disjuncture between state policies and practitioners' ideals. This may be cast as a conflict between social and cultural development priorities as envisaged by the practitioners as opposed to economic development priorities as embodied in the state’s cultural economic policies.