Seismic microzonation in Australia

Since the 1980s seismic microzonation studies have been undertaken in Australia to assess the likely effects of earthquakes on urban centres built on unconsolidated sediments. Presently the Nakamura method is used for processing data.So far parts of Perth, Adelaide, Cairns, Gladstone, Rockhampton, Newcastle, Sydney and Launceston have been zoned. The Launceston, Tasmania, study was the pilot study for many of these as it refined the methodology used and the data obtained were incorporated into a GIS database. Building heights and site factor zoning maps were produced for the Launceston City Council.One of the major activities, of the new initiative by the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO), popularly known as the ‘Cities Project’, is coordinating seismic microzonation throughout Australia. Microzonation data have been included in AGSO’s geohazards GIS database. This is helping local councils zone land for seismic hazards. State Emergency Services use the information to plan for emergencies resulting from the effects of earthquakes. These practical applications of seismic microzonation data will help mitigate the destructive effects of any future large earthquakes occurring near major urban centres.In the Launceston case it was found that there is a variable risk dependant on epicentral distance and the nature of relatively unconsolidated sediments in various parts of the city. Disastrous amplification could occur at some sites.     

国外勘查地球物理的若干进展——1996年

本文根据1996年国外发表的勘查地球物理文献,概要列举了物探方法发展的新前沿。在矿产勘查方面介绍了金属矿预测和普查工作的新进展以及金伯利岩、滑石矿床的找矿方法和实例。在环境勘察方面,回顾了电法在水质调查中的应用,介绍了物探方法在城市垃圾场调查、煤矿闭坑善后工作、城市人工物理场环境效应调查中的应用以及滑坡和洞穴调查中新采用的方法。在区域和深部地球物理调查方面,概述了西方国家近年来实施的矿产勘查开创计划、大规模的电导率结构研究和南极磁异常图的编制。在新技术新方法方面,介绍了新的航空电磁系统———FLAIRTEM、电(磁)法中非接触数据采集技术、谱激发极化法在环境调查中的应用、探测油气蚀变柱的区域勘查新方法和海洋重力仪。     

Urban land use transformation and determinants of urban land use size in China

Astract Recent economic reforms and shifts in land use planning in China have greatly changed the size and structure of urban land use. In this paper, an overview of the problems in urban land use and the impacts of economic reforms and planning policies on rapid urban land expansion and structural transformation is outlined. This is followed by statistical analyses to reveal determinants of urban land size. The study shows that urban land use in China has been improved, and urban land use size is related to urban reforms, urban land use adjustment, as well as to population growth and economic development.     

西安市城市灰尘微量元素环境异常研究

通过对西安市城市灰尘中部分微量元素背景值和富集程度的研究,圈定了环境异常区.对各异常区元素特点进行分析,指出异常区城市灰尘中主要污染元素为Hg、Ag、Sb、Zn,其余元素在不同异常地段也有不同程度的富集.在此基础上,分别对不同异常地段中微量元素的分布状况作了评价.      

Towards models of strategic spatial choice behaviour: theory and application issues

Models of spatial choice behaviour have been around in geography urban planning for decades to assess the feasibility of planning actions or to predict external (competition) effects on existing destinations. Although these models differ in terms of complexity and key concepts, they all have in common that spatial choice behaviour is predicted as a function of the attributes of the choice alternatives and distance or travel time separation only. None of these models do take into account that the attributes of choice alternatives and travel time may be highly non-stationary and that often the utility that people derive from visiting a particular location also depends on the choice behaviour of other individuals. Under these circumstances, individuals may exhibit strategic choice behaviour. That is, they will choose particular choice options taking into account their expected behaviour of others such as to maximize their own utility. The purpose of the proposed paper is to discuss possible models of strategic choice behaviour for these urban planning problems. Theory will be outlined and some critical issues in the application of such models to problems of spatial choice will be discussed.     

城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究进展

城市规划不仅需要适应区域气候,更需要通过城市自身的合理空间配置来缓解因城市化引起的城市大气环境问题,因此,加强城市景观格局大气环境效应的研究对于提高城市规划的水平具有重要的意义。从城市下垫面的大气环境效应、大气数值模式、遥感应用技术以及城市规划的气候适应性等方面综述了城市景观格局的大气环境效应的研究进展,并分析了城市景观格局的大气环境效应应用于城市规划面临的主要问题。尽管城市景观组分的大气环境效应已经得到充分认识和应用,但是景观组分的空间组合,即城市景观格局对城市大气环境的影响及其应用研究仅仅处于起步的阶段。为了推动城市景观格局的大气环境效应研究并应用于城市规划之中,除了需要深入研究“格局影响过程”的机制外,还需要重点解决2个问题：一是寻找能够用来研究城市景观格局与大气环境相互作用的格局参数;二是确认具有一般意义的理想城市景观格局模式。     

Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre's integrated research program delivers a new minerals exploration strategy for industry

The Australian Geodynamics Cooperative Research Centre was an unincorporated joint venture between government organisations, universities and industry with financial support from the Commonwealth Government. Its Mission was to develop, in partnership with the minerals exploration industry, a geodynamic framework of the Australian continent, which would enhance industry's capacity to discover new world‐class deposits. The Centre has now closed after completing 7 years of integrated and innovative research. Prominent among the research outcomes are new geological, geophysical and geochronological data for key regions of Australia and new enabling technologies to collect better data or to better analyse existing data. In addition, it developed a systematic and objective methodology for synthesising data into possible exploration models that could be tested by computer analyses that simulate the geodynamic evolution of the proposed geology. If the computer simulation reproduced the same characteristics as are known to occur in a mineral deposit then the input data and exploration model are considered to be valid. They can then be used to predict whether other, as yet undiscovered deposits, occur within that area and their likely location, structure, ore grade and tonnage. This new exploration strategy can be used to reduce exploration risk and increase the rate of discovery of major new deposits.     

Precarious residence: Indigenous housing and the right to the city

Drawing on findings from a study of Indigenous housing in a regional Western Australian city, this paper examines the experiences of Indigenous peoples as a particular set of ‘right bearers’ within the right-to-the-city discourse. In settler-states, colonial discourses of absence, threat, and authenticity have informed policy frameworks that have militated against various Indigenous claims of belonging, rights, and aspiration in relation to urban places. Housing has been a representative domain of struggle in this respect. Consequently, today, Indigenous peoples have disproportionately high rates of dependence on more volatile and discriminatory forms of tenure than their non-Indigenous counterparts.The paper examines the incongruence between State aspirations to move (Indigenous) people along a housing continuum in urban environments, and the actual experiences of Indigenous urban residents, which fix discursively on barriers to such movements. It also traces the deleterious, displacing impacts for urban Indigenous households of the retreat of the State in its role as a landlord for the socio-economically disadvantaged, and in responding to market signals and particular sociological theses regarding poverty, with specific spatial logics. In so doing, we advance two interwoven arguments. First, we assert that Indigenous people face a unique precarity in the Australian urban housing system, which is a result of both colonial and racially discriminatory forces, and economically discriminating processes such as capital concentration and the commodification of land. Second, we contend that this precarity sets many Indigenous people on housing career trajectories that are antithetical to policy intentions.     

3D GIS支持下的城市三维地质信息系统研究

介绍了3D GIS的发展现状与应用前景，详细地讨论了基于3D GIS构建的城市三维地质信息系统的设计思路和结构功能。在分析城市三维地质数据多种建模方法的基础上，采用一种基于TIN和TEN的混合数据结构来构建城市三维地质数据建模系统。另外，针对城市三维地质数据的特点，探讨了城市三维地质海量数据的采集与管理、城市三维地质数据信息的Web发布等重要问题，为系统功能的最终实现提供了完整的解决方案。     

Stress of urban energy consumption on air environment

With rapid urbanization and heavy industrialization as well as the rapid increase of cars in China, the effect of energy consumption on urban air environment is increasingly becoming serious, and has become a hot topic for both scholars and decision-makers. This paper explores the effect mechanism and regulation of urban energy consumption on the air environment, and summarizes the framework of the stress effect relationship and the evolutionary process. In accordance with the effect relationship of the internal factors between the two, analytic approaches studying the stress effect of urban energy consumption on air environment are proposed, including the analysis of air environment effects caused by urban energy consumption structure change, and the analysis of air environment effects caused by urban energy economic efficiency change, as well as a decomposition analysis of air pollutant emission caused by urban energy consumption. Applying the above-mentioned approaches into a case study on Beijing City, this paper analyzes the effect relationship among urban energy consumption structure improvement, energy economic efficiency increase and air quality change since the period when Beijing City officially proposed to bid for the 2008 Olympic Games in 1998. In addition, it further analyzes the effect and contribution of urban industrial activity level, industrial economic structure, industrial energy intensity, and industrial energy structure as well as emission coefficients on the change in industrial SO₂ emission, which can provide valuable information to the government for making comprehensive environmental policies, with the use of the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. It is shown that under the precondition that the industrial economy maintain a continuous and rapid increase, improvements in energy intensity and a decline in emission coefficients are the main means for reducing Beijing’s industrial SO₂ emissions.     

Assessing the threat to Western Australia from tsunami generated by earthquakes along the Sunda Arc

A suite of tsunami spaced evenly along the subduction zone to the south of Indonesia (the Sunda Arc) were numerically modelled in order to make a preliminary estimate of the level of threat faced by Western Australia from tsunami generated along the Arc. Offshore wave heights from these tsunami were predicted to be significantly higher along the northern part of the west Australian coast than for the rest of the coast south of the town of Exmouth. In particular, the area around Exmouth may face a higher tsunami hazard than other areas of the West Australian coast nearby. Large earthquakes offshore of Java and Sumbawa are likely to be a greater hazard to WA than those offshore of Sumatra. Our numerical models indicate that a magnitude 9 or above earthquake along the eastern part of the Sunda Arc has the potential to significantly impact a large part of the West Australian coastline. The Australian government reserves the right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free license in and to any copyright.     

复杂城市环境下岩石边坡控制爆破设计

为了解决复杂城市环境下岩石边坡控制爆破的有害效应问题,依托某景区岩石边坡爆破工程,提出相应的爆破设计方案。方案采用以弱松动定向控制爆破为主,辅以浅孔城市爆破以及预裂爆破的爆破设计,提出了各爆破形式的爆破设计参数,设计了相应的起爆网络、起爆顺序及装药结构。通过严格执行该方案,大大降低了爆破振害,实际爆破施工效果达到预期目标。该设计可为其他复杂城市环境爆破工程提供参考。     

我国城市地下空间开发适宜性评价研究现状与发展趋势

城市地下空间是缓解用地饱和矛盾、改善城市生态的重要空间资源,也是开创城市高质量发展新局面的良策,科学高效地进行城市地下空间开发适宜性评价工作至关重要。本文从评价指标体系、评价指标赋权、评价模型、三维建模与可视化、评价系统等5个方面,系统梳理了城市地下空间开发适宜性评价研究现状与不足;对如何合理构建评价指标体系、提升三维地质建模精度、搭建地下空间综合系统三个关键问题进行探讨并给出相应对策;阐明了城市地下空间开发适宜性评价的发展趋势：全要素、全资源的统筹协调,需求导向的针对性评价模式,创新性、连续化的评价模型。该研究成果可促进城市地下空间开发适宜性评价工作的深化,为城市地下空间的合理评价与有序开发提供一定指导。     

Structure and tectonic style of the Precambrian shields and platforms of northern Australia

The structure and tectonic style of Australia, to the north of the Musgrave Block and the southern Canning Basin and to the west of the Tasman Orogenic Province, are summarized.Northern Australia is largely occupied or underlain by the early Proterozoic North Australian Orogenic Province, which is bounded by younger mid-Proterozoic mobile belts of the Central Australian Orogenic Province along the eastern and southern margins. In the north, a basement of the Archaean West Australian Orogenic Province underlies the North Australian Orogenic Province. The strata of the North Australian Platform Cover were mildly to moderately deformed at the time when the mid-Proterozoic mobile belts were active. The late Proterozoic and Palaeozoic Central Australian Platform Cover developed over both the North and Central Australian Orogenic Provinces. Finally, the Mesozoic—Cainozoic Trans-Australian Platform Cover transgressed most of the region.The tectonic evolution of northern Australia can be clearly related to the times of cratonisation of its basement. A comparatively uniform pattern of major fractures, trending roughly northerly and northwest, was established throughout the region very early in its history. The subsequent evolution resulted from repeated reactivation of these fractures.Much of the structure may possibly be explained by a simple model in which a central block, roughly between the Kimberleys and Mount Isa, was displaced northwards relative to the blocks on either side and locally, the horizontal displacements were absorbed along east—west-trending zones of thrusting and folding, where the cover was crumpled against rigid blocks.     

内蒙古狼山地区的层控铀矿及其控制因素的卫片影象模式

狼山地区广泛分布着花岗岩型铀矿化和砂岩型铀矿化。本文通过对该区的遥感地质综合解译,重点研究了几个含铀盆地的砂岩型铀矿化成矿特点及其通感图象的影象特征,发现广布于早白垩世断陷盆地的砂岩型铀矿化是一典型的层控型铀矿。并通过区域构造型式的研究,强调了弧形构造的断块活动特征及其对含铀盆地和含矿层分布的控制作用;揭示了弧形构造的后期活动和环形构造、北北东向线性构造与铀矿化的再造关系。从而得出砂岩铀矿化是受地层岩相和弧、环、线构造“四位一体”条件控制的新认识。该矿化在MSS图象上呈现一定的影象特征,据此,本文概括出本区层控铀矿的影象模式。     

The lower boundary of the Adelaide system and older basement relationships in south Australia∗

The stratigraphical problem of defining the lower boundary of the Adelaide System is discussed in relation to the geology of several critical areas in the Adelaide Geosyncline and adjacent shelf‐platform.

The Precambrian stratigraphical succession and geological history is outlined with the aid of Rb/Sr age‐determinations made by Dr W. Compston of the Australian National University.

It is concluded that the lower boundary of the Adelaide System is related to the collapse of older basement positive areas on which a regional erosional surface had developed. This surface is defined by the Callanna Beds, the oldest deposits of Willouran age. Willouran sedimentation began some time between 1,340 m.y. and 1,490 m.y. ago. Erosion of the basement rocks probably occupied a major early part of this time interval.     

Structural investigations of Australian coals—VI. The effect of rank as elucidated by per trifluoroacetic acid oxidation

Several techniques including gas chromatography, petrography, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy are applied to the investigation of pertrifluoroacetic acid oxidation of a series of Permian Australian bituminous coals in order to probe the effects of maturation on aliphatic structure. The occurrence of insoluble oxidation products is attributed to reagent blocking by carboxylated aromatic species. The combined influence of maturation and semifusinite content is reflected in the concentration and structural composition of functionalised long chain aliphatic oxidation products.     

Climate,fire and vegetation history from subtropical North Stradbroke Island (Minjerribah), eastern Australia,during the last three interglacials

Records of Australian palaeoclimate beyond the last glacial cycle are rare, limiting detailed analysis of long-term climate trends and associated ecosystem responses. This study analyses a discontinuous pollen and charcoal record from Fern Gully Lagoon, North Stradbroke Island (Minjerribah), subtropical Queensland, Australia, which covers much of the last ~210 ,000 years. Climate variation is inferred from changes in vegetation, while analysis of micro- and macrocharcoal is used to infer fire activity. Pollen assemblages consist of ~40% rainforest taxa during marine isotope stage (MIS) 7a–c and early MIS 5. These are inferred to result from high rainfall in the Australian subtropics, which was also evident in north-east and central Australia. Human impact from 21 ,000 years ago likely supressed post-MIS 2 rainforest expansion to some extent. However, the increased Holocene abundance of herbs and grasses and reduced representation of aquatic taxa suggest that the Holocene was relatively dry when compared with early MIS 5 and MIS 7a–c. Similar MIS 5 and early MIS 7a–c climates, in contrast to a notably drier Holocene, suggest that the progressive interglacial drying trend most strongly recorded in central Australia was not a major feature of subtropical eastern Australian climates.     

偶极子在城区渗流场的结构物模拟中的应用

城区渗流场中地下阻水结构物众多,由于结构物的角点为奇异点,而且结构物的尺寸跟整个城区渗流场的尺寸相比非常小,这导致现有的计算方法难以对城区渗流场进行模拟分析。针对城区渗流场的这些特点,通过引进流体力学的复势、偶极子等理论,采用抽注水井对结构物进行模拟。通过控制井流量的大小,以形成强弱程度不同的阻水效果,而单元尺寸可以以井点间距为尺度,用较少的节点和单元即可对地下结构物进行处理,达到简化计算的目的。抽注水井法是一种简化的模拟算法,它忽略了结构物附近局部区域流场失真的情况,强调在宏观上与真实流场接近。