分汊与游荡型辫状河储层构型研究: 以苏丹FN油田为例

辫状河储层构型研究对预测剩余油分布有重要作用,但目前国内外学者对辫状河储层构型的研究多停留在笼统的辫状河模式上,对不同类型辫状河的构型研究较少。本文在文献调研和露头观察的基础上,对分汊和游荡两种类型的辫状河分别进行研究。以苏丹FN油田为例,依据“层次约束,模式拟合和多维互动”的构型解剖思路,综合岩心和测井资料分别对分汊与游荡型两种辫状河进行构型单元解剖,从单一辫流带砂体厚度、隔夹层发育规模、心滩坝与辫状河道发育规模及关系、落淤层与沟道发育规模及模式等方面入手,分层次定量计算不同河型构型单元的发育规模,探讨不同规模构型要素对剩余油形成与分布的控制作用。研究发现分汊型辫状河单一辫流带砂体厚度小于游荡型辫状河,连片分布的隔层稳定性强于游荡型辫状河;分汊型及游荡型辫状河都广泛发育心滩坝、辫状河道等砂体,规模和形态类似;分汊型辫状河心滩坝被河道下切完全,内部发育落淤层与沟道沉积,两者分期孤立分布或同期切割分布;游荡型辫状河心滩坝内镶嵌着规模较小的辫状河道(沟道),落淤层较不发育。最终总结了构型界面渗流屏障在垂向上影响剩余油分布的5种模式,以及构型单元渗透性较差处如心滩坝边部、泥质(半)充填河道等易形成剩余油富集。     

乌南油田滨浅湖砂体储层构型及其油气意义

基于Miall储层构型研究思想,结合岩心、测井、测试等资料,对乌南油田砂坝砂体储层构型界面特征进行了研究,确定了储层构型界面识别标志;在此基础上,将砂坝内部构型分为坝主体和坝侧缘,同时通过动、静态结合,明确砂坝外部构型存在孤立、视连通、左侧向叠置和右侧向叠置4种模式;纵向上发育湖退（进积）和湖进（退积）两种砂体发育模式。坝主体是主力储层,具有良好油气显示;坝主体分布面积大、出现频率高为油气有利区域。     

厚层湖泊滩坝砂体成因机制探讨及地质意义—以板桥凹陷沙二段为例

滩坝储层是近年来油气勘探、开发的重点目标之一。板桥凹陷沙二段发育典型的厚层湖泊滩坝砂体,单砂体平均厚10余米,垂向上通常累积成厚数十米、内部夹层发育的复合滩坝砂体。根据研究区滩坝砂体的沉积特征、平面形态和发育位置,将滩坝砂体细分为坝中心、坝侧翼、坝间、近岸滩、远岸滩5种微相类型。在古构造、沉积环境等综合研究的基础上,指出该区厚层滩坝砂体是物源、水动力和同生断层在时间和空间上有机结合、共同控制的结果。来自南部的辫状河三角洲砂体作为主力物源为板桥凹陷滩坝沉积提供了物质基础。凹陷缓坡带具有大面积的水动力作用区,控制着滩坝的规模和分布,波浪能量的变化影响着滩坝砂体的相分异。同生断层是板桥凹陷发育厚层滩坝砂体的主导因素。一方面,同生断层控制物源的分配,在断层下降盘具有充足的砂体供应,同时,断面的陡坎部位形成持续的水动力高能环境,并长期接受波浪作用,逐渐形成厚度较大的滩坝砂体;另一方面,同生断层的活动性增加了下降盘基准面上升的概率,为滩坝沉积提供了时间条件,滩坝砂体不再因短期基准面的频繁变化而层层错叠,而是在纵向上连续厚层堆积。断层下降盘是厚层滩坝砂体的有利发育部位,并极易形成构造-岩性圈闭,有利于油气聚集、成藏。     

渤海BZ油田鸟足状浅水三角洲指状砂坝储层剩余油分布特征

渤海BZ油田明下段储层内发育呈窄条带状分布的鸟足状浅水三角洲前缘指状砂坝,并由分流河道、河口坝及天然堤砂体组成,其强储层非均质性导致剩余油分布复杂。利用地质分析及数值模拟方法,分析了研究区指状砂坝储层非均质性特征及对剩余油分布的控制作用。研究发现:①宽条带状或近连片状的叠置指状砂坝内部多发育稳定的泥质隔层,在合层开采时,相对低渗储层剩余油富集,在注水井钻遇局部切叠部位时,上部砂体剩余油富集;②指状砂坝的宽度为100～1 000 m,宽度小于600 m的窄条带状指状砂坝内剩余油富集;③指状砂坝边部的物性最差,剩余油富集;中部的相对高渗砂体呈孤立透镜状分布,导致剩余油区易呈离散状分布;④指状砂坝内以底部水淹为主,正韵律砂体水淹厚度最小,反韵律砂体的水淹厚度最大,复合反正韵律砂体的水淹厚度与分流河道所占厚度呈负相关关系,总体上,指状砂坝的水淹厚度随着渗透率非均质性的增强具有降低的趋势。     

常年流水型砂质辫状河心滩坝内部落淤层展布样式探讨

利用露头和现代沉积资料,综合前人研究成果,分析认为常年流水型砂质辫状河落淤层的展布特征主要受心滩坝演化以及后期多次冲刷改造的影响,其中心滩坝演化对落淤层分布的影响最为重要。在此基础上,利用沉积学原理,重点从心滩坝演化的角度出发,通过单因素分析、多因素组合讨论了不同沉积作用条件下落淤层的保存及分布,建立了落淤层的3种总体分布样式,即近穹窿式、近水平式和单向倾斜式,并给出了地下表征的基本思路。这一研究可以为地下同一沉积模式的砂质辫状河储层内部落淤层的精细表征提供模式指导。     

厚层湖泊滩坝砂体成因机制探讨及地质意义——以黄骅坳陷板桥凹陷沙河街组二段为例

滩坝储层是近年来油气勘探、开发的重点目标之一。板桥凹陷沙二段发育典型的厚层湖泊滩坝砂体,单砂体平均厚10余米,垂向上通常累积成厚数十米、内部夹层发育的复合滩坝砂体。根据研究区滩坝砂体的沉积特征、平面形态和发育位置,将滩坝砂体细分为坝中心、坝侧翼、坝间、近岸滩、远岸滩5种微相类型。在古构造、沉积环境等综合研究的基础上,指出该区厚层滩坝砂体是物源、水动力和同生断层在时间和空间上有机结合、共同控制的结果。来自南部的辫状河三角洲砂体作为主力物源为板桥凹陷滩坝沉积提供了物质基础。凹陷缓坡带具有大面积的水动力作用区,控制着滩坝的规模和分布,波浪能量的变化影响着滩坝砂体的相分异。同生断层是板桥凹陷发育厚层滩坝砂体的主导因素。一方面,同生断层控制物源的分配,在断层下降盘具有充足的砂体供应,同时,断面的陡坎部位形成持续的水动力高能环境,并长期接受波浪作用,逐渐形成厚度较大的滩坝砂体;另一方面,同生断层的活动性增加了下降盘基准面上升的概率,为滩坝沉积提供了时间条件,滩坝砂体不再因短期基准面的频繁变化而层层错叠,而是在纵向上连续厚层堆积。断层下降盘是厚层滩坝砂体的有利发育部位,并极易形成构造-岩性圈闭,有利于油气聚集、成藏。     

浅水三角洲物源、砂体构型与储层特征研究——以准噶尔盆地永进—莫西庄地区侏罗系三工河组二段为例

针对准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系三工河组物源、砂体构型及储层物性认识存在争议的问题,笔者等基于岩芯、录井、钻井等方面的资料,结合前人在准噶尔盆地周缘磷灰石及锆石年龄数据,运用沉积学、层序地层学、沉积盆地分析及储层沉积学的基本原理和方法对三工河组二段物源方向、远近和类型、沉积体系展布、砂体构型及储层物性之间的关系进行了系统的研究。研究表明,在敞流盆地快速抬升/缓慢沉降的构造背景下形成辫状河三角洲退积式沉积序列,在五级层序地层格架中,河道强冲刷叠置砂体见于第1、2砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道强烈冲刷,导致河道砂体叠置,微相类型单一,单砂体厚度向上变薄,砂体全区稳定分布,储集性较好。河道弱冲刷叠置砂体见于第3、5砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道冲刷不明显,形成河道“二元结构”,单砂体厚度向上变薄,粒度变细,储集性好;河口坝组合砂体见于第4砂组,在三角洲退积过程中,水下分流河道末端形成河口坝,总体岩性向上变细,砂体不连续,储集性好,远砂坝席状砂组合砂体见于第6、7砂组,砂体零星分布,储集性很差。在浅水、低可容纳空间、快速抬升/缓慢幕式沉降构造背景之下,浅水三角洲的物源的方向、远近及类型是影响沉积微相展布的关键因素,也是影响砂体构型及其储层物性的物质基础。     

浅水三角洲物源、砂体构型与储层特征研究——以准噶尔盆地永进—莫西庄地区侏罗系三工河组二段为例

针对准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系三工河组物源、砂体构型及储层物性认识存在争议的问题,笔者等基于岩芯、录井、钻井等方面的资料,结合前人在准噶尔盆地周缘磷灰石及锆石年龄数据,运用沉积学、层序地层学、沉积盆地分析及储层沉积学的基本原理和方法对三工河组二段物源方向、远近和类型、沉积体系展布、砂体构型及储层物性之间的关系进行了系统的研究。研究表明,在敞流盆地快速抬升/缓慢沉降的构造背景下形成辫状河三角洲退积式沉积序列,在五级层序地层格架中,河道强冲刷叠置砂体见于第1、2砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道强烈冲刷,导致河道砂体叠置,微相类型单一,单砂体厚度向上变薄,砂体全区稳定分布,储集性较好。河道弱冲刷叠置砂体见于第3、5砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道冲刷不明显,形成河道“二元结构”,单砂体厚度向上变薄,粒度变细,储集性好;河口坝组合砂体见于第4砂组,在三角洲退积过程中,水下分流河道末端形成河口坝,总体岩性向上变细,砂体不连续,储集性好,远砂坝席状砂组合砂体见于第6、7砂组,砂体零星分布,储集性很差。在浅水、低可容纳空间、快速抬升/缓慢幕式沉降构造背景之下,浅水三角洲的物源的方向、远近及类型是影响沉积微相展布的关键因素,也是影响砂体构型及其储层物性的物质基础。     

准噶尔盆地腹部下侏罗统三工河组旋回样式及砂体叠置规律

准噶尔盆地下侏罗统三工河组粗粒辫状河三角洲沉积几乎淤浅整个湖盆,形成盆地中生代主要储集层系。当前对三工河组层序旋回性的认识存在分歧,旋回性沉积的驱动机制也缺乏研究,并因此导致对砂体叠置样式和组合规律的认识具有较大争议。利用研究区钻遇三工河组38口井的取心及测井资料,基于沉积学和沉积盆地分析等基本原理,系统分析了三工河组沉积旋回特点,在此基础上对砂体叠置特点和组合规律进行了详细研究。结果表明,准噶尔盆地腹部三工河组退积式辫状河三角洲砂体由河道强冲刷叠置砂体、河道弱冲刷叠置砂体、河上坝组合砂体、远砂坝—席状砂组合砂体、滩坝组合砂体等5类不同叠置样式的砂体组成,可划分为4个体系域级正旋回,不发育反旋回沉积。第一旋回为高湖平面期断续分布的滩坝组合砂体,第二旋回为自最低湖平面开始的湖侵过程中连片沉积的河道强冲刷叠置砂体、河道弱冲刷叠置砂体和河上坝组合砂体,第三旋回主要为自低湖平面开始的湖侵过程中接近连片沉积的河道弱冲刷叠置砂体和远砂坝—席状砂组合砂体,第四旋回为最高湖平面期零星分布的滩坝砂体组合。推测准噶尔盆地基底幕式快速抬升和总体缓慢沉降的构造运动特点,导致了三工河组4个正旋回之间的(强)冲刷特征及退积式叠加样式的形成。     

浅水三角洲基本特征、形成条件及沉积模式：以渤海新近系为例

渤海海域新近系浅水三角洲是渤海重要的勘探开发储层类型,沉积于湖盆浪基面以上的滨浅湖中,以分流河道砂岩和水下分流河道砂岩为骨架砂体,前缘席状砂分布广泛,前三角洲沉积以浅湖相为主,垂向沉积层序不连续,不具有典型的吉尔伯特型三层式沉积结构为显著特征。浅水三角洲形成于稳定的坳陷湖盆环境,沉积物供给相对平衡的半干旱—半湿润的气候环境下。依据河口分流作用演化的不同,水体极浅时,三角洲进积易形成分流河道向湖泊的长驱直入,形成枝状的分流河道型浅水三角洲,分流河道和天然堤极为发育;水体相对较深时,分流河道会在河道分支处堆积河口坝或分流沙坝,并由水下分流河道砂体连接形成朵状前缘砂体,分流砂坝极为发育,河口坝外缘的席状化沉积物,包括天然堤、决口扇、溢岸不连续砂等都可成为连通储层。在连片的分流砂坝型三角洲,砂体连通性好、分布面积较大,多形成构造油气藏,包括断层油气藏和背斜油气藏;分流河道型三角洲由于砂体多孤立状,分布面积小、连通性差,易于发育岩性油气藏。

     

The role of fluvial sediment supply and river-mouth hydrology in the dynamics of the muddy,Amazon-dominated Amapá–Guianas coast,South America: A three-point research agenda

The morphology and sediment dynamics of the 1500 km-long coast of South America between the mouths of the Amazon and the Orinoco Rivers are largely dependent on the massive suspended-sediment discharge of the Amazon, part of which is transported alongshore as mud banks. These mud banks have an overwhelming impact on the geology, the geomorphology, the ecology and the economy of this coast. Although numerous field investigations and remote sensing studies have considerably enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of this coast over the last three decades, much still remains to be understood of the unique functional mechanisms and processes driving its evolution. Among the themes that we deem as requiring further attention three come out as fundamental.The first concerns the mechanisms of formation of individual mud banks from mud streaming on the shelf off the mouth of the Amazon. An unknown quantity of the fluid mud generated by offshore estuarine front activity is transported shoreward and progressively forms mud banks on the Amapá coast, Brazil. The volume of each mud bank can contain from the equivalent of the annual mud supply of the Amazon to several times this annual sediment discharge. The mechanisms by which individual banks are generated from the Amazon turbidity maximum are still to be elucidated. Areas of research include regional mesoscale oceanographic conditions and mud supply from the Amazon.The second theme is that of variations in rates of migration of mud banks, which influence patterns of coastal accretion. Research emphasis needs to be placed on the analysis of both regional meteorological-hydrodynamic forcing and distant Atlantic forcing, as well as on the hydrology of the large rivers draining the Guyana Shield. The rivers appear to generate significant offshore deflection of mud banks in transit alongshore, through a hydraulic-groyne effect. This may favour both muddy accretion on the updrift coast and downdrift mud liquefaction with probably lessened muddy deposition.The third theme concerns sand supply by the Guiana Shield rivers. The rare sand deposits are important in providing sites for human settlements and routes and for nesting by marine turtles. The limited presence of sand bodies on this coast may reflect ‘mud blanketing’, a hypothesis that requires verification through high-resolution seismic analyses of shelf deposits and coring operations. The large Guiana Shield rivers, especially in Surinam and Guyana, have supplied sand for the construction of significant bands of cheniers, probably enhanced by the afore-mentioned downdrift hydraulic-groyne effect on hindered mud deposition. In all the three themes of this future research agenda, two central elements are the sediment input of the rivers of the Amazon basin, starting with the massive mud supply from the Amazon catchment itself, followed by sand inputs by the Guiana Shield rivers and their river-mouth effects on mud banks.     

The formation of large mudwaves by turbidity currents on the levees of the Toyama deep-sea channel, Japan Sea

The development of mudwaves on the levees of the modern Toyama deep‐sea channel has been studied using gravity core samples combined with 3·5‐kHz echosounder data and airgun seismic reflection profiles. The mudwaves have developed on the overbank flanks of a clockwise bend of the channel in the Yamato Basin, Japan Sea, and the mudwave field covers an area of 4000 km². Mudwave lengths range from 0·2 to 3·6 km and heights vary from 2 to 44 m, and the pattern of mudwave aggradation indicates an upslope migration direction. Sediment cores show that the mudwaves consist of an alternation of fine‐grained turbidites and hemipelagites whereas contourites are absent. Core samples demonstrate that the sedimentation rate ranged from 10 to 14 cm ka^?1 on the lee sides to 17–40 cm ka^?1 on the stoss sides. A layer‐by‐layer correlation of the deposits across the mudwaves shows that the individual turbidite beds are up to 20 times thicker on the stoss side than on the lee side, whereas hemipelagite thicknesses are uniform. This differential accretion of turbidites is thought to have resulted in the pattern of upcurrent climbing mudwave crests, which supports the notion that the mudwaves have been formed by spillover turbidity currents. The mudwaves are interpreted to have been instigated by pre‐existing large sand dunes that are up to 30 m thick and were created by high‐velocity (10°ms^?1), thick (c. 500 m) turbidity currents spilling over the channel banks at the time of the maximum uplift of the Northern Japan Alps during the latest Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. Draping of the dunes by the subsequent, lower‐velocity (10^?1ms^?1), mud‐laden turbidity currents is thought to have resulted in the formation of the accretionary mudwaves and the pattern of upflow climbing. The dune stoss slopes are argued to have acted as obstacles to the flow, causing localized loss of flow strength and leading to differential draping by the muddy turbidites, with greater accretion occurring on the stoss side than on the lee slope. The two overbank flanks of the clockwise channel bend show some interesting differences in mudwave development. The mudwaves have a mean height of 9·8 m on the outer‐bank levee and 6·2 m on the inner bank. The turbidites accreted on the stoss sides of the mudwaves are 4–6 times thicker on the outer‐bank levee than their counterparts on the inner‐bank levee. These differences are attributed to the greater flow volume (thickness) and sediment flux of the outer‐bank spillover flow due to the more intense stripping of the turbidity currents at the outer bank of the channel bend. Differential development of mudwave fields may therefore be a useful indicator in the reconstruction of deep‐sea channels and their flow hydraulics.     

黄骅坳陷板桥地区湖相滩坝砂体内部隔(夹)层成因机制与分布样式

黄骅坳陷板桥地区古近系沙河街组沙二段具有典型的湖泊滩坝沉积特点,其砂体内部主要发育泥质、钙质和致密粉砂质3种类型的隔夹层。利用构型分析法,将滩坝砂体分为复合坝、单一坝和坝内增生体3个构型要素,将内部隔(夹)层分为单一坝间隔层和单一坝内夹层2个级别。单一坝间隔层具有3种成因机制:(1)基准面波动造成单一坝叠置区分布的细粒沉积;(2)风暴作用形成的滞留泥砾沉积;(3)坝后水动力低能区域形成的泥质沉积。单一坝内夹层则是波浪能量衰减形成的细粒沉积,岩性以粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩为主。通过分析夹层的井上识别特征,结合青海湖、岱海现代沉积的原型地质模式,对单一坝进行内部构型解剖。结果表明,夹层厚度为0.1～1m,靠近岸线近水平分布,向湖中心方向以低角度倾斜,倾角为2°～5°。不同级次与成因的隔(夹)层在滩坝砂体中都有特定的发育部位,其分布规律和空间配置关系不仅可以反映不同隔(夹)层的沉积时间顺序,还可以依此来推测滩坝的沉积规模与展布形态。隔(夹)层会导致含油气性的差异,认识隔(夹)层分布规律是提高滩坝储集层油气采收率的关键。     

Alluvial deposits of a mud-dominated stream: the Red River, Manitoba, Canada

Abstract The Red River, Manitoba, is a mud‐dominated, meandering stream that occupies a shallow valley eroded into a clay plain. The valley‐bottom alluvium is the product of incision and lateral migration of river meanders. As revealed by a transect of five boreholes located across the floodplain at each of two successive river meanders, the alluvial deposits range from about 15 to 22 m thick and are composed primarily of silt. Sedimentary structures in the cores are weakly defined and consist mostly of beds of massive silt, thick (>0·4 m) massive silt and disturbed silt. Interlaminated sand and silt, and sand beds form relatively minor deposits, principally within the lower half of the alluvium, and thin beds of medium‐coarse sand and pea gravel can be present locally within the lower metre of the alluvium. The alluvium is interpreted to consist of overbank deposits from 0 to 2–3 m depth, oblique accretion deposits from 2–3 to 8–12 m depth and oblique accretion and/or channel deposits from 8–12 m to the base of the sequence. The massive bedding within the oblique accretion deposits is interpreted to represent the remnants of couplet deposits that were initially composed of interbedded, muddy silt and sand‐sized silt aggregates, as is consistent with the contemporary bank sedimentation. The post‐depositional disintegration and/or compaction of the aggregates has caused the loss of the sand‐sized texture. The disturbed silt beds are interpreted as slump structures caused by large‐scale rotational failures along the convex banks. Overall, the Red River represents a portion of a continuum of muddy, fine‐grained streams; where the alluvium lacks a distinct coarse unit, oblique accretion deposits form a majority of the floodplain, and large‐scale slump features are present.     

塔中地区良里塔格组台缘颗粒滩沉积特征及分布规律

塔中地区良里塔格组礁滩复合体蕴含着丰富的油气资源。通过钻井、录井、岩芯、薄片及测井等大量资料的综合分析,结合前人研究结果,对塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统颗粒滩类型和特征进行了系统研究。塔中地区良里塔格组台缘颗粒滩包括内碎屑滩、生屑滩、核形石滩、鲕粒滩等类型,具有类型多、发育旋回多以及厚度大的特点。颗粒滩在纵横向上并非是孤立存在的,通常与生物礁伴生,形成纵向叠置,横向指状交叉的礁滩复合体,属油气储集的有利相带。台缘颗粒滩亚相沿塔中I号坡折带呈带状展布,自西向东分布范围逐渐变窄,表现出以（藻）砂屑滩为背景,其他类型颗粒滩呈条带状、块状、点状分布于其间的规律。     

深水浊积水道沉积构型模式及沉积演化:以西非M油田为例

浊积水道是深水油田的重要储层类型,其构型模式制约油田的高效开发.依据岩心、露头、测井及地震资料,采用地震地层学、地震沉积学、沉积岩石学的方法对西非M油田中下陆坡区浊积水道进行了半定量-定量化构型模式研究,并分析了其沉积演化规律.结果表明:研究区3~5级构型单元为单一水道、复合水道、水道体系;单一水道弯曲度与坡度呈负相关,水道内部岩石相充填由底部到顶部、轴部到边缘粒度变细,厚度变薄;复合水道内部单一水道在平面上存在侧向和沿古流向两种迁移类型,剖面上存在水平式、斜列式和摆动式3种叠置样式.M油田O73油组主要发育半限制性和非限制性水道体系,平面上近物源端以发育半限制性水道体系为主,远物源端以发育非限制性水道体系为主;垂向演化规律以非限制性水道体系内部最为典型,从底部到顶部,单一水道下切能力逐渐减弱,侧向加积能力逐渐增强,弯曲度逐渐增大,水道砂体规模逐渐变小.综合分析表明,古地形坡度和物源供给是控制M油田浊积水道沉积类型及演化的主要因素.      

An analysis of stratigraphic control on river bank failure

Most of the rivers of the Niger Delta flow through alluvial deposits whose general stratigraphy is that of cohesionless sand overlain by cohesive silty clay. Erosion and recession of the river banks have constituted a threat to many villages along the various creeks in the delta area.Analyses of the recessional mechanisms indicate that bank failure is initiated by a fluvial erosion of the lower cohesionless bank layer at a much faster rate than the upper cohesive bank layer. This leads to development of overhangs of the upper cohesive materials. The failure mechanism of the river bank is complex, ranging from slip failures in high banks to shearing and toppling failures in low banks. The use of the common slip circle model for stability evaluation appears to be adequate only for high banks. Results obtained for the low banks suggest that the use of this model of stability analyses for low banks may yield misleading results.     

Muddy lateral accretion and low stream power in a sub-recent confined channel belt, Rhine-Meuse delta, central Netherlands

The Hennisdijk fluvial system in the central Rhine-Meuse delta is an abandoned Rhine distributary that was active on a wide floodplain from 3800 to 3000 years BP . Cross-sectional geometry, lithological characteristics and planform patterns of the channel-belt deposits indicate lateral migration of the Hennisdijk palaeochannel. Channel-belt deposits are around 10 m thick and 200–400 m wide. A gravelly facies near the base of the channel-belt deposits represents channel-lag and lower point-bar deposits. The axis of the channel belt is dominated by a sandy facies (medium and coarse sand), showing an overall fining upward trend with multiple cycles. This facies is interpreted as lower and middle point-bar deposits. The sandy facies is capped by a muddy facies, which is 1–2 m thick near the axis of the channel belt and thickens to 5–6 m along the margins. It laterally interfingers with the sandy facies that occurs near the channel-belt axis, but it has sharp, erosive outer contacts marking the edges of the channel belt. The muddy facies comprises inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS) (fine/medium sand–mud couplets) in its upper part. The relatively thin muddy facies with IHS that occurs near the channel-belt axis is interpreted as upper point-bar deposits with lateral accretion surfaces, formed under marine influence. Along the margins of the channel belt the muddy facies consists of thick, fairly homogeneous, successions of mud with variable sand content, and fine sand. Based on facies geometry and position, this part of the muddy facies is interpreted as counterpoint deposits, formed along the upstream limb of the concave bank of a channel bend. Counterpoint accretion seems to have been associated with the confined nature of the channel belt, which was the result of low stream power (4·5–7·8 W m⁻², based on reconstructions of palaeodischarge and channel slope) and cohesive bank material, i.e. clayey floodbasin deposits with intercalated peat beds occurring next to the channel belt. In the literature, counterpoint accretion is mostly reported from alluvial valleys, where meandering is confined by limited floodplain width, whereas muddy lateral accretion surfaces are commonly reported from much wider marine-influenced floodplains. The present study shows juxtaposition of both forms of muddy channel deposits in a low-energy, wide coastal plain setting, where preservation potential is considerable.     

曲流河点坝内部构型精细研究及应用

点坝是曲流河单砂体沉积单元中最重要的储集砂体,其内部侧积层是控制剩余油分布的主要因素。以港东油田二区五先导试验块为例,综合运用测井、岩心、密井网、水平井等资料,对点坝内部构型进行解剖,定量认识试验区侧积层厚度为0.2~0.3 m、倾角3.5°,侧积体规模、期次、大小不一。分级次嵌套式二次加密建立构型级别精细三维地质模型,并开展了精细油藏数值模拟研究,同时结合测井、岩心、分析化验等资料,认为剩余油主要分布在砂体顶部和侧积层附近。应用地质-建模-数模一体化研究成果,指导方案部署与现场实施,取得了较好效果,为点坝内部构型精细研究提供了一套新的思路与方法。     

远源浅水辫状河三角洲前缘储层构型模式研究:以冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷留西油田L18断块为例*

利用渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷留西油田留18断块内岩心、录井、测井、三维地震以及生产动态资料,应用层次分析的方法,对远源浅水辫状河三角洲前缘进行了相带划分,对砂体构型进行了解剖,明确了各相带内沉积构型样式的特征,建立了远源浅水辫状河三角洲前缘精细的沉积构型模式。研究表明: (1)研究区水体整体较浅,远源浅水辫状河三角洲前缘亚相广泛发育,并进一步分为前缘近端、前缘中端和前缘远端3个相带,不同相带在砂体厚度、岩性组合特征和砂体横向连通性等方面存在差异。(2)前缘远端水下分流河道水动力较弱,所携带沉积物较少,形成横向连通性较差的小规模河口坝,河口坝之间的厚层泥质披覆夹层为主要的夹层类型。(3)前缘中端分流河道水动力强度中等,形成串珠状或分叉树枝状的河口坝,单一河口坝由2~4期前积增生体构成,前积倾角约2.2°,增生体间的泥质披覆夹层为主要的夹层类型。(4)前缘近端分流河道水流强度较大,下切作用较强,所携带沉积物较多;下伏河口坝互相叠置切割,形成连片分布的复合体;单个河口坝由多个前积增生体构成,前积倾角约3.5°,增生体内的漫溢夹层及增生体间的泥质披覆夹层为主要夹层类型。