藏南硅质岩显微形貌的对比研究

微组构信息对硅质岩的成因具有重要的指示意义,笔者以藏南四个剖面的硅质岩样品为研究对象,观察其各自的显微形貌特征,借此对其成因类型进行了研究分析。     

藏南地区中生代硅质岩的地球化学特征及其成因意义

藏南地区中生代硅质岩包括蛇绿岩套硅质岩(与蛇绿岩共生)和非蛇绿岩套硅质岩两大类.本文重点分析日喀则地区彭错林、夏鲁以及泽当地区的罗布莎、江孜盆地宗卓组及四个剖面的硅质岩.其中,彭错林、夏鲁和罗布莎硅质岩与蛇绿岩共生,江孜盆地宗卓组为非蛇绿岩套硅质岩.分析表明:(1)藏南地区硅质岩剖面地球化学特征鲜明,具有一致性和多样性特点;(2)与蛇绿岩共生的彭错林、夏鲁、罗布莎硅质岩普遍具有高Si、高Fe、低Al特征,大部分微量元素相对于克拉克值亏损,稀土元素总量低,经北美页岩标准化后,Ce异常明显或不明显,重稀土相对轻稀土富集.硅质泥岩的∑REE要明显高于硅质岩;(3)非蛇绿岩套宗卓组硅质岩SiO2含量稍低,Al2O3、TiO2则相反.V、Th、Hf、Ta等不相容元素上亏损程度较小,部分样品含量可接近克拉克值.稀土总量相对较高,页岩标准化配分模式上体现为弱Ce正异常,负Eu异常,轻重稀土分异不明显的平坦型曲线图;(4)地球化学特征指示了,藏南地区硅质岩多数具有明显的热水沉积成因属性,同时有正常陆源组分的加入.其中,夏鲁硅质岩的热水沉积地球化学特征较为典型,而宗卓组硅质岩则表现出受陆源物质加入的影响显著的地球化学特点.     

秦岭造山带西段八方山-二里河Pb-Zn矿区硅质岩的微组构分析及其意义

硅质岩是造山带内广泛发育的一类岩石, 该岩石的组成以SiO₂为主, 具有较高的稳定性.对于经历过造山作用、成矿作用和重结晶作用等影响的硅质岩, 其宏观组构和微观组构特征可以很好地反映它所遭受到的改造.秦岭造山带西段八方山-二里河Pb-Zn矿的宏观及微观组构特征分析表明: 该区硅质岩具有明显的热水沉积特征.由于受到压扭性和张性两种性质的应力作用, 矿区在宏观上形成了东西向压扭性断裂和北北东、北北西两组张性断裂, 微观上形成了微裂隙、微褶皱和压扁拉长的石英颗粒.矿区岩石发生了明显的变质作用, 除应力作用造成的动力变质作用外, 还发生了其他类型的变质作用和重结晶作用.硅质岩中微量碳酸岩矿物的存在以及应力作用对矿床的形成具有非常重要的意义, 特别是其可以为金属硫化物热液提供运移的通道和沉淀成矿的空间.      

藏南泽当地区大反向逆冲断层变形研究——以磁组构与EBSD组构分析为例

仁布-泽当逆冲断层是喜马拉雅大反向逆冲断层（GCT）在藏南地区的重要延伸部分,也是喜马拉雅造山带北部边界新生代最为活动的构造单元之一。新生代以来特提斯喜马拉雅的构造变形组构特征的研究对于深入理解碰撞造山带演化与高原隆升具有重要构造意义。本文综合GCT泽当-琼结段断层的宏观与微观变形特征,对断裂带石英脉、围岩中石英和云母矿物的电子背散射（EBSD）组构及断层两侧岩石磁组构（AMS）特征进行对比分析。结果表明对AMS主要贡献来自顺磁性云母、绿泥石等,磁化率各向异性椭球体以压扁状为主,磁面理与构造面理（劈理、断层面）基本重合,显示较强的构造变形磁组构特征;磁线理优选方向近南北向,且与观测北向逆冲断层方向一致,揭示剪切作用在变形过程中的持续作用。研究发现泽当地区GCT附近石英微观结构从围岩至断层区,石英至少呈现3种不同类型的微观变形机制：围岩区溶解蠕变、断裂带石英以膨凸重结晶和亚颗粒旋转重结晶作用为主。断裂带石英的c轴EBSD组构指示变形为低温（300~400℃）环境,其中黑云母的结晶学优选（CPO）与磁组构主轴优选方向存在高度的一致性,进一步证实了顺磁性矿物黑云母对AMS的主要贡献。综合研究表明泽当地区GCT的韧性变形是断层处在中上地壳韧性带的活动阶段变形的结果,也代表了特提斯喜马拉雅在碰撞、高原隆升期的变形主要特征。     

中上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组硅质页岩的生物成因证据及其与页岩气富集的关系

利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪开展了岩石特征、矿物组成、微观结构特征和元素与矿物成分分析,研究了中上扬子地区五峰组—龙马溪组下段富有机质硅质页岩的成因及其与页岩气富集的关系。五峰组和龙马溪组下段硅质页岩中的脆性矿物石英含量较高,多在45%以上,最高达88%,而黏土矿物含量较低;少数页岩样品黏土矿物含量较高,同时碳酸盐矿物含量也较高,石英含量则较低。显微镜下发现富含石英的硅质页岩中大多存在大量团块状生物碎屑,并作为骨架颗粒与其他矿物基质胶结在一起,结构致密,而富含黏土矿物的页岩则多具水平层理和纹层理,未见生物碎屑。进一步的显微分析发现,富含石英的硅质页岩中的生物碎屑具有清晰的外形轮廓和圈层状生长结构及放射状针刺结构,显示出明显的硅质生物放射虫的形貌特征,且主要由硅和氧两种元素组成的能谱分析结果证实了确属放射虫。多种元素的面分布特征进一步反映出陆源物质的输入较少,而且海底的热液活动也极为有限的特征,指示页岩中硅质主要来源于放射虫生物骨架,为该段硅质页岩的生物成因提供了充分证据。放射虫大量发育的基本条件是海水中营养元素-溶解态硅富集,浮游藻类在该环境下易于大量勃发,高的初级生产力条件为硅质页岩中有机质的富集奠定了重要物质基础。放射虫成因的硅质页岩还有利于页岩中原生无机孔隙和次生有机孔隙的保持和保存,对页岩气的富集有极为重要的控制作用。     

松辽盆地头台地区扶杨油层砂岩成岩作用及孔隙演化模式

根据大量的普通薄片、铸体薄片、Ｘ衍射和扫描电镜资料，对松辽盆地头台地区砂岩储层的成岩作用及孔隙演化规律进行了研究。在系统分析研究区成岩作用类型基础上，根据矿物之间的微观组构关系及其纵向变化特点，重点探讨了矿物沉淀与溶解的期次性。结合砂岩沉积微相特征，分析了沉积微相和成岩作用对砂岩孔隙形成和演化的综合控制作用，最终建立了砂岩孔隙演化模式，提出了１６５０ｍ和１８５０ｍ处是研究区内重要的次生孔隙带     

藏南硅质岩成岩信息多元统计分析

应用因子分析方法对藏南3条剖面硅质岩的常量、微量元素进行了分析,提取第一、第二、第三主因子,不同程度地反映了陆源组分、自生组分和热水来源组分的特征。结果显示,自彭错林、夏鲁到宗卓组剖面,陆源因子和自生因子所占方差贡献率逐渐升高,热水源因子的方差贡献率大幅下降,指示彭错林硅质岩以热水沉积为主,夏鲁硅质岩属正常沉积叠加热水沉积,宗卓组硅质岩为正常沉积。     

新疆哈密黄山韧性挤压带超塑性拉伸砾石的特征及形成机制

新疆哈密黄山韧性挤压带变形砾石具超塑性拉伸的特征，变形砾石平均棉球体长短轴比（Ｘ／Ｚ）大于１０．变形砾石的微观构造、超微观构造、石英组构、及变形砾石拉伸量与砾内石英颗粒轴比（Ｘ／Ｚ）和砾内面理间隔（Ｄ）关系等的综合研究表明，挤压及其所导致的砾内矿物的细粒化和拉伸及砾内面理间隔的减小是砾石超塑性拉伸的重要变形机制。变形砾石粒度大小和岩性对砾石拉伸变形具一定的敏感性。另外，随着拉伸应变量的增大，硅质岩砾石石英组构有从Ｖ型极密、小圆环带、交叉环带向Ⅷ型极富和Ⅰ型极密演化的特征。     

藏南扎西康锑多金属矿硅-氧-氢同位素组成及其对成矿构造控制的响应

位于藏南拆离系的扎西康锑多金属矿受NS向张性构造控制,容矿硅质岩具有沉积韵律特征.典型矿化剖面硅质岩石英的δ30Si范围为-0.4%0～0.9‰,平均值-0.65%0,与热泉成因的硅质岩一致.硅质岩石英氧同住素(δ18OV-SMOW)变化范围-1.3‰～12.3%‰,多数在2,9‰-5.0‰之间,具有显著的低值,也与热泉成因硅质岩相近.容矿硅质岩的硅、氧同位素组成表明其具有热泉沉积特征而不是其它热液活动的产物.矿床硅质岩石英流体包裹体的δ18DV-SMOW变化范围为-138‰～-160‰,换算后的流体δ18OH2O值均为负值(-0.1‰～-15.9‰),明显要低于一般热液流体的δ18DV-SMOW与δ18OV-SMOW值,不同于藏南其他锑(金)矿床,而与藏南热泉(水)的分布范围近于一致.扎西康矿床与锑有关的成矿作用不同于低温热液成矿而更类似于热泉型矿化.这种热泉型锑矿化与藏南拆离系在新喜马拉雅期的伸展构造活动有关,并受伸展构造形成的SN向张性构造的制约.     

渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩结构特征与成因机理

通过地表剖面测制,主要应用常规显微镜、扫描电子显微镜详细刻画了渝东地区震旦系灯影组硅质岩显微结构特征,分析了硅质岩的硅、氧同位素特征,探讨了硅质岩的成因机理。结果表明:灯影组硅质岩主要由隐晶石英、玉髓、微晶石英及巨晶石英结构元素组成;具有隐晶、微晶和镶嵌3种结构类型。硅质岩中可见有残存的白云石晶体,代表热水沸腾的针状孔较发育;硅质岩和晶洞石英单矿物的δ30 Si值变化范围在-0.6‰~0.8‰,属于热水来源的硅质岩中的δ30Si值范围,δ18 O值为15‰~23.5‰,利用氧同位素计算得出,研究区硅质岩的形成温度主要分布在70~110℃;微量元素和稀土元素特征揭示研究区硅质岩为热水成因,但也受到构造地理位置和海水的影响;硅质岩为热水与海水、沉积与成岩共同作用的产物,形成时间主要在晚震旦世灯影期早寒武世牛蹄塘期。     

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CENO-TETHYS: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, SOUTHERN TIBET

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF THE CENO-TETHYS: MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, SOUTHERN TIBET     

西秦岭造山带硅质岩的成岩成矿演化特征——以八方山-二里河矿区赋矿硅质岩为例

硅质岩是一类广泛分布于造山带内的岩石,其组成简单且具有较高的稳定性.然而,硅质岩的这种高稳定性是宏观的,在微观上仍然会保留地质演化和成岩过程的痕迹,可以从中提取造山带演化过程中的温度、压力和流体等重要信息.秦岭造山带西段八方山一二里河Pb-Zn矿区的赋矿硅质岩的光学显微镜、激光拉曼(RAMAN)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD...     

Development of Intermediate Microfabric in Kaolin Clay and Its Consolidation Behaviour

The effect of microfabric on the mechanical behaviour of clays has been explored previously based on the response of dispersed and flocculated microfabrics only. However, the natural clays often have the geometric arrangement of particles between these two extreme cases which can be termed as intermediate microfabric. This paper explores the formation of intermediate microfabric of kaolin clay and its impact on soil’s consolidation behaviour by performing self-weight consolidation, slurry consolidation and 1-D consolidation tests. The effect of calgon content (dispersing agent) on geometric arrangement of the particles has been evaluated through cluster size distribution by performing double hydrometer tests. Then these clay slurries have been used to perform the AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) test to obtain the variation in average angle of particle orientation with respect to the calgon content present in the slurry. AFM technique provides 3D image of the clay sample and 2D image with Z-information with the potential of measuring intermediate microfabric of clayey soil quantitatively including dispersed and flocculated microfabrics. Other traditional techniques such as SEM, TEM & XRD are limited to only qualitative analysis of soil’s microfabric, thus, having no capability to measure intermediate microfabric of clay. A methodology of preparing bulk specimens of clay with intermediate microfabric has been developed using slurry consolidation technique; and then these specimens have been consolidated under 1-D loading to evaluate the effect of intermediate microfabric on compressibility and permeability of clay. In this study, all the experiments reports that the dispersed type geometric arrangement increases with the increase in calgon content in soil up to 2 % and then the reverse behaviour is observed at 3 %; which may depend on the required amount of sodium cations to neutralize the negatively charged faces of the clay platelets present in the slurry.     

INVERSION OF STRIKE-SLIP MOVEMENTS ALONG THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, TIBET

INVERSION OF STRIKE-SLIP MOVEMENTS ALONG THE YARLUNG ZANGBO SUTURE ZONE, TIBET     

西藏西南部与蛇绿岩伴生的硅质岩特征及地质意义

西藏西南部达巴—休古嘎布存在一条蛇绿岩带,与蛇绿岩伴生的中生界硅质岩分布广泛。其中与拉昂错蛇绿岩体伴生的硅质岩,常量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征参数,以及地球化学环境判别图,显示其沉积于大陆边缘盆地的构造环境,其形成包括生物作用和热液作用两种因素。含硅质岩的地层剖面自下而上岩性为石英砂岩→含岩屑石英砂岩、杂砂岩→放射虫硅质岩,形成环境是从三角洲或浅海过渡到大陆边缘,再到边缘盆地。硅质岩中含有大量放射虫,放射虫组合显示硅质岩的沉积时代为晚侏罗世晚期。含硅质岩地层和蛇绿岩都是印度大陆北缘小洋盆的组成部分,两者因洋盆碰撞闭合而汇聚在一起。硅质岩的形成环境反映了该陆缘小洋盆在晚侏罗世所处的构造背景。     

Effect of Intermediate Microfabric on Shear Strength and Strain Localization Response of Kaolin Clay Under Compression and Extension Loading

The present paper evaluates the role of microfabric in strain localization patterns observed in soil specimens during its shear deformation in compression and extension triaxial testing. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed on Kaolin clay with extreme as well as intermediate microfabrics, which are obtained using slurry consolidation technique by varying calagon content from 0 to 3 %. Intermediate microfabric is the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil mass, which lies in between the particle orientation during two extreme microfabrics; flocculated and dispersed. Flocculated has random orientation of particles with face-to-edge particle contacts and dispersed has parallel orientation of particles with face-to-face particle contacts. When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels in triaxial testing, the particle orientation and geometric arrangement get affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. In this experimental research, the variation in clay’s stress–strain and pore pressure response and initiation, propagation and formation of shear bands at different levels of compression and extension shearing is evaluated using digital image analysis setup associated with triaxial system.     

Silica diagenesis of Neogene diatomaceous and volcaniclastic sediments in northern Japan*

Marine diatomaceous siliceous sediments in Neogene sections of northern Japan contrast with the Monterey Shale of California in containing many intercalations of acidic volcaniclastic sediments. Diagenesis of these sediments from deep boreholes and surface sections was investigated. Three diagenetic zones—biogenic opal, opal-CT and quartz zones—are recognized in siliceous sediments, corresponding roughly to amorphous silica, low cristobalite and quartz zones in acidic vitric volcaniclastic sediments. Opal-CT consists almost exclusively of silica and water, while low cristobalite contains appreciable amounts of A1, Ca, Na and K. In subsurface sections, values of d(101) spacing of opal-CT decrease progressively with increasing burial depth. The progressive ordering is not associated with additional silica cementation. In surface sections, the behaviour of d(101) spacing is complicated owing to the modification of the progressive ordering developed during burial diagenesis by later silica cementation during uplift. The cementing opal-CT is probably precipitated from percolating groundwater which dissolves siliceous skeletons in porous diatomaceous mudstones overlying the opal-CT porcellanite. Opaline cherts that form during burial diagenesis are designated as early opaline chert, while those which form during uplift are later opaline chert. The later opaline chert contains two groups of opal-CT; one is progressively ordered opal-CT and the other is additionally cemented opal-CT with higher d(101) spacing than that in the host porcellanite. In diatomaceous siliceous sediments, early opaline chert is scarce. Most, if not all, opaline cherts in surface sections are of later origin.     

Boron in chert and Precambrian siliceous iron formations

In order to assess the importance of siliceous sediments as a sink for oceanic B and to determine the effect of diagenesis on the mobilization of B, samples were analysed from chert nodules, bedded cherts, and siliceous banded iron formations from a variety of sedimentary environments and geologic ages. Boron analyses on bulk samples were made by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis. The distribution of B in rocks was mapped using α-track methods.Nodular Phanerozoic cherts typically contain 50–150 ppm B, and bedded cherts somewhat less. The B is initially concentrated in tests of silica-secreting organisms, but some is lost in early diagenesis as silica progressively recrystallises to quartz.Banded iron formation silica of Archean and Proterozoic age usually contains < 2 ppm B. This conforms with the view that such silica is not of biogenic origin but, since many iron formations are undoubtedly of marine origin, raises the question whether Precambrian oceans were impoverished in B. Analyses of Precambrian marine argillaceous sediments, averaging 70 ppm B, do not resolve this question.