四川地震辐射能量和视应力的研究

利用国家地震台网和全球地震台网的宽频带远震P波波形数据,通过测定2014—2019年间国内M_W≥6.0和国外M_W≥6.5共105次浅源地震的辐射能量和能量震级,研究了震源机制解对辐射能量估计的影响。结果表明：① 震源机制不同导致地震能量辐射差异较大,其中走滑型地震对辐射能量的影响最大,对能量震级的平均影响因子为0.34,正断型地震对能量震级的平均影响因子为0.08,逆断型地震对能量震级的影响最小,平均影响因子为0.05;② 不同震源机制类型地震的差震级ΔM也不同,走滑型地震的ΔM为 0.31,正断型地震的ΔM为0.21,逆断型地震的ΔM为0.08,这表明走滑型地震辐射能量的效率较高,正断型次之, 逆断型最低;③ 根据鲁甸地震的测定结果分析可知,当能矩比与慢度参数均远高于全球平均水平时,即使该地震震级较小,也存在造成严重破坏的概率;④ 能量震级M_e和矩震级M_W分别反映了震源的动态和静态属性,二者的联合测定对地震灾害合理评估和地震应急具有重要意义。     

云南中小地震矩震级的测定

利用云南省测震台网的数字地震波形资料,反演了2008年1月至2012年9月675个中小地震的震源波谱参数,并计算了这些地震的地震矩M0和矩震级Mw,最后利用回归分析方法得到了近震震级ML和Mw之间的关系式.     

Applications of seismic moment tensor inversion in fast response to earthquakes

IntroductionAfteramoderateorstronger(Ms25.0)earthquake,themosturgentworkofthedivisionforearthquakemonitoringandpredictionistodetermineitstimeoforigin,hypocentrallocation(longitude,latitudeanddepth)andmagnitudeandtojudgethetrendofseismicregimedevelopmentassoonaspossible.Ingeneralcases,whenanearthquakewithMS25.0insideChinaoraonewithMS26.0inneighboringareasofChinahasoccurred,theEarthquakeBulletinofChineseSeismologicalNetworkcanprovidedeterminationoftheorigintime,hypocentrallocation(longitude,…     

《中国数字地震台网观测报告》震级的确定

概述了用我国数字化地震台网的资料测定的各种震级标度及相关问题。同时阐明矩震级标度Mw的优势和良好的应用前景。建议今后我国观测报告中给出新参数Mw。     

Characteristics of ambient stress values for micro－earthquake sequences in Western Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Experimental Field

Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆａｍｂｉｅｎｔｓｔｒｅｓｓｖａｌｕｅｓｆｏｒｍｉｃｒｏ－ｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓｉｎＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＹｕｎｎａｎ　Ｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ　Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ　Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ　ＦｉｅｌｄＪｉａ－Ｚ...     

Expected magnitude and distance of potential source area and the estimating method

ＥｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｍａｇｎｉｔｕｄｅａｎｄｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓｏｕｒｃｅａｒｅａａｎｄｔｈｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄＭｅｎｇ－ＴｔａｎＧＡＯ（高孟潭）（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇ...     

Formation mechanisms of heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Depression,Bohai Gulf Basin

The Liaohe Oilfield in the Liaohe Western Depression of the Bohai Gulf Basin is the third-largest oil producing province and the largest heavy oil producing oilfield in China. A total of 65 oil samples,35 rock samples and 36 reservoir sandstone samples were collected and analyzed utilizing conventional geochemical and biogeochemical approaches to unravel the mechanisms of the formation of the heavy oils. Investigation of the oils with the lowest maturity compared with the oils in the Gaosheng and Niuxintuo oilfields indicates no apparent relation between the maturity and physical properties of the heavy oils. It is suggested that the heavy oil with primary origin is not likely the main mechanism re-sponsible for the majority of the heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Slope. The absence and/or depletion of n-alkanes etc.,with relatively low molecular weight and the occurrence of 25-norhopane series in the heavy oils as well as the relatively high acidity of the oils all suggest that the majority of the heavy oils once experienced secondary alteration. The fingerprints of the total scanning fluorescence (TSF) of the inner adsorbed hydrocarbons on the reservoir grains and the included hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions are similar to that of the normal oils in the area but are different from the outer adsorbed and reser-voired free oils at present,further indicating that most of the heavy oils are secondary in origin. Analyses of bacteria (microbes) in 7 oil samples indicate that anaerobic and hyperthermophilic Ar-chaeoglobus sp. are the dominant microbes relevant to oil biodegradation,which coincides with the shallow commercial gas reservoirs containing anaerobic bacteria derived gas in the Gaosheng and Leijia teotonic belts. The biodegradation most likely occurs at the water/oil interface,where the forma-tion water is essential for microbe removal and nutrient transportation. We think that biodegradation,water washing and oxidization are interrelated and are the main mechanisms for the formation of the heavy oils. Biodegradation was the predominant process with water washing being a prerequisite,and oxidization acting as a metabolic manifestation. This study provides unique approaches for further investigation of the formation mechanisms of heavy oils in general,and may provide some important insight for the exploration of shallow biogas in the area.     

Source parameters of the 2004 Kaliningrad earthquakes

An analysis of source parameters of the two unexpected earthquakes from the Kaliningrad (Russia) area is presented. The earthquakes occurred on 21 September 2004 at 11:05:01 and 13:32:31 UT, respectively. The first event was located at the latitude φ = 54.924°N and the longitude λ = 20.120°E, with a depth h = 16 km, and the second event at φ = 54.876°N, λ = 20.120°E and h = 20 km. Magnitudes Mw of the two events were very similar: 5.1 and 5.2. The magnitude values reported by various international data centers have been meaningfully different. The reason is the presence of high-frequency components in Z velocity component of the S wavefield. They were observed along the direction defined by two stations, BLEU in Sweden and SUW in Poland, located in opposite sides of the source. Along the direction perpendicular to it, the effects are relatively very small. The high-frequency waves are understood to mean components in the 6–8 Hz band for event 1 and 2-4 Hz for event 2. The effects in question are also clearly visible on displacement spectrograms. The magnitude values calculated at such stations from S-wave amplitudes or from seismic spectra are clearly overestimated and are close to 6. Therefore, we made a careful selection of channels in order to determine the spectral parameters and, on this basis, the source parameters. The size of the source is relatively small, of about 2 km. The closest seismic station is at 100 source radii from the source. One can clearly see the effect of the TT zone which markedly reduces the seismic moment value for seismic stations laying on the opposite sides of the source. Both events have very similar spatial distributions of the source parameters: magnitude, seismic moment and radius.     

Synthesis of magnitude and focal mechanism computations for the M ≥ 4.5 earthquakes in France for the period 1995–2000

This paper proposes a synthesis of thestudies made in terms of source parametersevaluation for the last earthquakes oflocal magnitude greater than 4.5 whichoccurred in or nearby France during thelast five years. Focal mechanisms andseismic moments have been computed for thethree most important events, largely feltby the population: St Paul de Fenouillet(February 18^th 1996, M_L 5.6),Annecy-Epagny (July 15^th 1996, M_L5.2) and St-Béat (October 4^th1999, M_L 4.8). These focal mechanismshave been obtained either by regionalmoment tensor inversion or from firstmotion polarities and are compared withcomplementary studies made on theseearthquakes. In addition, for the otherearthquakes of local magnitude greater than4.5 which occurred nearby French borderssince the beginning of the recording ofbroadband data by the RéNaSS(Réseau National de SurveillanceSismique, French Seismological Survey) inmid–1995, several magnitude calculationsconcerning the following earthquakes arepresented: Pamplona (25/2/1996, M_L4.7), Aoste (31/03/1996, M_L 4.6),Imperia (24/2/1997, M_L 4.5),Barcelonette (31/10/1997, M_L 4.8),Pamplona (27/10/1998, M_L 4.9), andBonifacio (26/4/2000, M_L 4.5). Localmagnitudes are usually higher thanthe M_b magnitudes reported by the PDE(Preliminary Determination of Epicenters),while the extension of the Msz scale toregional magnitudes and the Mw magnitudesderived from seismic moments give smallervalues. The relative importance of thevarious earthquakes in terms of surfacewave magnitude or seismic moment does notalways agree with that implied by localmagnitudes.     

大同地震序列的震源机制解

使用ＣＤＳＮ长周期地震波形记录，利用Ｈｅｌｍｂｅｒｇｅｒ（１９６８）的广义地震射线理论得到的线性反演地震矩张量的方法，对１９８９年１０月１８日－１９９１年３月２５日发生在大同的４个Ｍｓ＞５．０的地震进行了反演，计算了这些地震矩张量和断层面解。     

Tectonic analysis of mine tremor mechanisms from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin

Fault network of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) is built of sets of strike-slip, oblique-slip and dip-slip faults. It is a typical product of force couple which acts evenly with the parallel of latitude, causing horizontal and anti-clockwise movement of rock-mass. Earlier research of focal mechanisms of mine tremors, using a standard fault plane solution, has shown that some events are related to tectonic directions in main structural units of the USCB. An attempt was undertaken to analyze the records of mine tremors from the period 1992–1994 in the selected coal fields. The digital records of about 200 mine tremors with energy larger than 1×10⁴ J (M _L >1.23) were analyzed with SMT software for seismic moment tensor inversion. The decomposition of seismic moment tensor of mine tremors was segmented into isotropic (I) part, compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) part and double-couple (DC) part. The DC part is prevalent (up to 70%) in the majority of quakes from the central region of the USCB. A group of mine tremors with large I element (up to 50%) can also be observed. The spatial orientation of the fault and auxiliary planes were obtained from the computations for the seismic moment DC part. Study of the DC part of the seismic moment tensor made it possible for us to separate the group of events which might be acknowledged to have their origin in unstable energy release on surfaces of faults forming a regional structural pattern. The possible influence of the Cainozoic tectonic history of the USCB on the recent shape of stress field is discussed.     

川东南地区地震视应力时空分布特征

利用四川数字地震台网记录资料,计算2008年汶川地震后,川东南地区ML 3.0以上地震的震源动力学参数特征,分别得到视应力、应力降与震级之间、震级和地震矩之间,以及地震矩和视应力之间的定标关系。通过扣除震级影响,计算归准化视应力值的时空变化特征。得到结果如下:1从时间分布图来看,研究区4级以上地震频发时段刚好对应视应力涨落较明显时段,而该时段当地工业采矿注水活动强烈,故该区域视应力水平或许反映了工业活动对区域应力场的影响;2从空间分布图来看,自贡隆昌一带震级偏大,视应力反而偏小的现象可能与该区域应力释放不充分、构造应力水平偏低有关,未来要关注该区域发生中强地震的可能。     

Neoproterozoic podiform chromitites in serpentinites of the Abu Meriewa–Hagar Dungash district, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Geotectonic implications and metamorphism

Podiform chromitites hosted in serpentinites (after harzburgite and dunite) and talc‐carbonate rocks from the Abu Meriewa–Hagar Dungash district (MHD), Eastern Desert of Egypt, together with metagabbros, pillow metavolcanics, and metasediments, form an ophiolitic mélange formed during the Neoproterozoic Pan‐African Orogeny. The chromitites show massive, disseminated, and nodular textures. Chromite cores in chromitites have high and restricted ranges of Cr# (0.65–0.75) and Mg# (0.64–0.83), implying primary compositions not affected by metamorphism. Therefore, they are used as reliable indicators of parent magma composition and tectonic affinities of these highly metamorphosed rocks. On the contrary, the altered rims are high‐Cr, low‐Fe³⁺ spinel (rather than ferritchromit) enriched in Cr, Fe, and Mn, and depleted in Al and Mg (Cr# = 0.75–0.97, Mg# = 0.29–0.79), due to equilibration with interstitial silicates during regional metamorphism up to transitional greenschist–amphibolite facies at about 500–550°C. The primary chromite compositions suggest derivation from a high‐Mg tholeiitic, to possibly boninitic, parental magma in a supra‐subduction zone (arc–marginal basin) environment, similar to the spatially associated metavolcanic rocks. The MHD chromitites are most probably formed by melt–rock interaction mechanisms. The high Cr# of the investigated chromites suggests high degrees of partial melting of a depleted harzburgite source by interaction with primitive basaltic melt of deeper origin followed by mixing. Such Cr‐rich chromites are common in chromitites from the Eastern Desert of Egypt, implying broad thermal anomalies, possibly linked to an important geodynamic feature of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) evolution. This could revive interest in models that involve asthenospheric uprise, related to plume interaction or most probably due to oblique convergence of arc terranes during early evolution of the ANS.     

2022年1月23日青海德令哈MS5.8地震全矩张量反演及发震构造初步分析

基于青海和甘肃区域地震台网记录的宽频带地震波形和震相观测数据,利用近震全波形反演方法和双差定位方法分别对2022年1月23日青海德令哈M_S5.8地震进行全矩张量反演和地震序列重定位研究。矩张量反演结果表明主震为一次典型走滑型地震,最佳断层面节面Ⅰ走向78°、倾角88°、滑动角－22°,节面Ⅱ走向169°、倾角68°、滑动角－177°,矩心深度为9 km,矩震级为M_W＝5.5。定位结果显示余震优势展布方向为NNW－SSE,长度约16 km,余震震源深度优势分布在7～12 km之间。综合分析表明,节面Ⅱ与余震精定位所勾勒出的断层面走向和倾向较为一致,推断NNW走向的断层面为可能发震断层面,认为德令哈地震是发生在祁连山断裂带的向W倾、倾角约为68°的右旋走滑断裂上。在印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压作用下,青藏高原东北部构造块体应力不断积累,造成祁连山断裂带内断层失稳而发生此次青海德令哈M_S5.8地震。     

Seismic and Aseismic Movements in the Western Bohemia/Vogtland Area

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

新的震级国家标准在2018年陕西宁强MS 5.3地震震源参数测定中的应用

利用国家测震台网记录到的2018年9月12日陕西宁强M_S 5.3地震的波形数据,使用新震级国标计算了此次地震宽频带面波震级M_(S(BB)),利用CAP波形反演方法得到震源机制解及矩震级M_W。结果显示:利用50个宽频带测震台站的波形数据测得此次地震的M_(S(BB))为5.0,与GCMT测定的M_S震级一致;由CAP方法反演得到的最佳双力偶参数为节面Ⅰ:走向169°/倾角81°/滑动角9°,节面Ⅱ:走向78°/倾角81°/滑动角171°;矩震级M_W为5.0,与USGS公布的结果较一致,与GCMT公布的结果仅差0.1。研究认为,此次地震震级应为5.0左右,在日常地震速报中可将M_W作为首选发布震级;而对于中强地震,M_(S(BB))震级相较于M_S震级作为发布震级更为合理。     

Source Parameters of Weak Crustal Earthquakes of the Vrancea Region from Short-period Waveform Inversion

High-frequency records of nine low magnitude shallow earthquakes of the Vrancea (Romania) seismic region are inverted for the seismic moment tensor (MT). An approach is suggested regarding how to obtain at least a rough estimate of the MT when the information on the structure of the crust is poor. Here simple 1-D layered models are used in the Greens function synthesis despite the fact that the structure of the region is undoubtedly very complex. Different 1-D models were used for different source-station paths to approximate lateral variations. Record of a station located on a ray path which crosses a structure differing substantially from a 1-D model may however bias the retrieved MT essentially. Therefore, we did not collectively process all records, but subsets of stations separately. We check the consistency of the MTs resulting from these individual bootstrap solutions, and reject those which differ substantially, assuming that this is due to the oversimplification of the forward modeling. Thereafter, the averaged moment tensor yielded by the consistent subsets is accepted. Moreover, the distribution of the T, N and P axes from the moment tensors used for averaging provides a rough estimate of their reliability.Following this simplistic procedure, we found seven acceptably constrained solutions among nine events processed. Their P axes are compared with the general trend of the stress in the area: three comply with it, the others should be attributed to the complex stress field active in the region.Acknowledgment This research has been made possible by MURST (40% and 60%), by UNESCO-IGCP project 414 Realistic Modelling of Seismic Input for Megacities and Large Urban Areas and NATO SfP 972266. Partial support issued from the Grant Agency of Czech Rep. (Grant 205/02/0383) and from the National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation of Romania (Grant 6185 GR/2000).     

The Western Bohemia/Vogtland Region in the Light of the Webnet Network

The local network of digital seismic stations WEBNET monitors the seismic activitv of practically the whole region of Western Bohemia/Vogtland swarms. The network consists of ten short-period stations and one very broadband station. The paper describes the configuration of the network, instrumental equipment and the basic parameters of the stations. The method of and formula for computing the local magnitudes from the WEBNET and KRASLICE seismograms are also given. Based on continuous WEBNET observations in the period 1995-1999, we were able to improve the model of temporal and spatial energy release in the region, the principal characteristics of which are summarised in the paper. Apart from direct P and S waves, the WEBNET seismograms also contain other significant P- and S-type waves, provisionally interpreted as reflected PxP, SxS and SxP waves. The fundamental characteristics of these waves are given in the paper, and tentative mechanisms of their origination are discussed. The large residua in the travel times of the P and S waves, and the discrepancies in the seismograms recorded at stations located east of the principal focal zone are pointed out.     

使用中国地震台网资料快速测定中强地震矩震级

利用中国地震台网数字地震资料,选取国内Ms≥5.3地震波形数据,采用长周期波形拟合方法,快速计算2008年至今86个中强震的标量地震矩MO和矩震级Mw,并将Mw与GCMT的测定结果及中国地震台网中心测定的面波震级Ms进行对比.结果表明：矩震级与GCMT测定一致,与中国地震台网中心测定的面波震级关系为Mw=0.86Ms＋0.63.     

西藏芒康震群发震构造分析

2018年12月13日23时32分、39分,在西藏昌都市芒康县连续发生M4.9和M4.4地震;随后12月14日1时15分、38分、42分,该地又连续发生了3次M≥30地震,地震震中位于川滇菱形块体西北部金沙江断裂带、巴塘断裂带和藏东澜沧江断裂带所夹持的区域。基于四川及周边区域地震台网的观测资料,采用双差定位方法,对芒康震群序列进行了重新定位,并利用CAP波形反演方法,获得了5个M≥30地震的震源机制解、震源矩心深度与矩震级。根据震群序列空间展布、较大地震震源机制解和震源区附近的地质构造,初步分析认为:芒康震群序列地震展布在地表下长约16 km、宽约6 km,深度在5～20 km的区域;与震群序列空间展布方向较为一致的节面I为发震断层面,断面倾向NE,倾角约为65°,滑动角约为-34°;震源区主压应力P轴方位为近EW向,与该区域构造应力场主压应力方向一致,推测本次震群地震应是在羌塘块体物质持续E向挤入作用下,位于羌塘地块东南缘的一条NWW向次级隐伏断裂拉张运动引起的。