琼州海峡南岸近地面层大风观测分析

利用2009年7月—2011年6月琼州海峡南岸东西两侧2部梯度测风塔2年实测资料,分析了海峡区域近地面层风向风速、阵风系数、风随高度变化的特征。结果表明:海峡东西两侧风参数大小有较大差异。在地面10 m高度风速＜10 m/s时,海峡风向风速有明显日变化,体现了以海陆风为主导的局地环流特征;海峡西侧的日最大风速及风速日较差分别比东侧大0.6 m/s和1.1 m/s;地面10 m高度的阵风系数及风随高度变化的幂指数α分别比东侧小0.03和0.02;阵风系数与α值随地面风速的增大而减小。当海峡地面10 m高度风速≥10 m/s时,阵风系数与α值并未随地面风速增大而减小。天气系统对海峡大风的阵风系数、风向风速演变趋势有一定影响,但对α影响较小。热带气旋大风过程的平均阵风系数比冷空气过程大。中心经过型、近距离经过型和外围影响型热带气旋大风过程的风速演变特征分别为双峰型、单峰型和平台型。过境型、锋消型以及冷暖系统共同影响型的冷空气大风过程的风速演变特征分别为平台型、单峰型和多峰型。      

ASCAT反演风场与华南及南海站点观测对比分析

利用2014—2017年华南沿海及南海的浮标站、海岛站、石油平台站、沿海自动站等277个自动站风场数据,与ASCAT反演风场进行了对比分析。结果表明,当观测风速小于5 m/s(大于15 m/s)时,ASCAT反演风速的平均绝对误差在3 m/s左右(存在2级左右的高(低)估);当风速介于5~10 m/s时,平均绝对误差在2 m/s左右(多数ASCAT有1~2级的高估);介于10~15 m/s时,ASCAT反演结果相对最好,风速、风向准确率能够达到60%以上。ASCAT对风速的反演结果受陆地影响较大,与观测风速的相关系数从高到低可分为三类:(1)浮标、平台站;(2)西沙、南沙自动站;(3)广东沿海自动站及海岛站、海南海岛站。ASCAT反演风场在风向的应用较风速更优,其中,东北风样本数最多,其次分别为西南风、东南风和西北风。浮标站、平台站、西沙自动站的风向反演质量相对较好;所有测站风向偏差主要由5 m/s以下的弱风贡献。单站多年月平均风速变化显示,ASCAT反演风速相对测站主要为正偏差,且秋冬季比春夏季偏差更大,这可能与大气稳定度有关。      

强风天气条件下海气动量交换参数的观测分析

利用近岸海上气象平台对登陆台风“黑格比”近海层风廓线观测资料,计算分析了近海层大气的湍流动量通量交换参数,以期认识高风速情况下的海气动量交换特征.数据分析结果显示,当海面上方 10 m处风速U10≤24 m/s时,摩擦速度(U*)随风速的增大而增大,当U10＞24 m/s时,U*呈饱和趋势.海面粗糙度长度(Z0)、拖曳系数(Cd)在低风速( U10≤6 m/s)随风速的增大而减小,在U10处于6～24 m/s之间时,Z0、Cd随风速的增大而增大,当U10＞24 m/s时,Z0、Cd达到极值后开始减弱.Z0、Cd极值出现在U10为24～28 m/s之间.并对高风速时拖曳系数衰减现象的对应机制进行了讨论.另外,还探讨了台风期间的阵风因子(G(t,T))等参数的演变特征.     

依安县近30 a风气候特征及开发利用初探

利用依安县国家一般气象站30a(1989-2018年)风速风向资料进行了统计分析。结果表明:依安县近30 a平均风速为2.8 m/s,年均最大风速为10.3 m/s,并且呈减小趋势。大风日数平均为9.3 d呈减少趋势,但极大风速值呈增大趋势。春季比夏、秋、冬季节平均风速大,4月、5月平均风速、最大风速、极大风速均大于其他各月,所以依安县春季是大风频发的季节。春季、秋冬季盛行西北风,夏季盛行东北风。     

基于ERA5再分析资料的余姚地区阵风预报模型探究

利用2007—2017年余姚地区44个气象自动站观测数据和欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料,对余姚地区日极大风分布进行了统计分析,并提出一种本地化的经验阵风预报模型(雷暴日除外)。研究发现:余姚地区日极大风呈正态分布,风力峰值为4～5级,平均每年大风日占比达7.03%,累计大风时次占比3.32%,年平均大风日26 d。风力越小,阵风与平均风之间的线性拟合效果越好。影响阵风预报的因子主要有10 m平均风速、925 hPa风速、地面粗糙度、摩擦速度和3 h变压。6级及以下阵风预报中,业务中的阵风经验系数1.4容易造成余姚本地阵风预报偏低,适用于余姚本地阵风预报经验系数为1.775;6级以上阵风预报经验方程考虑了平均风速、垂直动量下传、水平动量传输、地面摩擦和海拔高度订正,其与925 hPa风速的平方呈正相关,与摩擦速度呈自然指数相关,经验方程相对于经验阵风系数的预报拟合优度提升了59.61%;经验阵风预报方程通过了2018—2019年的数据检验,该方程对1～2级阵风预报偏高,3～5级效果最好,6级阵风的预报偏低;6级以上的阵风等级预报准确率达55.2%。地形摩擦作用在冷空气大风与台风大风过程中尤为重要,这两类过程阵风系数分布类似,但台风带来的动量下传比冷空气更为明显。     

汕尾浮标站的风况特征分析

利用广东省汕尾红海湾大型浮标站的近4年观测资料,统计分析汕尾红海湾近海海面风的日变化特征、季节变化特征和大风特点.分析表明：红海湾近海海面秋、冬风速大,夏季风速小,风向以东北风为主;平均情况下中午前后风速较小,早晚较大,风向以东北风为主;冷空气和热带气旋是造成红海湾近海大风的主要天气系统;大风平均阵风系数较小,最大阵风系数在热带气旋影响下出现.     

边界层风场对深圳秋冬季灰霾天气的影响

为研究边界层风场对深圳秋冬季灰霾天气的影响,统计分析2011—2014年秋冬季深圳石岩边界层风廓线雷达各层风向风速数据和深圳国家基本气象站数据,结果表明:(1)秋冬季节边界层(1 500 m以下)风力越小灰霾出现的概率越大。(2)秋冬季400~1 500 m层风速与灰霾天气关系最密切,有霾时该层平均风速在4 m·s-1左右;无霾时平均风速明显加大到6 m·s-1。(3)秋冬季边界层为较弱的偏北方向风时易导致灰霾天气,而较强的偏南方向风有利于霾的消散。     

两次台风过程近地层湍流度和阵风因子分析

利用2005年台风"麦莎"和"卡努"期间青岛海岸实测三维风观测资料,挑选6个10 min平均风速≥8 m/s的强风时段,使用矢量分析方法研究台风影响华东地区时近地层的平均风速风向变化、湍流度和阵风因子变化等湍流特性,结果表明台风影响期间,近地层湍流脉动风速不稳定,水平方向、垂直方向风速风向快速变化;虽然台风"麦莎"、"卡努"入海地点不同,不同强风时段近地层湍流度差异也较大,但湍流强度都表现为Iu(横向)＞Iv(纵向)＞Iw(垂直向).两次台风影响过程不同强风时段近地层阵风因子的变化与湍流度的变化是一致的,在风速增大风向转变的时段,湍流度和阵风因子明显增大.     

中等到强风条件下近海拖曳系数随风速变化的观测

利用位于海岸的风塔提供的四层风速观测数据,经过系统和严格的数据质量控制,采用风廓线法,研究了海上来风拖曳系数随风速的变化。观测数据共2 003 h,期间包括三个台风数据。(1) 尽管风塔位于海岸,在风速较大时(u10>5.5 m/s),观测数据不受局部地形的影响,海上来风的下垫面具有近海海面的特征;(2) 总体而言,在10～24 m/s之间,当风速小于21 m/s时,随风速的增大,拖曳系数增大,在风速达到21 m/s时,拖曳系数达到最大值,随风速的进一步增大,拖曳系数减小;(3) 近海条件下,海况和波龄与风向密切相关,因此,在使用基于开阔海域海浪充分发展假设的拖曳系数风速参数化方案时,有必要考虑风向产生的影响。      

雷州半岛东部沿海风况的特征

统计雷州半岛东部海岛自动站的近4年观测资料,分析得到雷州半岛东部沿海海面风的时间变化特征和大风特点。结果表明:雷州半岛东部沿海风速冬季最大、夏季最小;日平均风速分布呈单峰型,且日较差较小,正午前后风速较大,傍晚到次日早上风速较小;全年主导风向为东南、东北和偏东风,春季的主导风向为东南、偏东风,夏季以东南风向为主,秋季主导风向为东北风和偏东风,冬季主导风向为东北风;热带气旋和冷空气是造成沿海大风的主要原因;热带气旋所致大风的平均阵风系数和离散度均明显大于冷空气样本。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.