岩石结构分形维数与岩石压缩强度关系的探讨

运用分形几何学的理论和方法研究煤层顶板岩石的结构，发现岩石的粒度结构和孔隙结构均具有自相似性，粒度分形维数和孔隙分形维数与岩石压缩强度之间有良好的相关关系，故可以用岩石结构的分形维数定量表述岩石的压缩强度。     

储层砂岩孔隙分形性质的研究

根据统计特征体测量分形维数的测试原理，用砂岩断面的扫描电镜图片半自动分析方法，对砂岩孔隙的分形维数和分形孔隙度进行了测试，得到了储层砂岩隙的分形性质与砂岩的成分结构及作岩作用的关系，文章还对分形范围，分形维数，分形孔隙度及分形孔隙度与总孔隙度之比值作了评述。     

岩体结构分形及应用研究

岩体结构包括两个基本要素:结构面和结构体。通过分形理论研究岩体结构,得出结构面和结构体分布具有分形特征。根据结构网络图,可分别求出结构面和结构体的分形维数D_(PF)和D_(VF)。结构面分布分形维数D_(PF)越大,反映结构面分布越复杂,优势面(南京大学罗国煜教授提出)发育的方向范围就越大,相应地岩休质量就更差;结构体分布分形维数D_(VF)越大,反映结构体大小分布的状况是大的结构体所占分量趋于增加,结构面的密度、迹长、总面积趋于变小,则岩体质量趋于变好。最后指出结构面和结构体分布分形维数是决定岩体质量的两个指标,是对岩体质量进行评价的合适指标。     

土壤水分特性曲线的分形模拟

应用Menger海绵结构模型,推导出包含有分形维数的土壤水分特征曲线的解析模型,该模型与Brook Corey (1964)及Campbell (1974)经验模型的结构相似。通过对不同地区所采集的10种土壤样本利用压力薄膜仪实测得到水分特性曲线资料反求得到相应的分形维数,分析了分形维数与土壤质地、结构之间的关系,结果表明分形维数随土壤粘粒含量的增大而增大,随砂粒含量的增大而减小。同时对土壤水分特性曲线模型的分形维数与基于质量的土壤颗粒分布分形维数进行了比较,结果表明,两者十分接近,而且具有良好的线性相关关系。根据上述关系,利用易测得的土壤粒径分形维数结合所推导的解析模型,对土壤水分特性曲线进行了预测,预测值与实测值具有良好的一致性。     

基于热力学模型的煤孔隙结构分形表征

煤的孔隙结构复杂,难以用传统的欧氏几何理论描述其复杂性,而分形理论可定量表征孔隙结构的复杂程度。通过对渭北煤田韩城矿区10个煤样进行的压汞实验,采用热力学分形模型,获得了煤的渗流孔的分形维数,定量表征了煤的孔隙特征,并探讨了分形维数与渗透率的关系。研究表明:对于同等变质程度的煤来说,煤中吸附孔越多,孔隙分形维数越大;煤孔隙分形维数与渗透性呈负相关关系。由此可见,煤的渗流孔分形维数可作为煤储层渗透性评价的定量指标之一。      

基于图像分割的煤岩割理CT图像各向异性特征

利用工业CT对自然煤岩样进行断层扫描观测。针对煤岩裂隙系统的多尺度、各向异性特征,应用Canny算子图像分割与方向性边缘检测技术,提取煤岩CT图像割理的总体特征、水平方向和垂直方向特征;根据特征图像计算了煤岩样的总体分形维数、孔隙度,各向异性分形维数与孔隙度及其在三维空间中的分布;讨论了分形维数与孔隙度、渗透率之间的关系,并根据煤岩样的分形维数、孔隙度对实际工程岩体的孔隙度和渗透率进行了外推计算。研究表明,煤岩样不同扫描断面的分形维数和孔隙度不同,同一煤样同一断面不同方向的分形维数与孔隙度亦不相同。利用图像分割与边缘检测对工业CT图像进行分析,可以对煤岩的各向异性分形维数与孔隙度在2D与3D空间进行精细描述。      

基于孔隙分形维数的土壤大孔隙流水力特征参数研究

根据数字图像制备分析技术得到大孔隙数目、大小和形状等特征数据,用分形理论计算孔隙分形维数,并对两类不同质地土壤的孔隙分形维数进行分析比较,应用基于孔隙分形维数的大孔隙分形模型,建立了土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率的预测模型。结果表明,孔隙分形维数D_v可定量描述不同质地土壤结构,其模型预测精度优于颗粒大小分布估计的分形模型,可用于实际问题的研究。     

灌区塘堰分布分形描述

塘堰服务于灌区农业灌溉、居民生活用水等,是灌区水循环系统的重要组成部分,其分布是地貌侵蚀与发育以及人为因素影响下的结果。基于GIS数据库和空间分析功能,以湖北漳河三干渠灌区塘堰为例,应用分形理论对塘堰分布进行了分析。区域内塘堰面积服从双曲分布,一定范围内具有标度不变性,在概率空间中表现出分形结构的幂律性质。采用覆盖塘堰像元的方法求取了整个灌区和14个子区域的盒维数和信息维数,也表明塘堰的空间展布是一个分形体。最后分析了盒维数和信息维数与地形因子的线性关系。     

花岗岩电镜扫描图像二值化阈值对分形维数影响的研究

电镜扫描应用于岩土工程研究,能观察到岩石的细观结构,从另一个视角揭示岩石力学机理。分形维数是对岩石表面不规则、非线性裂纹裂隙的定量描述,是一个重要的参数指标。本文首先通过花岗岩电镜扫描实验,获得了花岗岩细观图像;其次研究不同二值化阈值下的图像和分形维数,结果显示分形维数随二值化阈值增大而减小;最后,对比迭代法、双峰法和Otsu法三种求最佳二值化阈值方法,表明Otsu法简单易行,得到的图像能反映岩石表面细节,求出的分形维数具有参考对比价值。因此将Otsu法图像二值化阈值得到的分形维数作为对比参考的标准,对岩石细观研究具有重要的参考价值。     

分形节理的强度和变形研究

首次运用“分形实验法”人为地生成具有分形结构的节理试件进行实验分析，利用光弹实验可视性特点详细研究了具有不同粗糙度（不同分形维数）的节理在单压和压剪两种加载 方式下对试件力学特性影响，得出了一些规律性的结果。     

一种计算断裂信息维的方法及其应用

对断裂数据化处理,得到断裂控制点。以断裂控制点为约束,对断裂进行点插值,以单个统计单元为视窗,统计落入不同栅格内的插值点数目,进而求得插值点落入不同栅格的概率,对变量数据拟合,得到断裂信息维以及相关系数。将该思路应用在金湖凹陷阜二段断裂分形评价中,分别计算了断裂长度信息维、面积信息维。结果表明,90%以上的统计单元相关系数0.9,断裂发育区具有较高的自相似性,断裂总体分形特征曲线的相关系数0.999。金湖凹陷断裂的计算表明,该思路是测量断裂信息维的有效方法,能够提高工作效率,具有较好的应用前景。     

Statistical self-affinity, fractal dimension, and geologic interpretation

Properties of statistical self-affinity are explored and explained. Semi-variogram analysis can be used for identifying statistical self-affine behavior. This is, however, not the only method available for such an analysis. Some error and interpretation is involved; therefore, estimating the Hurst dimension (and from this the fractal dimension) from the semi-variogram can be misleading. Simulations based on statistical self-affine properties are alternatively used to develop an empirical approach to assessing statistical self-affine behavior. Analyzing simulations using semi-variograms, and comparing these semi-variograms to those from actual data, offers an alternate and perhaps superior approach to the understanding of the statistical self-affine properties of a geologic phenomenon. This empirical approach offers a method of reverse modeling for verifying estimates of Hurst dimension from semi-variograms.     

Plio-/Pleistocene climate modeling based on oxygen isotope time series from deep-sea sediment cores: The Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm and chaotic climate systems

The question whether paleoclimatic systems are governed by a small number of significant variables (low-dimensional systems) is of importance for modeling such systems. As indicators for global Plio-/Pleistocene climate variability, four marine, sedimentary oxygen isotope time series are analyzed with regard to their dimensionality using a modified Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm. An artificial, low-dimensional chaotic time series (Hénon map) is included for the validation of the method. In order to extract equidistant data the raw data are interpolated with the Akima-subspline method since this method minimizes the change in variance due to the interpolation. The nonlinear least-squares Gauss-Marquardt regression method is used instead of the linear least-squares fit to the logarithmically transformed points, in order to acquire an unbiased estimate of the correlation dimension. The dependences of the estimated correlation dimension on the embedding dimension do not indicate a small number (i.e., less than 5) of influencing variables on the investigated paleoclimatic system, whereas the low dimension for the Hénon map is verified (dimension 1.22–1.28). Because of the limited amount of data in the oxygen isotope records, dimensions greater than about 5 cannot be examined.     

岩石破裂过程中的声发射b值及分形特征研究

应用声发射及其定位技术,通过单轴受压岩石破坏声发射试验,对岩石破裂过程中的声发射b值和空间分布分形维值随不同应力水平的变化趋势进行了研究。研究结果表明：声发射分形维值D和b值反映了岩石破坏过程中微裂纹的初始和扩展;在小尺度微裂纹所占比例较高的加载初期,分形维值和b值在较高的水平波动变化,部分岩石试件分形维值和b值呈现升高现象;随着载荷的增加,岩石内部微裂纹的空间分布由无序向有序转变,大尺度裂纹所占比例增加,声发射定位事件出现群集现象,分形维值和b值开始较快速下降并在岩石失稳破坏时达到最低值。在岩石破坏过程中,声发射分形维值和b值的变化趋势相近。由于实际应用时,分形维值和b值的最小值（临界点）难以确定,故可将2个参数相结合,以分形维值D和b值较快速下降作为前兆特征,以提高现场岩体稳定性监测的准确性。     

On Fractal Dimensions of China's Coastlines

The fractal dimensions of China's coastlines are preliminarily discussed on the basis of GIS in this paper. Some significant conclusions are drawn. The fractal relationship between the length of China's continental coastline L and the yardstick r is log L = 3.99 – 0.16 log r on the scale 1:2,500,000 map. The fractal relationship between the length of Jiangsu province's coastline and the yardstick may be established as log L = 2.82 – 0.10 log r on the scale 1:50,000 map. Using the divider method, the fractal dimension of China's continental coastline is 1.16, Taiwan Island is 1.04, etc. The fractal dimensions of coastlines of the Bohai sea, the Yellow sea, the East China sea, and the South China sea tend to increase from north to south, indicating that the complexity of China's coastlines increases toward low latitudes. The substantial components of coast, biological function, and climate from north to south result in a change in fractal dimensions along the coasts of China. The fractal dimension of a coastline is different from the average fractal dimension of all its parts. The more parts of a coastline, the larger the difference between the fractal dimension of the original coastline and the average fractal dimension of all its parts. Faults control the basic trends and fractal dimensions of coastlines as a whole in the studied areas of Taiwan Island and Changle-Lufeng. The more the controlling effect of the faults, the smaller the fractal dimension of the coastline. The less the controlling effect of the faults, the larger the fractal dimension of the coastline. The results indicate that the faults control not only the basic trend of a coastline but also the complexity in the studied areas of Taiwan Island and Changle-Lufeng.     

基于GIS技术的秦淮河流域水系分维研究

流域水系是一种自然分形,基于GIS技术在MapInfo和MapBasic平台下,采用编程手段,通过改变粗视化程度求维数的数盒子法求取了秦淮河流域水系的盒维数,并在此基础上讨论了水系分维的意义。指出水系的分维不仅反映了该流域水系的发育程度,而且和流域的地貌系统、土地利用以及道路网都有着密切的关系。     

中国水系的盒维数及其关系

应用分形理论,系统地探讨了整个中国水系及其各组成流域水系的分形结构特征。通过研究,得出主要结论如下:(1)整个中国水系及其各组成流域水系的分形结构特征是客观存在的;(2)应用网格法系统地计算出了中国各流域水系的盒维数值:整个中国水系的盒维数值为1.4189,中国外流区水系的盒维数值为1.4305;(3)中国平原地区水系的盒维数值一般较大;(4)整个中国水系盒维数值与组成它的各个层次流域水系的盒维数值的平均值并不相等,一般而言,不同层次流域水系盒维数值的平均值小于整个水系盒维数值。     

Fractal dimension of profiles and surfaces using fuzzy morphological coverings

In this paper, we propose a new method, based on fuzzy morphology coverings, to estimate the fractal dimension of profiles and surfaces. This method is geometrically intuitive and simple to implement. Algorithmically, the method fits a covering to the frames or blocks of the profile or surface using fuzzy morphology. Varying the dimension of the frame or block, estimates of the length or area covered are then used to find the fractal dimension. Validation of the proposed method is performed by comparing its results with known fractal dimensions of mathematical profiles. The method is used to obtain the fractal dimension of rock profiles and surfaces.     

泥石流源区砾石土分形特征及其与渗透系数关系试验研究

以取自泥石流易发区的182个砾石土土样为基础,进行室内颗分试验,通过分形理论计算各土样的分维值,经计算发现,泥石流源区砾石土以一重分形为主,一重分形的土样占样本总数的88.46%,一重分形土样的分维值介于2.250～2.798之间;以此数据为基础配置土样,通过自制、可控的常水头试验装置进行渗透试验。试验结果表明,渗透系数k与分维值D之间有极显著的相关性,且在干密度为1.8 g/cm3时相关性最好。通过多元回归分析发现,不同密度条件下,k与D之间均有较好的幂函数关系;相同的分维值条件下土样的渗透系数随密度的增大呈减小的趋势,分维值在2.450～2.600之间时,样本的干密度 与渗透系数k之间的幂函数关系较为明显。试验结果可以为泥石流启动的临界雨量研究提供理论基础,提高已有预报模型的普适性及精度。     

Newspapers as a validation proxy for GIS modeling in Fujairah,United Arab Emirates: identifying flood-prone areas

Prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration is a matter of concern in mining industry since long. Several approaches ranging from scaled distance regression, different numerical methods to wave superimposition theories have been tried by many researchers for better prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration. Signature hole analysis is one of the popular simulation methods to predict the ground vibration generated due to production blast. It superimposes the recorded signature hole waveform using a computer program to predict the production blast-induced vibration. The technique inputs the designated time of detonation of each hole and superimposes the waves generated by each hole to predict the nearest value of peak particle velocity and frequency of blast-induced ground vibration. Although a very useful approach, it requires a computer program to simulate the linear superimposition of waveforms. The simulation is not possible for every blast as it takes time and also is difficult for field engineers to simulate every time, whereas it is always easy for blasting engineers to adapt and use an empirical equation/approach for prediction and control of blast-induced ground vibration than simulation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an innovative and simplified analytical approach of signature hole analysis. The simplified sinusoidal wave equation is obtained from recorded signature hole ground vibration waveform properties and is superimposed mathematically according to the multi-hole blast design to predict the production blast-induced ground vibrations. The validation of the developed approach was done in three different sites, and up to 15% more accuracy in prediction of the blast, vibrations are achieved in comparison with signature hole analysis prediction.