陆内挤压造山带与陆内前陆盆地关系———以塔里木盆地北部与南天山为例

摘 要　 塔里木盆地北部边缘与南天山中、新生代构成了封闭的陆内盆 山系统。结合世界上 典型挤压造山带与前陆盆地关系研究的诸多成果‚采用校正的构造回剥曲线、时间段曲线‚ 平衡剖面等定量、半定量分析方法‚得出了研究区中、新生代陆内盆 山关系的演化过程及模 式。     

尼泊尔及南侧邻区元古宙以来的构造-沉积演化

迄今,尼泊尔及其南侧邻区元古宙以来的构造-沉积演化尚缺乏系统性研究.为了促进区域地质认识,结合前人研究成果及新的研究发现,对尼泊尔低喜马拉雅带及以南的构造-沉积演化首次进行系统性总结与讨论.结果表明:尼泊尔低喜马拉雅带及以南与印度地盾北缘在地质历史中的构造-沉积演化息息相关,且自元古宙以来,发育了被动大陆边缘→陆内裂谷→被动大陆边缘→前陆盆地等不同构造演化阶段的沉积响应;尼泊尔西部的Dailekh群属于~1.8 Ga以前或前哥伦比亚超大陆之前的被动大陆边缘沉积;Vindhyan超群为下断上坳的陆内裂谷沉积,尼泊尔境内的Lakharpata群相当于下Vindhyan群;Gondwana超大陆裂解导致由北往南形成一系列初始发育时间越来越晚的裂谷盆地;Surkhet群至Siwalik群为被动大陆边缘至前陆盆地沉积,其中,Surkhet群Swat/Subathu组是喜马拉雅南侧地质历史上最后一套海相沉积地层,也是被动大陆边缘向前陆盆地转换期的沉积响应;Siwalik群大规模的磨拉石建造标志着喜马拉雅快速和大幅度隆升,该群沉积成岩后,印度-欧亚板块进一步的挤压作用导致了地质历史上迄今为止最后一次强烈的构造运动,形成MFT与Siwalik褶皱带,并奠定了喜马拉雅带现今构造格局.      

The variscan geology of the Pyrenees

The main outlines of the geology of the Variscan part of the Pyrenees are discussed. Rocks involved in this cycle are high-grade basement gneisses, Palaeozoic sediments and their metamorphic equivalents, late intrusive granodiorites and early, pre-Variscan granites. The main features of the stratigraphy of the Palaeozoic are given.Structures fall into two domains: a low-grade suprastructure, essentially with steep folds and cleavages, and a high-grade infrastructure with dominantly low-dipping foliations. An important phase of early, pre-cleavage folding occurs in low-grade rocks mainly along the southern border of the Axial zone. In high-grade rocks most structures and the metamorphism postdate the main cleavage phase in low-grade rocks. The influence of the Alpine orogeny on the Variscan structures consists mainly of faults, steep, reverse faults in the northern, and south-directed thrusts in the southern part of the Pyrenees. Metamorphism took place under high geothermal gradients and low pressures, as indicated by the abundant occurrence of andalusite and cordierite     

Tectonics of the Caucasus and adjoining regions: implications for the evolution of the Tethys ocean

The evolution of Tethys is analysed on the basis of ophiolitic geology, reconstruction of continental margins, and plate kinematics. The North Anatolian-Minor Caucasian-South Caspian ophiolitic belt is considered to be the major suture of Palaeozoic Tethys, dividing its southern carbonate shelf from the Pontian-Caucasian-Turanian active margin. The Caucasian part of the latter comprises the Transcaucasian island arc, the Great Caucasian small ocean basin, the Great Caucasian island arc and the Precaucasian marginal sea, each characterised by its own magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary facies association typical of that tectonic environments. The North Anatolian branch of Tethys persisted throughout the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic, whereas eastwards the major oceanic tract shifted south into the Zagros zone.The Northern frame of Mesotethys comprises the Pontain-Caucasian and Nakhichevan-Iranian island arc systems, divided by the Minor Caucasian basin, a relict of Palaeotethys reduced to a narrow northern branch of the Mesozoic ocean. In the late Cretacaous-Palaeogene, the youngest southwestern branch of Tethys separated Taurus-Anatolia from the Arabian shelf. Its ‘old’ northern branches were closed in the Palaeogene. Northward subduction in the South Anatolia-Zagros intracontinental basin triggered Neogene calc-alkaline volcanism in the Pontides, Antolia, Caucasus and Iran.     

全球早古生代造山带(Ⅰ):碰撞型造山

自新元古代罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解以来,早古生代是板块构造运动活跃时期,具有板块运动速度较快、构造格局不稳定、块体之间相互作用复杂多变等特征,造山带演化极其复杂,导致全球早古生代古大陆重建现今仍较模糊。特别是,早古生代末450~400 Ma存在全球性准同时的造山运动,已经出现俯冲增生、碰撞、陆内3种类型的全球尺度造山带。本文侧重论述全球早古生代碰撞类型造山带的特征,总结典型碰撞造山带最新的年代学、变质、变形和岩浆作用特征及其时空分布。早古生代全球碰撞型造山带主要分布在南半球的泛非造山带和北半球的加里东期造山带,分别与南方冈瓦纳大陆和北方劳俄古陆的初步集结密切相关,早古生代碰撞造山主要体现在大陆块之间的碰撞作用为特征。这些早古生代碰撞造山带具有近似的碰撞年龄,大致相同的演化过程。其中,南方大陆主体碰撞完成于540 Ma,而北方大陆主体集结完成于420 Ma,从全球构造意义上可能意味着全球一个420~400 Ma的超大陆初步形成。     

Southern margin of the Variscan belt: the north-western Gondwana mobile zone (eastern Morocco and Northern Algeria)

Stratigraphic and structural correlations between the Palaeozoic massifs of eastern Morocco and northern Algeria allow three tectonic domains to be distinguished: (1) The cratonic zone, i.e. the West African platform which remained outside the Variscan chain and its peripherical margin (Moroccan Anti-Atlas and Algerian Ougarta); (2) a WSW-ENE trending zone, over 1500 km from Marrakech to Kabylia and Calabria (in their assumed Palaeozoic location). — This zone was characterized during the Late Palaeozoic by a continuous instability indicated by the development of successive turbiditic basins and a major orogeny at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary; and (3) central and western Morocco, which corresponds to the external zones of the European Hercynides.The Marrakech-Kabylia zone separates the Variscan domain from the stable and undeformed West African craton. During Early Palaeozoic times it began as an extensive or transtensive zone. It has been deformed by the Late Devonian orogeny and by Carboniferous and Permian reactivation. The zone represents the southern limit of the Hercynian chain and is distinguished by its transcurrent regime throughout the Late Palaeozoic. Correspondence to: A. Piqué     

The structure of the Swansea Valley Disturbance between Clydach and Hay-on-Wye,South Wales

The Swansea Valley Disturbance is one of four NE-SW belts of faulting and folding which cross the northern limb of the South Wales Coalfield syncline at variance with the normal E-W Variscan structures. The Disturbance extends from Hay-on-Wye (Herefordshire) southwestwards to Clydach (near Swansea) and may extend northeastwards to Titterstone Clee Hill (near Ludlow) and southwestwards along the Tircanol Fault to Swansea Bay. The main structural elements of the Disturbance are: impersistent NE-SW folds; NE-SW normal faults; and NE-SW and NNW-SSE wrench faults. The NE-SW structures are confined to a narrow zone which seldom exceeds two kilometres in width. It is suggested that this narrow belt of faulting and folding has been controlled mainly by sub-Devonian basement structures, which involve faulting and/or folding. The effect of the Variscan compression was to reactivate the basement structure, which had the effect of resolving this compression along the disturbed zone to produce sinistral wrench movements. The structure of the Disturbance has been complicated by folding, produced by the Variscan force driving the Upper Palaeozoic rocks against the Lower Palaeozoic block. It is concluded that the main movements are of Variscan age and that vertical movements may have taken place in post-Carboniferous and post-Neogene times.     

Methods of Studying Petroleum Systems in Residual Basins-A Case Study of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic MarineBasins in Southern China

Through an integrated study of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic petroleum geology in southern China and a summing-up of the results of exploration, the authors tentatively put forward a set of methods of studying petroleum systems in modified residual basins or superposed basins. Its core idea is to put emphasis on the study of the dynamic evolution of petroleum systems. The tempo-spatial evolution, hydrocarbon-generating processes and hydrocarbon-generating intensities and amounts of resources in different geological stages of chief source rocks are mainly deduced backward by 3-D basin modelling. The regularities of formation and destruction of oil and gas accumulations are summarized by analyzing the fossil and existing oil and gas accumulations, the direction of migration is studied by palaeo-structural analysis, and the dynamic evolution of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic petroleum systems in southern China is studied according to stages of major tectonic movements. The authors suggest that the realistic exploration     

The West Spitsbergen Fold Belt: The result of Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene Greenland-Svalbard convergence?

The West Spitsbergen Fold Belt, together with the Eurekan structures of northern Greenland and Ellesmere Island, are suggested to be the result of Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene intracontinental compressional tectonics. The Late Palaeozoic –Mesozoic rocks of western Spitsbergen are characterized by near-foreland deformation with ramp-flat, top-to-the east thrust trajectories, whereas structurally higher nappes involving Caledonian complexes are typified by more listric thrusts and mylonite zones. A minimum of 40 km of shortening is estimated for the northern part of the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt. The axial trends in the West Spitsbergen and the North Greenland Eurekan fold belts parallel the principal fault zones which accommodated the separation of Greenland and Svalbard after Chron 25/24. In northern Greenland, north directed Eurekan thrusts associated with mylonites and cleavage formation represent at least 10 km of shortening. Between 50 and 100 km of shortening is estimated for the markedly arcuate Eurekan Fold Belt of Ellesmere Island, but the principal tectonic transport is eastwards. Kinematic reconstructions suggest that Svalbard was linked to North America before the opening of the Eurasian Basin and Norwegian — Greenland Sea. In the Late Cretaceous — Palaeocene interval, the relative motion between Greenland and North America was convergent across the Greenland — Svalbard margin, giving rise to the West Spitsbergen Fold Belt and the Eurekan structures of North Greenland.     

Himalayan Tectonic Evolution in the East Asian Peri-Pacific Region

This paper summarizes the Late Palaeozoic. Indosinian and Yanshanian palaeotectonic settings in theperi-Pacific region of East Asia. On that basis, the Himalayan crustal movement in the region is divided intothe early and late tectonic stages and two principal tectonic phases. From the ocean to the continent, 5 giganticHimalayan formation-deformation belts are distinguished; they are the Northwest Pacific trench-island arcbelt. the Northwest Pacific marginal sea basin bell. the East China Sea-northern South China Seacontinental-shelf down-faulted belt. the East Asian epicontinental rift belt. and the East Asian intracontinentalrift belt. The Early and Late Himalayan tectonic evolution is dealt with. Finally the state of the Himalayan re-gional stress field and its evoution in the region are discussed. It is considered that the mechanism of their for-mation is closely related to the continent-ocean and surface-deep earth interaction.     

巴布亚盆地褶皱带构造特征

巴布亚盆地的构造演化主要受控于陆内克拉通裂谷、冈瓦纳裂解、珊瑚海裂开、美拉尼西亚岛弧碰撞4个构造事件,它们共同影响并控制了该带的构造沉积演化和油气成藏。盆地内主要发育3个褶皱带,分别为伊利安褶皱带、巴布亚褶皱带和奥雷褶皱带,它们主要发育压缩构造样式,由于受到挤压应力的强弱变化,褶皱带构造挤压强度北强南弱,构造类型丰富多样。     

The Palaeozoic Variscan oceans revisited

Geological evidence, supported by biogeographical data and in accord with palaeomagnetic constraints, indicates that “one ocean” models for the Variscides should be discarded, and confirms, instead, the existence of three Gondwana-derived microcontinents which were involved in the Variscan collision: Avalonia, North Armorica (Franconia and Thuringia subdivided by a failed Vesser Rift), and South Armorica (Central Iberia/Armorica/Bohemia), all divided by small oceans. In addition, parts of south-eastern Europe, including Adria and Apulia, are combined here under the new name of Palaeo-Adria, which was also Peri-Gondwanan in the Early Palaeozoic. Oceanic separations were formed by the break-up of the northern Gondwana margin from the Late Cambrian onwards. Most of the oceans or seaways remained narrow, but – much like the Alpine Cenozoic oceans – gave birth to orogenic belts with HP-UHP metamorphism and extensive allochthons: the Saxo-Thuringian Ocean between North and South Armorica and the Galicia-Moldanubian Ocean between South Armorica and Palaeo-Adria. Only the Rheic Ocean between Avalonia and peri-Gondwana was wide enough to be unambiguously recorded by biogeography and palaeomagnetism, and its north-western arm closed before or during the Emsian in Europe. Ridge subduction under the northernmost part of Armorica in the Emsian created the narrow and short-lived Rheno-Hercynian Ocean. It is that ocean (and not the Rheic) whose opening and closure controlled the evolution of the Rheno-Hercynian foldbelt in south-west Iberia, south-west England, Germany, and Moravia (Czech Republic). Devonian magmatism and sedimentation set within belts of Early Variscan deformation and metamorphism are probably strike-slip-related. The first arrival of flysch on the forelands and/or the age of deformation of foreland sequences constrains the sequential closure of the Variscan seaways (Galicia-Moldanubian in the Givetian; Saxo-Thuringian in the Early Famennian; Rheno-Hercynian in the Tournaisian). Additional Mid- to Late Devonian and (partly) Early Carboniferous magmatism and extension in the Rheno-Hercynian, Saxo-Thuringian and Galicia-Moldanubian basins overlapped with Variscan geodynamics as strictly defined. The Early Carboniferous episode was the start of episodic anorogenic heating which lasted until the Permian and probably relates to Tethys rifting.     

A restored section of the “southern Variscan realm” across the Corsica–Sardinia microcontinent

A complete section of the southern realm of the Variscan orogenic belt can be restored in the Corsica–Sardinia segment. Northern Corsica exposes a nonmetamorphosed Palaeozoic succession lying on Panafrican mica schist related to a microcontinent (most likely Armorica or from a microcontinent from the Hun superterrane) that had drifted away directly from Gondwana. These formations are thrust over the Variscan Internal Zone composed mainly of anatectic high-grade Palaeozoic formations that crop out from central Corsica to northern Sardinia; the metamorphic peak of the eclogite remnants has been dated at c. 420 Ma. The Variscan Internal Zone interpreted here as a collision zone, and also the Eovariscan suture, was intruded in Corsica by Mg–K granite from 345 to 335 Ma. The thrust of this Internal Zone onto the stack of parautochthonous nappes in central Sardinia is cross-cut by the Posada Asinara dextral shear zone. To the south, parautochthonous nappes overthrust the North-Gondwana margin which displays a possible Panafrican basement topped by an Iglesiente–Sulcis nonmetamorphic/anchimetamorphic Palaeozoic succession.     

上扬子北部褶皱带的构造应力场演化规律

在对大量逆冲与平移断层运动学详细分析与观测的基础上,本文利用实测断层擦痕矢量数据组进行了区域应力场反演,根据对断层叠加关系的分析及叠加褶皱的验证,划分出上扬子北部经历过3期挤压构造应力场演化,从早到晚分别为:第1期北西—南东向挤压应力场,第2期近东西向挤压应力场和第3期北东—南西向挤压应力场。结合相关的地质现象,认为在这3期挤压应力场作用下分别形成了晚侏罗世末—早白垩世初的湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带、早白垩世末—晚白垩世初的川东隔档式褶皱带和南大巴山弧形褶皱带。由此表明,上扬子北部褶皱带的形成顺序为湘鄂西隔槽式褶皱带→川东隔档式褶皱带→南大巴山弧形褶皱带。     

中国与蒙古之地质

按照构造单元和构造阶段讨论中国和蒙古的演化史。中国前寒武纪地壳演化可分3大阶段:陆核的聚结(2·8Ga);原地台在吕梁运动中固结和侧向增生(1·8Ga);地台在晋宁运动中固化拼合成华夏超大陆(830Ma)。晋宁运动后,中国和蒙古以离散大陆和洋盆并存为特征,至早古生代末聚合为中国和北蒙古两个古大陆。晚古生代时,斋桑—南蒙古—兴安和乌拉尔—天山两大海域陆续消减,形成了海西期的主缝合带。中国蒙古各地块大致于印支运动末期(210Ma)重新聚合,成为劳亚超大陆,即二叠纪—三叠纪泛大陆北支的一部分。印支期后大阶段的特征是泛大陆裂解和大西洋扩张导致了环太平洋域的出现,这一新的构造型式使中国由南北部之间的差异转变为东西部之间的差异。中国东部,也包含蒙古在内,在中—新生代基本上处于张性构造状态,发育张裂盆地和大陆内部火山活动;而在中国西部,中—新生代的构造发展过程则表现为亲冈瓦纳诸地块陆续向北增生拼贴到古亚洲大陆之上。这个过程最终导致了青藏高原在中新世至第四纪的迅速上隆。     

Burial history of Palaeozoic strata in Belgium as revealed by conodont colour alteration data and thickness distributions

Thickness distributions of Devono-Carboniferous formations and their relationship to conodont colour alteration indices (CAIs) from over 500 sample locations in Belgium and northern France have been studied to reconstruct the thermal alteration and burial history of Palaeozoic rocks. The depositional centre during Eifelian through Visean times was located in the subsiding southern part of the Dinant Basin, forming a thick sedimentary pile of probably more than 3.5 km. In order to explain conodont CAIs chiefly resulting from Upper Carboniferous sedimentation, two different depositional centres are considered, giving rise to approximately 4.5 km of sediment in the central part of the Dinant and Namur Basins. As a consequence of the northward shifting Variscan fold belt, the Upper Carboniferous succession in the southern part of the Dinant Basin and in the Rocroi area was reduced or absent. Conodont CAIs together with other thermal alteration data from the Condroz Massif indicate that this area was a structural high for most of the Devonian. The Brabant Massif was probably covered with approximately 1.5–2.0 km of Upper Carboniferous sediments in the south and less than 1.0 km in the central and northern parts. In the central Campine Basin Viséan strata could have been buried by 3.5–4.5 km of Upper Carboniferous rocks.     

The geodynamic evolution of the Southern European Variscides: constraints from the U/Pb geochronology and geochemistry of the lower Palaeozoic magmatic-sedimentary sequences of Sardinia (Italy)

The high-grade metamorphic complex of northern Sardinia consists of a strongly deformed sequence of migmatitic ortho- and paragneisses interlayered with minor amphibolites preserving relic eclogite parageneses. The protolith ages and geochemical characteristics of selected gneiss samples were determined, providing new constraints for reconstructing the Palaeozoic geodynamic evolution of this sector of the Variscan chain. The orthogneisses are metaluminous to peraluminous calcalkaline granitoids with crustal Sr and Nd isotopic signatures. One orthogneiss from the high-grade zone and one metavolcanite from the volcanic belt in southern Sardinia were dated by LAM-ICPMS (and SHRIMP) zircon geochronology. The inferred emplacement ages of the two samples are 469 ± 3.7 and 464 ± 1 Ma, respectively. The analysed paragneisses are mainly metawackes with subordinate metapelites and rare metamarls. Three paragneiss samples were dated: zircon ages scatter between 3 Ga and about 320 Ma, with a first main cluster from 480 to 450 Ma, and a second one from about 650 to 550. Variscan zircon ages are rare and mostly limited to thin rims and overgrowths on older grains. These data indicate that the high-grade complex principally consists of middle Ordovician orthogneisses associated with a thick metasedimentary sequence characterised by a maximum age of deposition between 480 and 450 Ma. The association of nearly coeval felsic-mafic magmatic rocks with immature siliciclastic sedimentary sequences points to a back-arc setting in the north Gondwana margin during the Early Palaeozoic. The Variscan metamorphic evolution recorded by the high-grade gneisses (Ky-bearing felsic gneisses and mafic eclogites) testifies to the transformation of the Late Ordovician–Devonian passive continental margin into an active margin in the Devonian–Early Carboniferous.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

The Saint-Georges-sur-Loire olistostrome,a key zone to understand the Gondwana-Armorica boundary in the Variscan belt (Southern Brittany,France)

In the southern part of the French Armorican massif, the Ligerian domain is located along the boundary between Gondwana and Armorica. Lithological, geochemical and structural data on the Saint-Georges-sur-Loire Unit, which is the northern part of the Ligerian domain, allow us to distinguish two sub-units. A southern sub-unit, formed by various blocks (chert, limestone, sandstone, rhyolite, mafic rocks) of Silurian to Middle Devonian age included as olistoliths in a Middle-Late Devonian terrigeneous matrix, overthrusts a sandstone-pelite northern sub-unit. Both units experienced two deformation events. The first one is a top-to-the-NW thrusting and the second one is a left-lateral wrenching. The Saint-Georges-sur-Loire Unit is an accretionary prism formed during the Late Devonian closure of the Layon rift, coeval with the main phase of the Variscan orogeny. The Layon rift, which according to the mafic olistoliths was partly floored by oceanic crust, appears as a buffer structural zone that accounts for the lack in Central Brittany of any tectonic or sedimentary echo of the closure of the Medio-European Ocean. The tectonic evolution of the Saint-Georges-sur-Loire Unit supports a polyorogenic model for this part of the Variscan Belt.     

天山南北缘前陆冲断构造对比研究及其油气藏形成的构造控制因素分析

天山南北缘分别发育了库车前陆冲断带和乌鲁木齐前陆冲断带,南缘前陆冲断带发育4排褶皱冲断构造,北缘前陆冲断带发育3排褶皱冲断构造。天山南北缘前陆冲断构造形成时间的对比研究表明,南缘第一排构造带起始时间为23.3Ma,构造形变从山前由北向南依次展开;北缘第一排构造带的形成时限为10~8Ma,构造形变从山前开始由南向北依次展开。平衡剖面研究表明,天山南北缘地壳缩短率也存在明显差异,南缘前陆冲断带地壳缩短率为31%~59%,北缘前陆冲断带地壳缩短率为15.13%~23.74%,南缘构造缩短量要大于北缘,这种差异正是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的远距离构造效应从南向北传播造成的,也真实反映了天山的陆内造山过程。目前天山南缘前陆变形构造中已经发现几个规模较大的油气田,北缘虽有多处油气显示和油气田的发现,但数量和规模均较南缘少和小。天山南北缘生储盖等石油地质条件基本相似,大型油气藏形成的差异可能主要是由天山南北缘前陆冲断带启动时间的不同造成的。     

The Palaeozoic tectono-metallogenic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System, Australia: Interplay of subduction rollback and accretion

The Tasman Fold Belt System in eastern Australia provides a record of the Palaeozoic geological history and growth of the Australian continent along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana inboard of an extensive and long-lived subduction system. The Hodgkinson and Broken River provinces represent prominent geological elements of this system and together form the northern Tasman Fold Belt System. Geochronological age dating of the timing of gold formation in the Amanda Bel Goldfield in the Broken River Province and the Hodgkinson Goldfield in the Hodgkinson Province provides constraints on the occurrence of a deformation and mineralisation episode in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous. Integration of these newly-obtained data with petrogenetic constraints and a time–space evaluation of the geological evolution of the Hodgkinson and Broken River provinces, as well as other terranes in the northern Tasman Fold Belt System, allows for the development of a geodynamic model for the Palaeozoic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System. Our model indicates that three cycles of extension–contraction occurred during the Palaeozoic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System. Episodes of extension were controlled by rollback of the subduction system along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana, whereas episodes of contraction resulted from accretion following the arrival of positively buoyant segments (i.e., micro-continental blocks/oceanic plateaus) at the subducting trench.Our composite interpretative model on the geodynamic evolution of the northern Tasman Fold Belt System integrates the timing of the development of mineral deposits throughout this part of the system and provides a significant advancement in the understanding of Palaeozoic geodynamics along the margin of Gondwana in northeast Australia and allows comparison with the southern part of the Tasman Fold Belt System.