利用 FLAC 3D 对基坑支护数值模拟分析

FLAC 3D 是岩土工程中广泛应用的软件。本文以某地区基坑为背景,进行土钉墙支护设计,并利用 FLAC 3D 软件对土钉墙支护前后进行数值模拟。在基坑开挖完成后,边墙位移一般为 20 ～ 40 cm,最大位移为 45 cm。采用土钉墙支护后,边墙的位移为 2 ～ 4 cm,最大位移为 6 cm。对比表明,土钉墙支护能够有效的阻止基坑的变形,维持基坑的稳定。同时,根据土钉的轴力分布特征,分析基坑在不采取支护措施的情况下将发生滑移破坏。     

复合土钉墙支护FLAC3D数值模拟与实测结果对比

针对深基坑复合土钉墙支护的特点,运用FLAC3D软件进行深基坑开挖与土钉支护过程的数值模拟,计算中采用摩尔-库仑弹塑性模型,接触面运用接触单元来模拟土体与土钉之间的相互作用。通过计算得到了基坑不同开挖及土钉支护过程中土钉轴力沿钉长分布、墙后土体深层水平位移、周围地表沉降、坑底隆起及潜在滑动面等变化情况,并与实测结果比较发现二者吻合较好,计算结果对工程施工和设计具有一定的指导意义。同时说明所采用的FLAC3D计算模型和分析方法是可靠的,能够满足工程的精度要求,能够较好地运用于实际工程中的分析与预测。     

粉质砂土土钉墙水平位移与土钉轴力的FLAC3D研究

以物理模型土钉墙的破坏性试验获得的土体的基本参数和模型的尺寸为基础,应用FLAC3D软件建立土钉墙数值模拟模型。通过数值模型模拟基坑开挖与支护过程,并监测该过程中的土钉墙墙体沿深度方向水平位移情况和各层土钉的轴力变化情况以及它们之间的关系。支护过程结束后,在墙顶分级施加竖向荷载直至墙体产生较大变形,研究了土钉墙在超载状况下的工作状况以及破坏过程,并与物理模型土钉墙的破坏性试验结果进行对比。研究发现,开挖过程中墙体水平位移底部大于顶部,呈“勺形”分布;墙体水平位移最大处附近的土钉轴力也最大;粉质砂土土钉墙变形超过基坑开挖深度的4‰后,墙体的稳定性会极大降低;粉质砂土土钉墙没有下卧软弱层时,在地面超载作用下其破坏形式为体内破坏,表现为部分土体沿滑裂面向下滑动。     

复合土钉墙支护设计参数敏感性分析及边坡变形规律研究

由土钉和预应力锚索组成的复合土钉墙支护结构可以有效加固周围土体,控制基坑变形,被广泛应用于基坑支护设计中。以济南西客站站前广场基坑工程复合土钉墙支护设计为例,通过FLAC3D有限差分软件数值计算和现场监测分析,采用弹塑性实体单元和线性锚杆单元,考虑锚杆与土体相互作用,通过对土钉和预应力锚索组成的复合土钉支护结构进行开挖支护施工全过程的三维动态模拟分析。分析基坑坡面水平位移、坑底隆起、地表沉降、土钉轴力、预应力锚索轴力等变化规律,研究复合土钉墙的受力机制,探讨土钉和预应力锚索的共同作用机制。分析土体各种力学参数和锚杆间距、锚索预应力等设计参数对基坑变形影响的敏感性,并与监测数据进行对比分析。研究表明,锚杆与土体相互作用力学模型能较好模拟复合土钉墙支护施工过程,计算精度较高;土体黏聚力、摩擦角、土钉间距、锚索预应力等对基坑边坡变形的影响较大,计算结果可为复合土钉墙设计参数选取提供参考     

基于FLAC3D的土钉内力分析

结合某基坑土钉支护实例,采用FLAC3D对土钉在开挖过程中的受力性能进行了模拟和分析。根据土钉支护结构的开挖、支护情况,研究了土钉的内力分布规律,得到了基坑在开挖过程中土钉的轴力、剪力变化规律。利用试验数据对模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果与试测值基本吻合,研究成果近一步解释了钉土的相互作用机理。     

北京某基坑阳角部位土钉支护的冗余度设计研究

以北京某基坑阳角土钉支护工程为背景,采用Midas/GTS软件建立了该基坑阳角开挖模型,以土钉轴力和土体变形为标准,计算支护体系的冗余度,并分析了腰梁加固和阳角参数对基坑支护体系冗余度影响特征。结果表明:①与无腰梁体系相比,土钉一腰梁共同工作的整体能够很好控制阳角危险位置处的位移,同时增加支护体系的传力路径,提高支护体系冗余度。腰梁的设置提高了支护体系变形冗余度。②土钉一腰梁支护体系能够降低阳角附近土钉轴力,保护危险构件,提高支护体系承载力冗余度。③基坑阳角凸出长度增大,支护体系冗余度降低;基坑阳角角度减小,支护体系冗余度相应降低。     

土钉支护现场测试及三维数值模拟分析

在进行土钉轴力和边坡位移测试的基础上 ,进行了土钉支护的三维数值模拟研究 ,对边坡位移、土钉轴力、塑性区分布等分别作了较为深入的探讨 ,认识到土钉与土体相互作用形成了一个完整的支护体系 ;基坑失稳破坏并非传统意义上的土体和土钉的破坏 ,而是土钉支护体系的整体性破坏 ;土钉支护体系的形成正是通过土钉的分担作用、应力传递与扩散作用来实现的 ,这是土钉支护作用的实质.     

深基坑开挖与支护模拟仿真分析

运用FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型对北京市某高层住宅楼基坑工程进行了数值模拟分析,对基坑开挖、失稳破坏、边坡支护进行了评价,并对模拟结果与实测结果进行了对比,分析了基坑变形、失稳破坏和支护过程。研究表明,FLAC3D软件中的Mohr-Coulomb本构模型能够方便、准确地模拟基坑开挖、边坡的大位移失稳破坏、边坡的支护过程,其计算结果安全可靠。分析结果也证实了FLAC3D在基坑工程数值模拟方面具有良好的适应性。     

软弱土层复合土钉支护试验研究

复合土钉支护是从土钉支护基础上发展起来的、应用范围更广的一项基坑支护新技术。笔者通过模型试验，研究了复合土钉支护的作用原理，为其设计和施工提供了参考依据，促进了这项技术快速发展。基坑模型采用“相似模型的长度与变形的时间成反比”的相似法则设计，相似比为1:10。试验模拟现场分步开挖与支护的过程，测试内容包括土体位移、地表沉降、基底隆起、地面裂缝及超挖引起的破坏形态。试验结果表明：复合土钉支护能够充分调动周围土体共同作用，有效地控制基坑变形；复合土钉支护中止水帷幕的插入深度和强度对控制边坡变形与失稳有较大作用；复合土钉支护效果明显优于一般的土钉支护。     

建筑基坑土钉支护时机探讨

本文采用FLAC软件，通过建筑物基坑随开挖深度增加而变形的模拟，得出基坑每一阶段开挖及土钉支护条件下的位移发展演变规律，跟踪最大不平衡力变量的变化提出了最佳土钉支护时机。     

Tropical residual soil as compacted soil liners

A series of laboratory tests was conducted on a tropical residual soil, which is widespread and readily available over a considerable part of Peninsular Malaysia, to assess whether it could be compacted as hydraulic barriers in waste disposal landfills. Index properties, swelling potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compaction characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil indicate that it is inorganic, very plastic, inactive (activity <0.75), moderately expansive (modified free swell index is about 3.06), and of fair attenuation capacity (for inorganic contaminants). For hydraulic conductivity measurement, the soil was compacted in rigid-wall permeameter moulds at a variety of water contents and compactive efforts and then permeated with de-aired tap water. The results of hydraulic conductivity tests illustrate that hydraulic conductivity lower than 1×10^–7 cm/s can be achieved using a broad range of water contents and compactive efforts, including water contents dry of optimum. Its shrinkage and strength properties show that it has minimal potential to shrinkage and has adequate strength to support the overburden pressure imposes by the waste body. These findings suggest that the residual soil can be potentially utilized as compacted soil liner material.     

月壤及模拟月壤微观结构的研究

为了对比研究月壤与模拟月壤的微观结构,介绍了月壤的形成作用过程和5种基本颗粒类型;通过真实月壤照片,对月壤微观结构进行了分析;利用火山灰为模拟月壤主体材料,对其成分进行了检测;对模拟月壤的火山灰颗粒进行了显微图像分析试验。结果表明,月壤存在胶结物微观颗粒,胶结物颗粒具有分支的组织形态和封闭的气泡,并且有金属铁珠存在;火山灰所含的主要成分及含量与月壤相似,经过粉碎的火山灰试样棱角较为明显,其纵横比峰值略小,稍显长条状,但与月壤比较相近,而复杂度因子则略有欠缺,说明颗粒还不够粗糙和多棱     

侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响

把侧向土体耦合作用简化为一个弹性系数为k的弹簧和一个阻尼系数为η的线性阻尼器并联作用，建立了考虑耦合作用静止边界－一维土层地震反应波动方程，并给出了其完全解析解，为进一步分析侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响，土层密度统一取1900kg/m^3，针对不同的土层厚度：10，20，30米，不同的剪切模量：42．75MPa(剪切波速150m/s)，118．75MPa(剪切波速250m/s),232.75MPa(剪切波速350m/s),k,η分别取不同的数值，进行土层地震反应计算，计算结果表明，k,η对地震动位移峰值，速度峰值影响较小，k对地震动加速峰值影响较大，k减少加速度峰值增大，k增大加速度峰值减少，最大影响程度可达15％以上，η对地震动加速度峰值影响较大，η减少加速度峰值增大；η增大加速度峰值减小，最大影响程度可达25％以上。     

Laboratory tests on soil conditioning of clayey soil

Tunnelling in difficult and challenging conditions such as soft soils in urban areas is increasing. In this condition, it is important to minimise the possible negative effect of the tunnel excavation, such as settlement or, in the worst case, collapses. To achieve this result, earth pressure balance machines are commonly used. One of the key parameters that must be considered for an optimal management of the EPB-TBM excavation is soil conditioning since the excavated muck must properly transmit the pressure to the tunnel face. Soil conditioning is also necessary to reduce the effect of the problems, such as clogging in clay layers, that can occur during the excavation and that can affect the performance of the tools and of the entire tunnelling process. For this reason, in the last decade, much research has been carried out to understand how to deal with and reduce the effects of clogging and stickiness, using different conditioning additives. These studies have proposed several different test procedures to evaluate the effect of the conditioning on the adhesion of the soil on the metallic parts of the machines. The present research has been carried out with the aim of proposing a new approach and new devices to study clay conditioning with laboratory tests, and the results of many tests carried out with the proposed device are presented and discussed.     

离子土壤固化剂改性膨胀土的试验研究

利用离子土壤固化剂（ionic soil stabilizer,简称ISS）对河南安阳地区膨胀土进行化学改性试验研究,通过不同配比的自由膨胀率试验结果,结合施工成本,得出ISS溶液改良膨胀土的最优配合比为1:350。对ISS溶液最优配合比改性后土体进行收缩试验、膨胀性试验、固结快剪、高压固结及水浸泡试验。试验结果表明,改性土线缩率减小,膨胀性指标降低,抗剪强度增大,土体由亲水性变成憎水性,且能达到较好的水稳定性,即膨胀土经化学改性为非膨胀土。ISS改性膨胀土的机制可解释为,通过ISS溶液与土粒离子进行强烈的交换作用,打开土粒与水分子之间的“电化键”,降低土颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度,包裹在黏粒颗粒表面的疏水基团覆盖膜使土对水的敏感性减弱,从根本上减少了土体吸水性和膨胀性。     

Surface history of lunar soil and soil columns

Measurements of cosmic ray track densities are presented for soil samples from Apollo 15, 16 and 17. Median track densities are used to infer total effective exposure times within ~15 cm of the lunar surface. Minimum track densities are used to derive the time of the last impact-produced rearrangement of soil grains. For samples from near various craters ages are derived of 40 m.y. for St. George, 6 (±3) m.y. for S. Ray, 25–90 m.y. for Plum, and 20–35 m.y. for Shorty. The material of 15003. the Apollo 15 deep core at depths of 120–160 cm, is inferred to have been deposited at an average rate of ≥0.35 cm/m.y. The Apollo 16 core at 41–47 cm depths. 60007, appears to be well mixed and was covered up by deposition at 0.3 cm/m.y. for the next few m.y. after its deposition.     

Volume-based soil particle fractal relation with soil erodibility in a small watershed of purple soil

The particle size distribution in small watershed changes under different land uses and affects soil erodibility. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the volume fractal dimension of particle size distribution under different land uses in a typical small watershed of purple soil, (2) to estimate soil erodibilities of various land uses utilizing the Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model and the nomogram (NOMO) model, and (3) to relate volume fractal dimension with the soil erodibility used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) in purple soil areas. Laser diffractions and double-logarithmic model were used to measure and calculate volume fractal dimension values. The results show that soil volume fractal dimensions were well linearly fitted to the double-logarithmic model with high correlation coefficients of 0.902–0.936 under six land uses in the small watershed. The averaged volume fractal dimension values under different land uses, from high to low were in the order of Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Setaria viridis, Robinia pseudoacacia L, Pinus massoniana Lamb. The volume fractal dimension was positively correlated to clay particle fraction (R = 0.933). The average soil erodibility values under different land uses from high to low were in the order of Setaria viridis, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Pinus massoniana Lamb, Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Robinia pseudoacacia L while average soil erodibilities from high to low values were in the order of Setaria viridis, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas, Pinus massoniana Lamb, Robinia pseudoacacia L. The soil erodibilities calculated by the two models were similar, and positively correlated (R = 0.630–0.877). The volume fractal dimension values of six land uses were negatively correlated to both soil erodibility estimated by EPIC and by NOMO models. Moreover, the correlations of the volume fractal dimension values of Zea mays L, Ipomoea batatas and Citrus reticulata Blanco estimated by EPIC or NOMO were lower than those of Pinus massoniana Lamb, Robinia pseudoacacia L and Setaria viridis. Further research is needed to determine the influence of volume fractal dimension on the soil erodibility under different land use and managements.     

水泥基土壤固化剂固化土的物理化学作用

采用击实试验、液塑限联合测定界限含水率试验、蜡封法测定干密度试验、二氧化碳气量法、交换性钠离子百分比试验等方法,结合黏土矿物组成与结构特点,研究了水泥基土壤固化剂固化土的物理化学作用。试验结果表明：随着固化剂剂量的增加,混合料的最大干密度增大,最优含水率降低;固化土混合料经过养护后,塑性指数降低,干密度增大,碳酸盐含量增加,交换性钠离子百分比升高;黏土矿物在强碱性和钙离子作用下被激活,形成各种水化硅酸盐和铝酸盐。研究认为：在土-固化剂-水-气系统中通过液相和气相向固相的转变以及各类水化产物的填充、挤密、胶结等作用,混合料逐渐形成较致密的整体;离子交换反应对土体的加固作用在后期起负效应;铝硅酸盐黏土矿物在强碱性和钙离子存在条件下被分解,参与水化硅酸盐和铝酸盐的反应。     

土壤酶对碘离子在土壤中吸附行为的影响

以批式试验法研究了微生物、葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及其催化底物葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-在土壤中吸附的影响,结果表明微生物能显著提高Ⅰ-吸附量,但葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附并无促进作用.葡萄糖氧化酶及葡萄糖含量在小于100 mg/L时对Ⅰ-吸附无影响,1000 mg/L时与Ⅰ-呈竞争吸附;脲酶及尿素随浓度增大,对Ⅰ-吸附的抑制作用变得明显;1～1000 mg/L范围内,纤维素酶和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附没有影响;但葡萄糖氧化酶和葡萄糖生成的中间产物可促进土壤对Ⅰ-的吸附.平衡液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随时间增加而逐渐降低,有机质浓度越大,降低趋势越明显.     

土钉与土体间的应力传递研究

根据土钉与土体间剪应力-相对位移关系曲线,分析了土钉与土体间荷载传递机理,建立了土钉与土体间应力传递的力学模型。利用截面上的平衡条件,推导了有别于传统假设的作用在土钉上的应力分布及变形表达式,从理论上分析了土钉与土体间的应力传递规律,并结合工程实测数据验证了该模型的合理性。