A laboratory investigation into the settlement of a foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand due to cyclic load

Summary Laboratory model test results for permanent settlement of a shallow square foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and subjected to cyclic loading are presented. During the application of the cyclic load, the foundation was subjected to a sustained static load. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and at one relative density of compaction of sand. Based on the model test results, the nature of variation of the permanent settlement of the foundation with the intensity of the static loading and the amplitude of the cyclic load intensity are presented in a non-dimensional form.     

Interference effect of two closely-spaced shallow strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand

Summary Geotextiles and geogrids are now being used extensively in many civil engineering construction works. This study presents some laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of an isolated, and two closely-spaced, strip foundations resting on unreinforced sand, and sand reinforced with layers of geogrid. Based on the model test results, the variation of the group efficiency with the centre-to-centre spacing of the foundation has been determined.     

Bearing capacity of strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Results of small-scale laboratory model tests to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by sand with multiple layers of geogrid reinforcement are presented. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and a sand compacted to one relative density. The embedment ratio of the foundation was varied from zero to 0.6. It is found that, for the given reinforcement-depth ratio, the bearing capacity ratio with respect to ultimate load increases with embedment. The relationship between the bearing capacity ratio at ultimate load and at limited levels of settlement (less than or equal to 5% of foundation width) is also presented. The bearing capacity ratio at limited levels of settlement is smaller than the value at ultimate load.     

The bearing capacity of surface strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand and clay — a comparative study

Summary Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and saturated clay are presented. One type of geogrid only was used for all the tests. On the basis of the model test results, the optimum depth and width of reinforcing layers and the optimum depth of the location of the first layer of the geogrid in sand and saturated clay were determined and compared.     

Laboratory model tests for cyclic load-induced settlement of a strip foundation on a clayey soil

Laboratory model test results are presented for the cyclic load-induced settlement of a strip foundation supported by a saturated clayey soil. In performing the tests, the foundation was initially subjected to an allowable static load, after which a cyclic load with a frequency of one cycle per second was superimposed on it. The magnitudes of the static load and the amplitude of the cyclic load were varied. Based on the model test results, relationships for the foundation settlement and intensities of the static and cyclic loads are presented.     

复合桩基设计与沉降分析

介绍了复合桩基的设计理论和步骤,分析了复合桩基的沉降发展过程,用Geddes应力解的分层总和法计算桩群分担荷载所引起的地基沉降,以Boussinesq应力解的分层总和法计算承台下土分担的荷载所引起的地基沉降,将二者之和近似作为复合桩基的沉降。对某住宅楼基础采用复合桩基设计,布桩数约为常规桩基设计的1/3,节约造价近35％。复合桩基最大沉降量较常规桩基设计大,但仍在基础容许沉降范围内。     

Relations between load and settlement of circular foundations on or in a dense sand expressed by a function of diameter and depth

When load acts on a circular foundation on or in a dense sand, average contact pressure on the lower surface of the foundation is q and settlement of the foundation is s. Diameter and depth of the foundation are B and D_f. When the sand, B and D_f are given, we can know the relation between q and s/B by, e.g. a loading test, i.e. the relation is determined by B and D_f for the sand. Using the results of numerical analyses, we express a relation between q and s/B up to s=0.1B by functions of a single variable which is a linear combination of B and D_f. Consequently when two foundations have different B's and different D_f's but have the same value of the variable, the relations are the same. Then we examine whether the functions can express the results of eleven tests of model foundations of wide range of B and/or D_f. In all the tests, the relations are expressed with sufficient accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风积沙地基装配式偏心基础抗拔试验研究

在毛乌素沙漠中开展装配式偏心基础在上拔、上拔+水平力组合荷载作用下的现场试验研究。根据试验加载过程中监测的基础顶部位移、地表竖向位移及基础底板土压力数据,分析基础顶部的荷载-位移特性,研究装配式偏心基础的抗拔承载机制。结果表明,（1）在上拔、上拔和水平力组合作用下,基础顶部上拔和水平位移曲线均呈二阶段的承载特性;（2）当仅受上拔荷载作用时,基础偏心引起的附加弯矩,使得基础底板产生偏转,基础及底板上覆部分沙土自重抵抗上拔荷载,而在上拔和水平力组合荷载工况下,基础偏心引起的附加弯矩小,与上拔荷载工况相比,基础极限抗拔承载力提高8.7％,即在组合荷载工况下装配式偏心基础能够发挥更多的沙土来抵抗上拔荷载;（3）根据装配式偏心基础的抗拔承载机制,引入外荷载合力作用线与支架作用线之间的夹角δ来反映水平荷载对装配式基础抗拔破坏因子的影响,其影响规律为装配式基础的抗拔破坏因子随δ增加而降低。     

低强度桩复合地基沉降计算方法研究

从低强度桩复合地基沉降变形模式出发,建立了一组低强度桩复合地基沉降计算的应力-应变协调方程。推导方程过程中,考虑了桩-土-垫层之间的相互作用,得出了桩土应力比和等沉面深度的解析解,并且进一步得到了桩和桩间土体的应力分布规律、压缩变形量、桩体上刺入垫层和下刺入下卧土层的刺入量。在此基础上,通过与复合地基下卧土层的压缩变形量求和,最终推导出了低强度桩复合地基的总沉降计算公式,为低强度桩复合地基的沉降计算提供了一种科学方法。     

软土深基坑开挖地表沉降估算方法的分析

将地表沉降曲线视为正态和偏态分布模式分别对地表沉降进行估算,是当前软土地区深基坑开挖地表沉降计算中两种较为有效的方法,但由于均需要计算地表沉降曲线的包络面积,从而使其计算过程较复杂,同时也增加了计算结果的不确定性。基于上述原因,在以上两种计算方法的基础上,利用经验关系式对现有的计算方法进行了改进,改进后的地表沉降计算方法的计算过程更加简便。利用改进后的地表沉降计算方法对4个工程实例进行了计算分析,并在此基础上对两种计算方法的适用性进行了比较。结果表明,改进后的基坑开挖地表沉降估算方法更加简便实用,地表沉降曲线为偏态分布模式时的计算结果更合理。     

半刚性复合地基沉降实用计算方法的探讨

本文对半刚性复合地基的沉降实用计算方法进行了分析,将临界桩长问题引入复合地基沉降计算方法,提出了复合地基沉降计算的若干建议,构成了更合理、更符合实际的计算方法.最后通过实例计算验证,文中建议方法的计算结果与实测值甚为吻合.     

Performance of square footing with structural skirt resting on sand

The paper presents the performance of a square footing with a structural skirt resting on sand and subjected to a vertical load through an experimental study. A series of tests were conducted in a model test tank to evaluate the performance in terms of improvement in bearing capacity and reduction in settlement of a square footing with and without a structural skirt. The results of the study reveal that this type of reinforcement increases the bearing capacity, reduces the settlement and modifies the load settlement behaviour of the footing. The various factors influencing the bearing capacity improvements and settlement reduction using a structural skirt are identified. Skirt factors are proposed which can be introduced into the general ultimate bearing capacity equation for a square footing resting on sand. The predictions made through the modified equation are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The bearing capacity of square footing is increased in the range of 11.2 to 70%. The improvement in bearing capacity decreases with the increase in base roughness of the footing. Further, an equation for a settlement reduction factor is proposed which can be used to calculate the settlement of the square footing with structural skirt resting on sand. The settlement reduction factor (SRF, defined as the ratio of settlement of footing with structural skirt to the settlement of footing without structural skirt at a given load) was in the range 0.11 to 1.0 depending on applied load and skirt depth ratio with the use of a structural skirt. The results further reveal that for a given depth of the skirt, the settlement reduction factor decreases with the increase in applied load. The improvement in the bearing capacity and reduction in settlement of a square footing with a structural skirt resting on sand are dependent on the geometrical and structural properties of the skirt, footing, sand characteristics and interface conditions of the sand–skirt–footing system.     

饱和砂土地基中吸力式桶形基础水平承载力研究

吸力式桶形基础不仅承受着上部结构及自身所引起的竖向荷载,还受到波浪、海流、海风等引起的水平荷载作用,在高纬度海域冬季还可能受到海冰的长时间挤压作用。利用三维有限元模型,研究饱和排水砂土条件下吸力式桶形基础的水平极限承载力和失稳模式,分析缓慢施加水平荷载时吸力式桶形基础失稳破坏机制,探讨不同长径比的桶形基础承载性能,研究桶体内外壁土压力分布情况和转动轴位置,并根据极限平衡解法,推导出饱和砂土地基桶形基础水平极限承载力计算公式。研究结果可为砂土地基条件下的吸力式桶形基础的设计提供参考。     

地基非线性沉降计算原状土切线模量法的推广和应用

根据原状地基的载荷试验曲线,对于试验曲线为任意形式的情况下,提出了直接应用实测压板试验的P-S曲线,依据应力水平确定原状土切线模量的一般方法,建立了应力水平与原状土切线模量的关系。用该切线模量对地基沉降进行分层总和法计算,反映了原状地基土的特点和土的非线性,可以用于较准确地进行地基的沉降计算,且可以计算地基的非线性沉降过程,同时可以克服原切线模量法中假设压板试验曲线为双曲线方程的限制,使原状土切线模量法能应用于更广的范围。通过实例说明了方法的可行性     

软土地基沉降速率的分析研究及其应用

本文利用Terzaghi一维固结理论推导出了在主固结阶段沉降速率与沉降、剩余沉降及固结时间的关系。结果表明，沉降速率与沉降、剩余沉降均呈线性关系，沉降速率的对数与固结时间成正比。根据这些函数关系，就可推算出最终主固结沉降、剩余沉降以及固结时间，为工程施工提供理论依据。本文还结合了工程实例，论证其可行性。     

深厚吹填砂港区堆场地基沉降预估方法

根据大面积深厚吹填砂工程的特点,分析太沙基一维固结理论在分层地基,分级加载等复杂工程条件下应用的可行性,提出了相应的简化计算模型,并编制一维固结计算程序。结合上海某围海成陆港区堆场工程,对其吹填砂层及软弱下卧层的固结沉降进行了计算分析,通过计算结果和离心机模型试验结果的对比分析,对计算模型进行修正,提出了大面积吹填砂工程地基沉降预估方法。     

FLAC有限差分在地基沉降计算中的应用

介绍了有限差分法计算软件FLAC以及该软件在计算地基沉降时的步骤。通过对一个实际工程的计算对比，发现FLAC和分层总和法这两种方法计算得到的地基沉降量结果之间的误差仅为1．2mm，满足地基设计的要求，且FLAC有限差分法计算地基沉降量具有较好的准确性、直观性和简便性。     

复合地基沉降计算的半解析元法

将复合地基视为横观各向同性体,利用半解析数值计算原理,又将复合地基位移竖向离散为多项式,在水平两个方向上选取解析函数模拟无限域地基进行计算,从而克服了有限元计算中人为设定计算边界的弊端,提高了计算精度,并将三维沉降问题转化为一维问题进行计算,收敛速度快,显著地减少了计算工作量,将计算结果与理论解进行对比,满足精度要求。通过改变复合地基置换率、加固深度和桩土模量比,采用半解析元法研究了复合地基的加固效果,计算结果表明,桩土模量比较大时,可忽略加固区压缩变形量;增大置换率对减小沉降作用很小,而增加加固深度能明显减小复合地基沉降,在以控制沉降量为主要目的复合地基优化设计中应首先考虑增加加固深度。     

散体材料桩复合地基沉降计算方法的研究

对散体材料桩复合地基桩与桩间土的相互作用进行研究,试验表明：散体材料桩在一定深度内发生鼓胀破坏,因此,将复合地基分为鼓胀段、非鼓胀段和下卧层3段进行沉降计算。假定桩-土协调变形,利用弹性力学空间问题理论推导出散体材料桩复合地基的沉降计算公式,为按沉降控制的复合地基优化设计提供计算依据。算例分析表明,所提方法的计算结果与实测值基本吻合。     

地基沉降预测模型的正则化算法

通过分析地基沉降预测模型,指出最小二乘的病态性会导致模型参数求解失败。应用正则化理论,基于矩阵求逆理论,提出了一种沉降预测模型参数的正则化无偏估计算法,说明了新算法的无偏性和方差最小性。在一定条件下,证明了新算法中正则参数的存在性,并给出了正则参数的计算公式。结合文献和工程实例进行的分析表明,新算法降低了矩阵条件数,减轻矩阵病态程度,能有效求得地基沉降预测模型参数。