川滇地区强震孕育过程中的中等地震动态演化特征

引用有关地震活动的频度面积S值方法^[1],对川滇地区1970年以来6．7级以上强震前后的中等地震活动进行研究,发现强震的S值在震前和震后的异常变化特征既有共性又有个性。共性主要表现为：在震前S值异常为高值或低值异常,震后下降或上升;对特定区域研究发现,滇西南地区强震的孕震区中等地震活动的S值震前异常主要为高值,而滇西地区强震孕震区中等地震活动的S值震前异常主要表现为低值。表明对川滇地区强震孕震区中等地震活动的频度面积S值方法的动态追踪,利用其变化规律可以为强震的预测预报提供一定的判定指标。     

一个新的中矩期地震预报指标

通过对强震前数年一定震级档次内的地震活动进行分析,提出一个刻划地震孕育过程进入中短期阶段的指标－Ｃｒ值。它可以反映岩石本构关系曲线峰值点附近的状态。在对７次７级左右强震进行震例研究表明,震前Ｃｒ值出现明显高值异常。Ｃｒ值达最高值的时间超前地震发生１￣３ａ,多数是在１ａ左右,这对中短期地震预报有意义。     

云南地区强震前中小地震活跃—平静的定量计算

以累计频度定量计算方法 ,讨论了云南地区 1970年以来 ,各个强震孕震区的地震活动非线性度ZL值的时间进程曲线 ,系统计算了Ms≥ 6 3级强震前的ZL值曲线 ,结果表明 :强震前地震活动非线性度ZL值异常表现出的地震孕震区的地震平静—活跃或活跃—平静过程至少出现一次 ,且震例中的 83 %开始出现平静(活跃 )的时间为强震前 1～ 2 12 年 ,强震前半年左右结束出现活跃 (平静 )。     

云南地区强震前中小地震活跃—平衡的定量计算

以累计频度定量计算方法，讨论了云南地区1970年以来，各个强震孕震区的地震活动非线性度ZL值的时间进程曲线，系统计算了Ms≥6．3级强震前的ZL值曲线，结果表明：强震前地震活动非线性度ZL值异常表现出的地震孕震区的地震平静－活跃或活跃－平静过程至少出现一次，且震例中的83％开始出现平静（活跃）的时间为强震前1－21／2年，强震前半年左右结束出现活跃（平静）。     

苍山5.2级地震异常群体时空演化特征

在对 1 995年山东省苍山 5 2级地震异常筛选的基础上 ,分析了异常群体阶段性演化过程。结果表明 ,震前 1 0a左右震中周围出现小震小区域综合断层面解主压应力P轴偏转 (约 3 0°) ,震前 7a左右震中附近 3～ 4级地震增强集中及应变释放加速 ;震前 4a左右转为异常平静 ;震前 1a左右震中外围开始出现形变类前兆异常 ,前兆异常台站比和异常台项比约达 6%及 4%左右 ,异常比例偏少 ;震前约半年起 ,以震中附近地震波速比异常出现为起点 ,相继出现各类前兆异常 6条 ,短期前兆异常台站比和异常台项比分别约达 2 5 %和 1 7%左右 ,显示孕震进入短期阶段 ,但临震异常不明显。对由此获得的 5级地震预测启示进行了讨论。     

基于小波分析的闽台地区地震形变异常研究

在孕震过程的不同阶段,可能会有长、中、短期前兆异常表现.为揭示闽台地区几次中强地震前不同时期的异常形态,对福建省数字化形变观测资料日均值、整点值和分钟值时序数据进行小波分析,结果发现:在强震前2～3年出现周期2年左右的异常信号;在中强地崖前2～5个月出现周期1个月左右的异常信号;在震前几天至十几天则出现周期半小时至1小...     

华北地区中强震前中小地震活动的动态演化特征研究

应用地震活动加速指数AI算法对华北地区1970年以来M_L≥6.0地震进行了回溯性研究。 利用该方法统计中强震前的中小地震活动频度, 分析结果显示在空间上能够反应出中小震活动频度的异常。 另外, 应用有关地震活动的频度面积S值方法, 对M_L6.0级以上强震前后的中小地震活动在时间分布上进行了研究, 此方法对AI算法的计算结果在时间上给予了支持。 结果表明: AI指数能够量化地给出中强震前中小地震活动的相对增强或减弱程度, 中强震的S值在震前表现为高值或低值异常, 震后下降或上升。 S值的异常点与AI扫描值的异常结果在时空分布上相辅相成。 在地震目录完整的情况下, 中强震震中区及其附近地区震前1 a的中小地震活动与之前3 a、 5 a的活动背景相比, 出现明显的“加速”或“减速”现象。 利用这两个参量的变化, 可为该地区中强震的预测分析提供一定的判定指标。     

地震活动因子A值在丽江7.0、宁蒗6.2、永胜6.0级三次地震前异常变化特征

引用地震活动因子A值作为基本参量，对1996年丽江7．0、1998年宁蒗6．2、2001年永胜6．0级地震前一年间的M≥3．0级地震资料进行空间扫描，并采用动态跟踪方法，结果发现，三次地震前一年左右，震中周围A值均出现高值异常，并且震前1-2月异常区域面积都明显扩展．因此根据异常面积明显扩展可对M≥6．0级地震进行短临预测。此外，当有多个强震孕育时，常常会有多个异常区出现，因此，当出现多个异常区时，要警惕其后强震的连发。     

强震前缺震曲线的变化

本文应用文献的方法,以海城、唐山地震为例,探讨了缺震曲线对强震的反映.得出初步结果如下:(1)"缺震"方法作为一种指标对于强、中强震具有中期预报意义.(2)强震前缺震曲线的异常幅值较大且水平相当(海城、唐山震前异常幅值均为-1.4),震级越大缺震时间越长.(3)缺震曲线对中强地震也有较明显的反映,但同强震前相比异常幅值较小、异常时间较短.     

浙江北部及邻区震磁对应关系跟踪研究

用曾小苹等提供的地磁空间相关分析方法对杭州、崇明、佘山、溧阳4个地磁观测点7年的每日21时Z分量绝对观测值进行回归系数B、相关系数R、剩余标准差S的计算。研究其与该区域中小地震的相关关系,结果表明:三个参量中以相关系数R值更能反映出震磁前兆异常信息;MS≥50地震前存在突发性短期异常,异常持续时间1～3个月不等。异常后在恢复过程中或1～7个月中内有可能发震;利用该方法对该区域综合分析,该研究区范围内半年左右有可能发生5～6级地震或外围如台湾附近区域半年左右的时间有可能发生6～7级强震。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.