海洋假单胞菌纤溶酶的酶学性质的研究

从一株海洋假单胞菌中分离制备出一种具有纤溶活性的酶 ,对其酶学性质进行实验研究结果显示 :该酶的分子量是 2 1k D,等电点是 7.4～ 7.5 ;最适作用 p H是 8.0 ,最适作用温度是 5 0℃。该酶具有降解苯甲酰 - L -精氨酸乙酯盐酸盐 (BAEE)的活性 ,酶的动力学分析表明 :Km =0 .87mmol/ L,Vmax=1.80× 10 -3 mmol/ L s-1。     

黑色葡萄状穗霉纤维素酶的纯化和性质

将筛选所得的黑色葡萄状穗霉 (Stachybotrys atra) S6 0 7发酵培养 96 h,发酵液离心去除菌体 ,上清液经超滤、Sephadex- G10 0柱层析、DEAE- Sepharose fast flow弱阴离子交换层析、CM-Sepharose fast flow阳离子交换层析、Q- Sepharose fast flow强阴离子交换层析及置换层析等步骤 ,得到了 4种电泳纯的酶组分 ,即内切纤维素酶 EG 、EG 、EG 和 β葡萄糖苷酶 (β Gase)。利用 SDS- PAGE测得 4种酶组分的分子量分别是 78.3、5 8.1、72 .4和 5 5 .6 k Da。 3种内切酶组分的最适温度都是 5 0℃ ,β-葡萄糖苷酶为 5 5℃ ,它们的最适 p H值分别是 6 .0、7.0、6 .5和 6 .0。底物专一性的实验表明 ,内切酶 、 、 都可作用于木聚糖。     

褐藻酸降解酶的制备及其性质研究

通过培养褐藻酸降解菌交替单胞菌(Alteromonas sp．)菌株H-1使其产酶，研究了该酶的性质。结果表明，该菌在25℃培养72h时产酶量最高。褐藻酸酶作用的最适底物质量分数为1％～2％。最适pH值为7．5，最适反应温度为40℃，温度升高酶活力急剧下降。     

海洋细菌QY202产κ-卡拉胶酶的分离纯化和性质研究

为获得高效降解卡拉胶菌株,从青岛太平角海域采集的角叉菜表面分离到1株高产κ-卡拉胶酶的海洋交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)QY202,经硫酸铵沉淀、脱盐、DEAE阴离子交换层析等步骤从该菌株发酵液上清中分离纯化得到1种专一性降解κ-卡拉胶的κ-卡拉胶酶,并研究了该酶的基本酶学性质.结果表明该酶被纯化了23.1倍,回收率为43.9%,分子量大小为33.2 kDa.酶的最适反应温度为40 ℃,最适反应pH为8.0,在0～40 ℃,pH=7.0～8.0之间酶活力较稳定.酶对底物κ-卡拉胶的米氏常数Km值为1.6 mg/mL.Na~+、K~+对酶活有促进作用,而Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)强烈抑制酶的活性.酶解κ-卡拉胶的主产物为硫酸新κ-卡拉二糖和硫酸新κ-卡拉四糖.     

Flammeovirga sp. SJP92琼脂酶的分离纯化及其酶学性质

琼胶酶是一类能够降解琼脂糖生成琼胶寡糖的酶类,具有广泛的应用范围.从海洋性高产琼胶酶菌株Flammeovirga sp. SJP92的发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀,DEAE 琼脂糖离子层析,分离纯化获得了一个分子量约为70KDa的琼胶酶AgaB.经过酶学性质分析,它的最适pH值为70,最适温度为40℃,在最适温度下能够保持较好的稳定性.进一步的分析表明, MgSO4和β Me对该酶有明显的促进作用,而CaCl2、MnCl2、ZnCl2、CoCl2、FeCl3、CuSO4等则会强烈抑制它的活性.此外,通过产物分析表明,该酶能够通过内切作用将琼脂糖最终降解成6糖和4糖.AgaB的分离纯化及其酶学性质分析为其工业应用奠定了基础.     

冷活性纤维素酶性质研究

对海洋嗜冷菌MB1所产冷活性纤维素酶的性质进行了研究。该酶最适反应温度为35℃,0℃时残余酶活约为20％,最适pH值为6．0,在pH5～7．5范围内酶活均较高。该酶对热敏感,50℃保温2h,残余酶活为15％;60℃时,酶完全失活。     

黄鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)脑组织AChE的亲和层析

采用亲和层析法对黄鱼脑组织的乙酰胆碱酯酶进行分离纯化。纯化酶最大比活力为63．136U／mg蛋白，最适pH为8，最适反应温度为35℃。此酶经过SDS-PAGE呈一条带，表明其纯度达电泳纯。对纯化酶进行底物特异性、过量底物抑制效应和抑制剂选择性检验，结果证实该酶为乙酰胆碱酯酶。     

产甲壳素酶菌株的发酵条件、酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

利用甲壳素为唯一碳源从土壤中筛选得到1株产甲壳素酶活力较高的菌株HD002,初步鉴定其为Massilia属。确定菌株产甲壳素酶的最适培养基组成为(g/L):(NH4)2SO45,K2HPO40.7,KH2PO40.3,MgSO4.7H2O 1,胶体甲壳素10;最适产酶培养条件为:培养基起始pH值6.0,培养时间192 h,发酵液酶活力达1.314 U/mL。采用70%饱和度硫酸铵盐析、DEAE-Sepharose F.F阴离子交换层析、Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析对该甲壳素酶进行纯化,SDS-PAGE证明达到电泳纯。该甲壳素酶的分子量为60.2 kDa,最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH值为5.0,Cu2+和Fe3+对酶活力有明显的抑制作用,Ca2+和Na+对酶活力有明显的促进作用。     

海洋微生物低温碱性脂肪酶的纯化与性质研究

以海洋微生物通过发酵制备的脂肪酶为材料 ,对该酶的分离纯化条件及理化性质进行了研究。在脂肪酶纯化中 ,采用氯仿萃取、中空纤维柱超滤及CM SepharoseFF阳离子交换柱层析等技术对发酵制备的脂肪酶进行了纯化 ,结果得到达到电泳纯的脂肪酶。在脂肪酶理化性质研究中 ,采用SDS PAGE电泳对该脂肪酶分子量进行测定 ,并在实验中以橄榄油为底物采用脂肪酶酸碱滴定测活法 ,对脂肪酶的最适水解条件、各种因素对脂肪酶稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果显示 ,该脂肪酶分子量为 ( 38 0± 1 )kD ,最适水解温度为 35℃ ,最适pH为 8 5 ,为一低温碱性脂肪酶。该脂肪酶可在 35℃以下、pH =4 0— 9 0范围内保持良好的稳定性 ,与常见金属离子、化学试剂等的配伍性较好 ,并且具有良好的耐盐及抗氧化性能。研究中还以p NPL(月桂酸对硝基苯酚酯 )为底物采用脂肪酶化学发光测活法 ,对脂肪酶进行了酶促动力学的研究。结果表明 ,该脂肪酶在最适条件下Km 值为 7 80 5 μmol/L ,Vmax为 1 2 385mmol/ (L·min)。通过对Zn2 +抑制脂肪酶水解活性的研究 ,发现Zn2 +对脂肪酶具有可逆抑制作用 ,从而筛选到该脂肪酶的可逆抑制剂Zn2 +。     

酶促反应制备壳寡糖及壳寡糖分析

用壳聚糖酶降解法对壳聚糖进行降解制备壳低聚糖,研究了温度、pH、底物浓度、脱乙酰度、反应时间对酶促反应的影响。对酶解产物进行HPLC分析,用Bio—Gel P-4柱对酶解产物进行初步分离。结果表明,壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖的最适温度为45℃,pH为6．0,最适底物质量分数为6％,脱乙酰度越高酶解反应所得产物的数均相对分子质量越小,24h后酶解反应达到平衡,酶解产物壳寡糖水溶性极好。P-4柱分离得到聚合度20以上,10～20,10以下3种壳寡糖。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.