乌鲁木齐大气混合层厚度和稳定度与大气污染的关系

利用乌鲁木齐市4座10层100 m梯度气象塔2013年6月~2014年4月气象观测资料和7个环境监测站[WTBX]AQI[WTBZ]资料,计算并分析了大气混合层厚度和稳定度特征,探讨了大气混合层厚度和稳定度与污染的关系。结果表明：乌鲁木齐市混合层厚度夏季郊区高、城区低,冬季从南郊—城区—北郊随地势降低依次降低;夏季和冬季分别在1 559～1 772 m和526～1 156 m之间。地面至2 km以上每500 m高度间隔统计混合层厚度,500～1 000 m出现频率最多;月变化为6～9月基本在500 m以上,且每个高度区间其概率均超过10%,10月～次年2月1 500 m以上区间概率明显减小;日变化为中午13:00～16:00达到最高值,下午和傍晚迅速下降。白天较大的感热输送提供充足的热力条件,这也体现出白天以不稳定层结为主,夜间则以稳定层结为主。大气稳定度分类结果,夏季郊区和城区不稳定（A～C类）所占比例差不多,冬季北郊稳定（E、F类）所占比较最大、城区最弱。[WTBX]AQI指数冬季最大,从南郊—城区—北郊依次增大,这与采暖期污染物多、南郊比北郊地势高有利于扩散输送有关。总体来看,乌鲁木齐大气混合层厚度空间分布与气象要素、大气稳定度、地形等密切相关,对AQI[WTBZ]指数分布有重要影响,这对近地层大气污染状况预报有着重要的指导意义。     

Influence of land use/land cover (LULC) changes on atmospheric dynamics over the arid region of Rajasthan state,India

The present study examines the long-term effects of land use/land cover (LULC) changes in Rajasthan state, India on land-atmosphere fluxes and, possibly in precipitation and aerosol loading. By comparing the satellite observations from Landsat MSS (1972–73) and IRS-P6 AWiFS (2006–07) considerable LULC changes are observed, an increase in crop-land and vegetated areas of ∼57% in the eastern and ∼68% in the western Rajasthan. The increase in agriculture intensification from irrigation activities after the construction of the Indira Gandhi canal (IGC) seems to affect the land-atmosphere fluxes, i.e. increase in atmospheric humidity and latent heat and reduction in sensible heat. On the other hand, the multi-decadal variability (1951–2007) in annual rainfall amount and total number of rainy days reveals significant year-to-year fluctuations, exhibiting a slight increasing trend over arid western Rajasthan. However, the overall analysis shows that the variability in precipitation is much more influenced by the general monsoonal circulation (i.e. meteorological dynamics and intensity of the monsoon) and partly can be associated with local phenomena, such as LULC changes and modifications in land-atmosphere fluxes. Similarly to precipitation, the long-term (1979–2008) aerosol index (AI) variations over the region seem to be affected by atmospheric and meteorological dynamics and not by LULC changes.     

Assessing total atmospheric air pollution

Assessment techniques for total (integral) atmospheric air pollution are presented. An account is given of the principles forming the basis for calculating the atmospheric pollution index that has been used for nearly 30 years in assessing atmospheric air pollution in Belarus and in other CIS countries. The advisability of improving the system for integral assessment of the atmospheric air quality in Belarus is substantiated, drawing on international experience, with the purpose of enhancing its potentialities as regards a real-time monitoring of the state of urban air environment.     

Refined correlations between atmospheric and rapid polar motion excitations

In this work we employ Monte Carlo experiments to explore reports by others of a statistically significant correlation between atmospheric angular momentum variations and polar motion on timescales of days to months. Our experiments verify that the correlation between atmospheric and geodetic excitation is statistically different from zero at the 0.997 confidence level, and demonstrate that the correlations improve with more recent recreations of the older data sets. Additional Monte Carlo experiments reveal that, during the previous decade, about 60 per cent of the atmospheric excitation was effective in exciting rapid polar motion, and nearly 80 per cent of the geodetic excitation was atmospheric in origin on these timescales; with the older data sets, barely 50 per cent of the geodetic excitation could be ascribed to an atmospheric origin. Possible sources of the remaining polar motion excitation are briefly discussed. Our work implies that simply subtracting atmospheric angular momentum from geodetic data may not be the best way to remove the atmospheric contribution. We also present the first correlation results employing atmospheric excitation data corrected for the dynamic response of the oceans to barometric pressure forcing.     

Climatic and atmospheric teleconnection indices and western Arctic sea ice variability

This study examines the sea ice cover minima in the western Arctic in the context of several climatic mechanisms known to impact its variability. The September latitude of western Arctic sea ice is measured along 11 equally-spaced longitudes extending from 176º?W to 126º?W in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, 1953–2010. Indices of seasonal atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections and annual mean Northern Hemisphere temperatures (NHT) and CO₂ concentration are orthogonalized using rotated principal component analysis, forming predictors regressed onto the sea ice latitude data at each longitude using stepwise multiple linear regression. Prior to 1998, small amounts of September ice edge variance are explained by teleconnections such as the Arctic Dipole, Arctic Oscillation, and Pacific-North American Pattern. NHTs begin explaining large amounts of ice edge variance starting in 1998. For the 1953–2010 period, up to 68% of the ice edge variance is explained at 161°?W in the Chukchi Sea, mostly by NHTs. With the exception of the three easternmost longitudes (136–126°?W), the teleconnections and NHTs explain over 50% of the regional ice edge variance. Increases in both NHTs and ice retreat since the mid-1990s account for the large explained variances observed in regression analyses extending into recent years.     

大气氮沉降数值模拟的演替进程与模型筛选

中国是维持全球氮平衡的关键.以大气氮沉降为例,畜禽养殖、化肥施用、能源消耗等人为扰动致使活性氮的排放量与沉降量正持续走高,欧美已率先开展氮沉降及其引发的环境与经济后果的评估.中国省级或更大尺度的沉降规模,空间分布和输移途径资料较难获取,大气传输模型(ATMs)提供了经济可行的解决方案.通过概述ATMs的演进阶段和代表模型,并为应对我国缺乏氮沉降模拟专业模型的问题,建立一个总量近百的大气氮沉降相关模型(排放源含NH3、NOx和SO2的ATMs),以总揽世界模型发展全貌.理论上,模型的检验和相互比较以监测值与模拟值的定性分析为基础,中国面临的困境缺乏全国性的统一监测网络在短期内难以解决.事实上,大气氮沉降模型在污染场和浓度场的模拟过程中受到诸如大气环流、边界层高度等条件的制约进而影响模拟效果.NH3的特性对模型提出了更高要求.一方面通过参考相关文献归纳各种制约条件的相对重要性,另一方面结合模型自身架构(格网大小、垂直精度、气象场获取途径以及扩散模式的选取)、模拟过程(源排放、干沉降和扩散)、设计意图,力图以定性或半定量的方法探讨各个模型应对制约条件的能力,比较各自优劣,以期筛选出适用于模拟省域乃至全国大气氮沉降的数值模型.     

The Earth's rotation and atmospheric circulation, from 1963 to 1973

Summary. The zonal angular momentum of the atmospheric circulation has been evaluated month-by-month and compared with astronomical observations of the length-of-day for the 10 years from 1963 May to 1973 April. The reason for undertaking this study is to enable the astronomical observations to be 'corrected' for the zonal wind effect and to investigate the residual excitation function for solid-Earth contributions. The principal conclusions reached are the following: (i) The annual change in length-of-day is almost entirely due to the seasonal changes in the zonal circulation with tidal, oceanographic and hydrologic phenomena contributing together at most 10 per cent of the total excitation, (ii) The semi-annual term is predominantly due to the zonal wind and the body tide, with oceanic and hydrologic terms contributing about 10 per cent, (iii) The atmospheric circulation plays a dominant role in length-of-day changes in the period range from 1 to about 4 yr. This is partly associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation and its harmonics. Both the period and amplitude of these fluctuations are very variable, (iv) At longer periods the atmosphere may still contribute to the total excitation but other excitation functions begin to rise above the spectrum of the meteorological excitation, (v) At periods less than about 1 yr the atmospheric excitation is dominant, and while the presence of other excitation functions cannot be excluded, they cannot exceed 20 per cent of the wind excitation. On the basis of these results the astronomical record from 1962 to 1978 has been 'corrected' for the meteorological 'noise'. The residual excitation exhibits only fluctuations on a time-scale of about 5 yr and longer and it is this result that must be attributed to core-mantle interactions or to other solid-Earth excitation functions.