Regional coda magnitudes of underground nuclear explosions

The concept of determining magnitudes, M_τ, of regional events (Δ < 1000 km) by means of coda-duration measurements is re-examined by using short-period vertical-component seismograms from Nevada Test Site explosions. The duration is specified as the time interval between the expected arrival of the S-wave and the time when coda waves fall and stay below 80 μm peak-to-peak ground displacement. The suggested procedure requires that for M_τ = 4.0 the coda duration at a distance of 100 km is 120 s. The adaptivity of the method is examined in terms of the single-station magnitude scatter, and with respect to the potential accuracy of the yield estimation of the explosions.The derived magnitude formula for underground nuclear explosions in granite is of the form: M_τ =0.18+0.001Δ+1.79 log τ+C_s, where C_s is a station correction coefficient for non-WWNSS stations.     

P-wave amplitude spectra of Nevada underground nuclear explosions

Summary Short-period vertical-componentP-wave spectra have been determined for twelve Nevada underground nuclear explosions recorded by the Swedish seismic station network. Selected events cover the magnitude range fromm _b =5.9 tom _b =7.0 and the shot-depth range from 460 m to 1400 m. All explosion spectra show pronounced minima near 1 sec period. Within individual test areas the period at which the minimum occurs increases systematically with increasing shot-depth. This dependence makes it possible to interpret the observed minima in terms of interference betweenP- andpP-waves. One atmospheric explosion from Novaya Zemlya is analyzed to verify the inferred minima intrpretation.The minimum-period shows also a systematic linear dependence upon the magnitude. However, the physical explanation for this dependence is not evident and it may just be a consequence of a magnitude-depth relation.On leave from the Geophysical Institute, Czechosl. Acad. Sci., Prague 4-Spoilov, Boni II.     

The detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions

This paper reports on a joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society's Joint Association for Geophysics and VERTIC (the Verification Technology Information Centre) held in London in 1992. The topics presented focused on the detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions. The objective of the meeting was to emphasize the multi-methodological approach that is important in verifying compliance with test-ban treaties. An overview of seismological monitoring was followed by a discussion of the technical and scientific aspects of a global seismic monitoring network, and in particular of the 1991 experiment to test the large-scale international exchange of seismic data between recording stations and data centres world-wide. The current capabilities of satellite remote-sensing were presented, and their use explained in terms of both the provision of information for monitoring the development of foreign nuclear testing programmes and also for providing sufficient information for the evaluation of treaty compliance. A review of radio-isotope sampling showed how the isotopic signature of both air and ground based sampling programmes can be diagnostic of the nuclear source. Finally, previously classified research on the ionospheric effects of underground nuclear explosions was presented, the generated acoustic waves disturbing the ionosphere and producing detectable changes in the reflection of radio and radar signals which have potential as a monitoring technique.     

Decomposition of seismic moment tensors for underground nuclear explosions

Generally the decomposition of a seismic moment tensor is not unique. However, to favorably view the characteristics of a certain seismic source, one must decompose a seismic moment tensor into parts according to assumptions about the properties of the seismic source. Different from natural earthquakes in which the shear dislocation component plays a predominant role in the source process, and the seismic moment tensor can be separated into an isotropic component, a double couple, and a compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD), underground nuclear explosions have three major components in their source process, i.e., the explosion, the tensional spalling, and the tectonic strain release associated with the explosion. In such a situation the conventional moment tensor decomposition for earthquakes is not convenient to estimate the yield of the explosion and to characterize the tectonic strain release. In this paper, an alternative decomposition scheme is proposed to deal with the moment tensor of underground nuclear explosions, which might benefit the approach to study the tectonic strain release induced by underground nuclear detonations.     

地下核爆炸Lg波的激发机制

地下核爆炸Lg波的激发机制,目前尚未十分清楚.其中主要观点之一是源区附近由补偿线性矢量偶极源（CLVD）激发的Rg波的散射形成的S波是Lg波能量的主要来源.本文利用理论地震图模拟方法,基于东哈萨克斯坦地区速度模型,分析比较了东哈萨克斯坦地壳速度模型下的爆炸源、张裂源及CLVD源对区域震相Lg波的影响.结果表明,从能量的角度来看,CLVD源是激发Lg波的主要因素.模拟计算结果也进一步证实了CLVD源激发的Lg波振幅谱具有低谷点的特征源自于该震源所激发的Rg波;在此基础之上,检验了Patton提出的估算震源埋藏深度的经验公式.结果发现,该公式仅适用于震源埋藏深度较浅的情况（<500m）.这些结果对于进一步理解及更好地利用Lg波具有重要理论指导意义.     

岩石损伤对地下核爆炸震源特性影响研究

本文在考虑动态力源扰动的情况下,对岩石损伤对地震波辐射的影响及其震源表示进行了理论推导,证明了当有动态力源存在时,Ben-Zion和Ampuero于2009年给出的结果只是岩石非弹性响应对震源及相应地震波场的贡献,而非其全部.在此基础上,应用相关结果对岩石损伤破坏对地下核爆炸震源成分的影响进行了分析,给出了地下核爆炸情况下补偿线性偶极子源和构造应力释放与岩石损伤破坏之间的关系.结果表明,地下核爆炸补偿线性偶极子源主要来自于地表反射拉伸波和空腔回弹冲击波等造成的爆心上方锥形区域中的岩石破坏,而构造应力释放则主要来自于整个岩石破坏区内的构造应力松弛.      

核爆地震模式识别中的特征相空间研究

从核爆地震模式识别中的最少不相关特征量确定、训练样本的选择出发,介绍了特征空间与相空间等价问题的由来,并通过数值实验验证了特征空间与相空间等价的有效性,确定了特征选择中不相关特征量的下限,而且特征相空间分析方法具有很好的噪声鲁棒性,对于分析实际的模式识别问题极具优势.最后,本文提出了进一步研究的思路和设想.     

Observations of teleseismicP wave coda for underground explosions

The earlyP wave coda (5–15 sec after the first arrival) of underground explosions at the Nevada Test Site is studied in the time domain using 2082 teleseismic short-period recordings, with the intent of identifying near-source contributions to the signals in the frequency range 0.2–2.0 Hz. Smaller magnitude events tend to have relatively high coda levels in the 0.4–0.8 Hz frequency band for both Yucca Flat and Pahute Mesa explosions. Coda complexity in this low-frequency passband is negatively correlated with burial depth for Pahute Mesa events but is only weakly correlated with depth for Yucca Flat events. Enhanced excitation of relatively long-period scattered waves for smaller, less deeply buried events is required to explain this behavior. Coda complexity in the 0.8–1.1 Hz band is positively correlated with magnitude and depth for Pahute Mesa events, but has no such dependence for Yucca Flat events. This may result from systematic variations between the spectra of direct signals and coda arrivals caused bypP interference for the largest events, all of which were detonated at Pahute Mesa. Another possible explanation is a frequency-dependent propagation effect on the direct signals of the larger events, most of which were located in the center of the mesa overlying strong lateral velocity gradients in the crust and upper mantle. Event average complexity varies spatially for both test sites, particularly in the 0.8–1.1 Hz band, providing evidence for frequency-dependent focussing or scattering by near-source structure. Both the direct arrivals and the early coda have strong azimuthal amplitude patterns that are produced by defocussing by mantle heterogeneity. The direct arrivals have stronger coherent azimuthal patterns than the early coda for Pahute Mesa events, indicating more pronounced deep crustal and shallow mantle defocussing for the direct signals. However, for Yucca Flat events the direct arrivals have less coherent azimuthal patterns than the coda, suggesting that a highly variable component of near-source scattering preferentially affecting the downgoing energy is superimposed on a pattern produced by mantle heterogeneity that affects the entire signal. This complicated behavior of the direct arrivals may be the result of triplications and caustics produced by the complex basement structure known to underlie the Yucca Flat test site. The presence of strong azimuthal patterns in the early coda indicates that source strength estimates based on early coda are subject to biases similar to those affecting estimates based on direct arrivals.     

地下爆炸地震耦合效应的静态分析

首先修正了地下爆炸地震耦合效应的准静态理论,然后利用改进之后的理论对剪切模量、材料强度、围压以及孔隙率不同的介质中地下爆炸的震源强度进行了分析.分析结果表明,对于密实硬岩介质来说,在其它条件不变的情况下,介质的剪切模量越大,震源强度越低;介质的强度越大,震源强度越低;震源强度随着埋深的增加而降低.而干燥多孔介质中的干孔隙率也对震源强度有重要影响.     

基于理论地震图方法的波导结构对 地下核爆炸Lg波传播特性研究

基于频率-波数域算法的理论地震波形图方法, 可以数值模拟频率达到10 Hz、 震中距达1000 km的区域理论地震波形图. 该算法适用于计算大量分层地壳结构中激发的导波Lg波. 本文在前苏联东哈萨克斯坦地下核试验场至我国乌鲁木齐台站间的地球介质速度模型中, 引入速度梯度结构、 速度扰动分布的薄叠加层结构、 降低Q值结构以及速度扰动与Q值变化的综合结构来模拟实际地壳波导结构, 较好地模拟出东哈萨克斯坦地下核爆炸地震在乌鲁木齐台站记录的宽频带地震波形图, 模拟出完整的Lg波序列, 该序列符合Lg波能量分布特征, 且能够解释Lg波波尾的特征. 结果表明, Lg波的形状和峰值结构均依赖于地壳的不同波导结构.      

地下核爆炸的主要非爆炸源机制

通常将地下封闭式爆炸近似为球对称爆炸震源来研究,然而利用这一模型来解释由地下核爆炸激发的近场和远场地震波的全部特征是远远不够的,通过理论和利用地下核爆炸产生的地震波数据的研究,学者们总结出了一些重要的辅助震源模式,作为地下核爆炸的二次源机制,如地震波转换震源模式、层裂震源模式、构造应变能释放震源模式等.其中的一些模型成功地解释了诸如地下核爆炸Lg波的激发机制等重要问题.本文介绍了这些重要模式的研究背景及理论依据,并且详细地推导了层裂源的数学描述过程.     

用改进的相对幅值法反演震源机制及其在核爆炸地震事件识别中的应用

与波形反演方法相比,相对幅值法在利用短周期地震波反演震源机制时不需要高分辨率的地球模型,因此更适合于低震级地震事件的震源机制反演．本文以Pearce的传统相对幅值法为基础,引入一种新目标函数以量化特定震源机制解模型的直达P波与地表反射pP和sP波的理论相对幅值与实际观测之间的不吻合程度,由此提高了相对幅值法的容错能力．利用改进的相对幅值法,反演了吉尔吉斯斯坦伊赛克湖地区震级分别为mb4.9和mb3.8的两次天然地震震源断层面解．对于较大的地震,利用5个远震台阵上观测的pP/P和sP/P相对幅值得到的震源断层面解,与哈佛大学的CMT断层面解非常接近;对于哈佛大学没有给出CMT解的较小地震,利用同样方法得到的震源断层面解的走向与震中位置处主要断层的走向一致,而且利用该断层面解可以拟合和解释区域台站上的长周期波形和P波初动方向．最后,为了说明相对幅值法在地下核爆炸地震事件识别中的应用,利用改进的相对幅值法分析了朝鲜2006年10月9日核试验的远震P波波形,发现没有断层面解与远震台站上的P波波形特征相吻合．     

地下爆炸Rg波低谷点激发机理

目前普遍认为Rg_S散射是地下核爆炸短周期Lg波的主要能量来源,其主要依据为由线性偶极补偿源（CLVD）激发的Rg波谱的低谷点随深度变化的特征与区域震相Lg波谱的低谷点随深度变化的特征具有一致性. 本文利用简正振型理论,分析了Rg波谱中低谷点的形成机理,给出了各种速度模型下CLVD源深度与低谷点频率之间的关系,并分析了利用公式hCLVD=V/(16fNull)估计震源深度的局限性. 本文的研究结果进一步支持了CLVD源是激发Lg波的主要因素的观点,并得到重要结论：CLVD源形式下的本征位移函数及其导数的叠加所形成的极小值,即源的空间分布特征,是形成Rg波低谷点的原因,而不能仅用水平向基频本征位移函数过零点来解释.     

基于三分向台站波形的重复地下爆炸相关检测

在将相关检测方法应用于三分向台站记录数据时不能采用台阵数据检测时所使用的基于相关系数束慢度估计的虚假触发筛查方法来控制误检测.为此,本文根据重复事件的震中位置本身固定,各台站记录到的重复事件信号之间的到时差与相应参考事件的信号到时差基本相同的特性,根据两个以上三分向台站的相关检测触发到时差筛查相关检测虚假触发,从而解决了相关检测方法在应用于三分向台站数据时虚假触发过多的问题.利用新疆的三个三分向台站一个月的连续数据对该方法进行测试的结果表明,该方法能在接近零误检率的情况下对重复地下爆炸进行检测.     

Towards global seismic monitoring of underground nuclear explosions using waveform cross correlation. Part II: Synthetic master events

Waveform cross correlation is an efficient tool for detection and characterization of seismic signals. For the purposes of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, cross correlation can globally reduce the threshold of detection by 0.3 to 0.4 magnitude units. However, the technique critically depends on the availability of master events. In Part I of this paper, we have demonstrated that in seismically active regions the best master events (grand-masters) replicated over a regular grid allow improving the efficiency of signal detection and event finding. In aseismic areas, there are two approaches to populate the global grid of master events for the International Monitoring System: the replication of grand-masters and calculation of synthetic seismograms for master-events in the global grid nodes. The efficiency of synthetic templates depends on the accuracy of shape and amplitude predictions controlled by focal depth and mechanism, source function, velocity structure and attenuation along the master/station path. Here we test three focal mechanisms (explosion, thrust fault, and actual Harvard CMT solution for one of the April 11, 2012 Sumatra aftershocks) and two velocity structures (ak135 and CRUST 2.0). Sixteen synthetic master events were distributed over a 1° × 1° grid covering the zone of aftershocks. We built five cross correlation standard event lists (XSEL) and compared detections and events with those built using the real and grand master events as well as with the Reviewed Events Bulletin of the International Data Centre. The XSELs were built using an explosion source and ak135 and the reverse fault with isotropic radiation pattern to demonstrate the performance similar to that of the real and grand masters. Here we have proved quantitatively that it is possible to cover all aseismic areas with synthetic masters without significant loss in seismic monitoring capabilities based on cross correlation.     

Towards global seismic monitoring of underground nuclear explosions using waveform cross correlation. Part I: Grand master events

We propose to use waveform cross correlation techniques for seismic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) by proving the ability to build the Global Grid (GG) of master events using high-quality waveform templates at stations of the International Monitoring System. In seismically active regions, the choice of the highest quality and most representative signals from earthquakes as templates for master events is straightforward and one can reduce the current amplitude detection threshold at the International Data Centre (IDC) by a factor of 2 to 3. This gain practically doubles the number of built events, and thus, is crucial for seismic monitoring under the CTBT. However, the coverage by real masters is confined to areas with natural seismicity. Here, we investigate the possibility to populate the GG with real and synthetic master events as a two part study. In Part I, we estimate the effectiveness of cross correlation based on a regular grid filled with grand-master events with replicated high-quality waveform templates.In Part II, we develop and estimate efficiency of synthetic waveform templates for aseismic zones. Both approaches are quantitatively tested using the aftershock sequence of the April 11, 2012 Sumatera earthquake. The cross correlation bulletin previously built using sixteen real master events is a natural benchmark to evaluate the performance of the replicated masters and synthetic waveforms. In Part I, we prove that the replicated grand masters demonstrate the performance at the level of real masters. The Primary IMS Seismic Network includes many array stations, which provide a higher resolution monitoring based on cross correlation.     

核爆、化爆、地震识别研究综述

地震学方法是监测地下核试验最为重要的方法.为准确鉴别地下核试验,不仅包括识别核爆炸与天然地震,还包括对化学爆炸震源类型的识别.论文从核爆炸与天然地震的识别、化学爆炸与地震的识别、核爆炸与化学爆炸的识别三个方面对国内外的研究状况分别进行了综述,较为详尽地阐述了从统计分析和信号处理的角度进行研究的进展状况,并对目前的研究进展进行了分析总结,最后对未来的核爆监测识别研究的发展趋势进行了展望,提出了一些建议.     

Source parameters of some significant earthquakes near Koyna dam,India

Seismic moment, stress drop, source radius, and fault dislocation have been determined for nineteen significant earthquakes in the Konya area, India using displacement spectra of shear waves computed from strong-motion accelerograph records. Though the stress-drop shows a definite increasing trend with the seismic moment, its correlations with source radius and corner frequency indicate that a constant stress drop of 170 bars represents a good mean value to describe the source mechanism of the Koyna dam earthquakes. An empirical relationship also has been established between magnitude and seismic moment.     

Construction parameters of graded sand-gravel foundation on seismic response law of nuclear safety grade underground corridor

The treatment of soft soil foundation under nuclear safety grade corridors with graded sand and gravel materials has a good development prospect. It is of great engineering value to explore the influence of construction parameters of graded sand and gravel foundation on the seismic response of gallery structures. Taking the safety grade underground corridor of a nuclear power plant as the engineering background, the equivalent linear method is used to consider the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of graded sand and gravel. The energy transfer boundary is applied at the truncation boundary to simulate the dissipation effect of scattered wave fluctuation energy and the ground motion input. The thicknessless contact element is introduced to consider the contact effect between the corridor structure and the graded sand and gravel foundation, so as to establish the calculation model of the dynamic interaction between the graded sand and gravel foundation and the corridor structure. Furthermore, the influence of the relative compactness and the foundation treatment depth on the seismic response of the corridor structure is studied, and the calculation results of the acceleration response spectrum and relative displacement of the corridor structure are analyzed. The calculation results show that the two construction parameters have different degrees of influence on the seismic response of corridor structure. The research results can provide reference for the engineering design and construction of underground corridors, and provide technical support for the application of graded gravel materials in soft soil foundation treatment.