黄土丘陵河谷场地地震动特征研究

研究黄土丘陵河谷场地在地震作用下强地面运动特征的变化情况,可以揭示强震对该类场地上震害的触发机理。结合黄土高原的地貌特征,建立具有代表性的动力数值分析模型,通过输入不同幅值、频谱特性和持续时间的地震波,对起伏地形和覆盖黄土层共同影响下的黄土河谷场地进行地震反应分析。结果表明:黄土层和地形耦合作用控制了地表的PGA变化,使其趋于复杂,在同一输入波不同振幅作用下,与基岩河谷各测点相比,黄土覆盖河谷场地的地震动频谱幅值均有所增加,并且频谱主峰均向高频移动。在不同地震波输入下,场地不同部位的固有频率受地形高程和土层影响;而地震动大小和频谱幅值不仅与场地的基本频谱和地形起伏有关,也与输入地震波的频谱成分相关。输入波PGA与地震频谱特征都不变时,同一场地输出的地震频谱形状具有相似的特征,随着地震持时增长,能量向场地基本频率附近集中,从而可能导致场地上相应频率建筑物震动幅值增加,造成累积破坏。     

SV波入射情况下V型河谷地形对地震动的影响分析

基于局部人工边界的显式有限元方法,给出了二维V型河谷地形在SV波垂直人射下地面运动数值解,并分析其地震动分布规律以及两侧不同的边坡角度对于地震动分布规律的影响.数值结果表明:谷底的角点、两岸靠近河谷的点、两侧谷坡靠近谷底的点以及靠近两岸的点,对地表位移有放大作用,而对其邻近区域地表位移有抑制作用.这是由于角点处存在面的...     

甘肃文县上城台地的地震记录分析

选取文县上城台地三个不同高程强震台同时记录到的汶川大地震的9次余震记录,研究场地的地震反应和波的传播效应。通过对比峰值加速度、地震反应谱、加速度时程等地震动参数,全面分析了地震动放大效应与地形的关系以及地震动特征与震源的关系。结果表明:相对于山脚,山顶的峰值加速度明显放大,并且山顶的地震动在场地卓越周期附近放大最显著;多数地震记录显示山顶处垂直白水江河谷分量的峰值加速度比值大于平行河谷分量比值;地震动绝对持时从山脚、山腰到山顶依次增长。总之,地形条件和其上覆松散层共同作用造成了上城台地的地震动放大。     

黄土隧道边仰坡动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究

设计并完成了1∶80比例尺的高陡黄土边坡大型振动台模型试验。通过输入不同类型、幅值、频率的地震波,探讨地震作用下模型洞口仰坡动力响应规律,以及地震动参数对动力响应的影响。试验结果表明,不同地震波加载的过程中,坡面的PGA随着测点高程的增大而增大,在隧道仰拱和拱顶所处的位置,PGA有突然减小的过程。其中仰拱周围边坡坡面的PGA减小更大,说明隧道的存在对坡面加速度的放大作用具有一定的抑制作用,其中仰拱位置比拱顶位置抑制作用更强。台面峰值加速度越大,仰拱对加速度的抑制作用更加明显,坡顶面的PGA最大,因此坡面越高,加速度的放大效应越明显,并没有出现加速度放大系数饱和的这种状态。试验结果有助于揭示黄土隧道仰坡在地震作用下的失稳机制,为工程的抗震设计提供有益的参考。     

基于有限断层动力学模型的逆断层—三维层状沉积盆地地震动模拟

近断层效应使得沉积盆地对地震动放大效应更为复杂。本文针对逆断层发震下三维层状沉积盆地地震反应,基于波动谱元法,采用有限断层动力学模型,模拟断层动力破裂、地壳层地震波传播和层状沉积盆地对地震波散射全过程。在此基础上,对比分析了层状和均质沉积盆地对近断层地震动放大效应的影响,讨论了不同断层倾角下层状沉积盆地地震动加速度特性。结果表明：层状沉积盆地PGA空间分布与均质沉积盆地存在较大差异,由于近断层效应和盆地效应,层状沉积盆地地表局部范围竖向PGA大于水平向PGA;90°断层倾角下层状沉积盆地地表地震动放大范围与60°断层倾角结果明显不同,主要集中在盆地中心区域和断层附近,且幅值远小于60°断层倾角下结果;沿断层走向,盆地内地表地震动加速度峰值对应时刻较盆地外延后。     

河谷地形对地震动的影响分析

基于时域隐式动力有限元结合黏弹性人工边界的方法,实现了地震动垂直入射下三维河谷地形地震反应的数值模拟。在此基础上,针对河谷地形对地震动的影响,对峰值差异、质点运动轨迹等进行了分析,继而分析了地震动相干性及相位差等频域特性。结果表明:河谷地形对地震动强度具有显著影响,其与河谷特征及场点位置相关;河谷地形能产生明显的地震动转换,且坡度越大地震动转换越明显;河谷地形效应会减小地震动的相干性,表现为河谷两岸地震动之间相干性较好,而边坡下降会导致相干性的减小;河谷地形效应导致地震动产生相位差,相位差大小与场点位置相关,但河谷两岸地震动之间几乎不存在相位差,而斜坡及谷底相位差均较大。     

SV波斜入射下凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析

针对10种不同坡角的凸起地形,采用基于透射边界的有限元-有限差分计算方法,研究了局部凸起在SV波斜入射时,地震动峰值加速度放大倍数和反应谱谱比随入射角度的变化规律。结果表明:①地震波以一定的角度斜入射时,地表大部分观测点的峰值加速度放大倍数大于垂直入射的情况;②在计算模型宽高比一定的情况下,最不利入射角度与坡角有一定关系,且地表最不利位置随坡角增大由凸起台地边缘向中心移动;③入射角度对凸起地形地震反应谱特性的影响十分显著,不但影响谱比的幅值,也影响谱比曲线的形状,斜入射时各关键节点大部分周期点的谱比值大于垂直入射,入射角度对反应谱中的高频成分影响较为显著,而对长周期成分影响不大。     

土质边坡地震动力响应规律研究

地震往往会触发大量的山体滑坡,给人类和社会带来巨大灾难。为研究探索土质边坡在地震作用下的动力响应规律,本文建立了二维均质边坡有限元模型,模拟计算了其在地震作用下的动力响应,对地震响应中学术界和工程界最为关心的加速度、位移和频谱特性响应进行了研究分析,并得到以下几点结论:①在坡顶和坡面处,与输入地震动加速度时程比较,输出加速度峰值出现的时刻有滞后现象;②坡体内部对输入地震动PGA存在垂直和临空面放大作用,同时垂直放大作用呈现出节律性变化的特点;③地震作用下坡体的最大变形在水平方向上出现在坡脚处,在竖直方向上出现在坡肩处;④边坡体内部对输入地震动的频谱成份产生滤波作用,滤掉了输入地震动中的高频成份,且随着高度的增加,这种滤波作用呈现增强的趋势。     

2021年9月16日四川泸县MS6.0地震强地面运动特征分析

2021年9月16日4时33分在四川省泸州市泸县发生M_S6.0地震,震中附近的强震动观测台网获取了1 320组三分向加速度记录,对有效记录进行常规处理后计算出地震动相关参数,并利用克里金插值方法得到峰值加速度PGA、峰值速度PGV和拟加速度反应谱的空间分布图。结果显示,极震区与中远场的长轴方向有较大差异,地震动表现出沿断裂走向衰减较慢的特性。通过与常用衰减关系预测值进行对比,分析了PGA和多个周期的拟加速度反应谱随距离的衰减特性,结果显示此次地震的PGA相比衰减关系预测值偏小,拟加速度反应谱相比各经验预测值呈现周期越大衰减变慢的特点,体现出川东南地区特有的衰减规律。最后分析了本次地震获得的最大加速度记录,进一步验证了局部地形和场地对地震动有显著影响。      

南海北部陆坡稳定性定量分析

随着海洋工程的发展,海底滑坡作为一种潜在的地质灾害逐渐成为人们关注的热点.本文采用二维极限平衡法计算并分析了海底斜坡稳定性问题.通过对斜坡模型在各种条件下安全系数的计算,定量分析了斜坡内在因素(如斜坡角度、主要土力学参数)和主要触发机制(地震、快速堆积等)对安全系数的影响.理论计算表明,静态条件下,均质斜坡角度小于20°时,均处于稳定状态;对于含软弱层的斜坡,快速堆积等引起的不排水状态下斜坡安全系数明显降低,斜坡角度大于14°时就会发生失稳.拟静态条件下,当地震动峰值加速度(PGA)小于0.15g时,对于角度小于20°的均质斜坡处于稳定状态,但PGA大于0.25g时,角度大于13°的斜坡即处于失稳状态;对于含软弱层斜坡,PGA为0.1g时,角度大于10°的斜坡即处于不稳定状态;当PGA大于0.3g时,3°以上的海底斜坡即处于失稳状态,发生海底滑坡.结合南海北部陆坡海底地形、地貌特征,在静态条件下,均处于稳定状态;但在地震加载的拟静态下,根据南海北部地震动峰值加速度分布,台湾浅滩段则处于不稳定状态.这解释了该区域大陆坡折带处海底滑坡广泛发育的原因,也表明了地震是引发南海北部滑坡最主要的触发机制之一.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.