多功能新型高频变频地波雷达舟山海域径向海流探测试验

在2010年8月舟山海域新型多功能变频高频地波雷达比对试验中表明:7.5~10 MHz波段、13~18 MHz波段、18~25 MHz波段雷达径向流与ADCP数据相比,均表现出较为显著的相关性,可以用于大面流场的实时监测,其中18~25 MHz波段径向流测量精度要优于7.5~10 MHz波段和13~18 MHz波段。但同时影响雷达测量精度的因素也很多,这些因素对测量精度的影响还需要通过开展长期连续的对比验证试验来进一步研究和分析。     

2DVAR方法在台湾海峡海表流场融合中的应用

高频地波雷达可以提供沿岸大面积海表流的观测,但单个地波雷达只能提供径向流观测。本研究发展了一套二维变分(Two-Dimensional VARiational Method, 2DVAR)数据融合方法,将台湾海峡海域的地波雷达径向流数据与ROMS (Regional Ocean Model System)模式输出结果进行融合,得到一套较好的融合产品。结果显示,融合产品与雷达径向流的平均相对误差相较于模式输出与雷达径向流的平均相对误差由9.70%降低至1.54%。为进一步检验融合方法,设计了两种独立样本试验。试验一将雷达径向流按空间均匀划分为融合样本与独立样本,使用雷达融合样本与模式输出进行融合,此时融合结果的平均均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)相较于模式输出由0.41 m/s降低至0.19 m/s。试验二将雷达径向流和模式输出在空间上都均匀划分为融合样本与独立样本,对两种数据的融合样本进行融合,使用TC (Triple Collocation)方法估计模式输出、雷达观测与融合结果的误差方差,此时融合结果的平均误差方差最小,且其误差方差相对于独立的雷达径向流与模式输出在远岸处有明显减小。以上结果都表明融合数据更加接近实际海流,证明了2DVAR方法融合海表流的有效性。     

舟山海域高频地波雷达表层流探测试验

2015年4月7-30日,在浙江省舟山近海海域开展了“嵊山-朱家尖”小型阵列变频高频地波雷达系统的海上比测试验,通过雷达观测数据与定点ADCP海流资料的比对检验了地波雷达表层流探测性能。径向流比对结果显示,测点与雷达法向夹角越小,距离雷达距离越近,径向流比测结果越好,雷达探测的结果越可靠。嵊山站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为7.98 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.34 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.89,朱家尖站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为6.24 cm/s,平均均方根误差为12.36 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.81。根据矢量流比对结果显示,矢量流速与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为4.82 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.03 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.44。设置在嵊山、朱家尖两个雷达站双站探测的核心区域（两个雷达站连线的中垂线上,并且与两个雷达站构成一个近似直角三角形）的站点比测结果更加理想,当流速大于0.25 m/s时,对于核心区域平均后的流向均方根误差为24.9°。     

高频地波雷达生成海洋表面矢量流图

武汉大学研制的双站高频地波雷达系统OSMAR2000利用测得的两幅单站径向海流图生成矢量海流图。经典矢量流图生成方法不能直接应用到OSMAR2000系统中。本文提出一种先在极坐标系下用自然三次样条函数将径向流插值到公共网格上然后直接进行矢量合成的矢量海流图生成方法。OSMAR2000在东海的表面矢量流实测结果与作对比验证的传统海流计测量结果十分吻合。对比数据表明，该方法是可行的，且优于先进行径向流线性插值后矢量合成的矢量流图生成方法。这也是国内首次利用高频地波雷达实现海洋表面矢量流的实时监测。     

海洋站数据质量控制技术探讨

介绍了几种常用的数据质量控制方法,并分析了这些方法的使用条件;初步分析了海洋站数据质量控制过程;针对海洋站数据特点,对某一海洋站某月逐时数据分别采用3δ检验法和格拉布斯检验法进行整体检验和分组检验,并采用曲线拟合手段表现质量控制结果.结果表明,对海洋站数据进行质量控制以后,数据质量得到了明显提高,同时也显示出对数据进行...     

X波段雷达测波系统比测方法的研究——基于东海区海洋站比测数据分析

目前我国已经进口了X波段雷达,大多数使用的WAVEX海事雷达海浪数据采集系统。利用X波段雷达开发监测海浪的波高、波长、波向与波周期等相关参数已经取得初步成果。同时,在X波段雷达数据质量控制以及将雷达数据与海洋动力学模型进行同化方面积累了一定的经验,但距离制定明确的应用规范还存在较大差距。文章试图通过对东海区A、B两个海洋站X波段雷达与波浪浮标、人工观测数据等比测数据的分析,得出比测方法中比对仪器选择、环境因素、海况等方面的要求,以得到更为准确的比测结果。     

X波段雷达测波系统比测方法的研究

目前我国已经进口了Ｘ 波段雷达,大多数使用的ＷＡＶＥＸ 海事雷达海浪数据采集系统。利用Ｘ 波段雷达开发监测海浪的波高、波长、波向与波周期等相关参数已经取得初步成果。同时,在Ｘ 波段雷达数据质量控制以及将雷达数据与海洋动力学模型进行同化方面积累了一定的经验,但距离制定明确的应用规范还存在较大差距。文章试图通过对东海区Ａ、Ｂ两个海洋站Ｘ 波段雷达与波浪浮标、人工观测数据等比测数据的分析,得出比测方法中比对仪器选择、环境因素、海况等方面的要求,以得到更为准确的比测结果。     

地波雷达海流观测数据验证的软件实现及初步分析

利用Matlab语言及其图形交互界面编程技术,将OSMAR高频地波雷达观测数据与现场测流数据的比对验证方法集成在软件中。利用该软件输入OSMAR地波雷达、海流计、ADP和美国CODAR雷达的试验海流数据得到了误差统计特征值,初步分析了不同比测站点和不同比测仪器对雷达数据验证工作的影响。     

东中国海业务化海流雷达观测及数据服务平台

由武汉大学研发的海洋状态监测及分析雷达（OSMAR）,被布置于东中国海沿岸的6个雷达站点,用于观测海表面速度（海流,波浪,风）。本研究以雷达观测的流场为例,阐述了一个业务化海表面流雷达观测及数据服务平台,给出了一个从数据获取、传输、处理、可视化以及服务的业务化流程。详细描述了业务化平台中包含三个系统（雷达观测系统、数据服务系统、可视化服务系统）,以及各系统间的数据流。各站点获取的流速将在雷达观测系统中数据接收和预处理中心进行集成,然后传输到数据服务系统进行质量控制。用户可以在数据服务系统的主界面上对数据进行浏览,也能够获取这些数据。可视化服务系统能够在球体平台上对数据产品进行直观展示。通过业务化平台可以对东中国海的海流进行实时监测,也能够对海流的日变化以及季节性变化进行研究。     

交互式海洋泥沙叶绿素遥感信息系统

探讨了珠江口海域的交互式遥感空间信息在Internet上的实现技术。系统采用分层模型和Web服务技术，初步实现了泥沙叶绿素遥感信息的提取、发布与查询。利用该系统，用户可远端上传实测数据，系统使用适当模型进行后台分析运算，将结果返回用户，实现了系统的远程交互性分析功能。     

OSCR wave measurements-some preliminary results

OSCR is an HF radar system that has been developed for high spatial resolution coastal surface current measurement. This paper describes preliminary results that demonstrate that wave measurement can be successfully obtained from suitably processed OSCR data. Comparisons with data from a WAVEC directional buoy are presented and show encouraging agreement. Some of the limitations to the measurement process are discussed and indicate a maximum range of about 20 km. Surface current variability on short time scales presents the most serious obstacle to wave measurement. This appears to be more of a problem when the mean currents are large, in that in these circumstances the data fail initial quality control criteria. However, in lower mean currents, the effect is often still present and leads to errors in long wave measurement     

阵列式高频地波雷达矢量流长周期适用性比测试验数据分析

基于高频地波雷达长周期适用性比测试验数据,主要从以下3个方面系统分析国产阵列式高频地波雷达矢量流控测效果:(1)时间有效采样率和覆盖率的空间分布;(2)与反演的流速匹配的现场观测深度;(3)不同区域的探测精度.长周期的海流验证表明,雷达海流可以有效地反映有效探测区内表层海流及其时空变化,高精度区流速流向的均方根误差(RMS)分别为7.5～19.3cm/s和15.5°～33.7°,尤其是高精度区核心区域的RMS仅为7.5～10.1 cm/s和15.5°～28.5°.边缘区流速流向的RMS为16.1～25.8 cm/s和39.5°～40.7°,与国内外达到业务化运行要求的同类产品实际观测精度相当.     

Calibration and Validation of Direction-Finding High-Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Current Observations

This paper focuses on the validation of remotely sensed ocean surface currents from SeaSonde-type high-frequency (HF) radar systems. Hourly observations during the period July 22, 2003 through September 9, 2003 are used from four separate radar sites deployed around the shores of Monterey Bay, CA. Calibration of direction-finding techniques is addressed through the comparisons of results obtained using measured and ideal (i.e., perfect) antenna patterns. Radial currents are compared with observations from a moored current meter and from 16 surface drifter trajectories. In addition, four overwater baselines are used for radar-to-radar comparisons. Use of measured antenna patterns improves system performance in almost all cases. Antenna-pattern measurements repeated one year later at three of the four radar locations exhibit only minor changes indicating that pattern distortions are stable. Calibrated results show root-mean-square (rms) radial velocity differences in the range of 9.8-13.0 cm/s, which suggest radar observation error levels in the range of 6.9-9.2 cm/s. In most cases, clear evidence of bearing errors can be seen, which range up to 30deg for uncalibrated radar-derived radial currents and up to 15deg for currents obtained using measured antenna patterns. Bearing errors are not, however, constant with angle. The results recommend use of measured antenna patterns in all SeaSonde-type applications. They also recommend an expanded simulation effort to better describe the effects of antenna-pattern distortions on bearing determination under a variety of ocean conditions     

Algorithm for HF radar vector current measurements

A new algorithm is proposed, called the stream function method (SFM) for producing vector current maps from radial data measured by dual-site high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). In SFM, a scalar stream function is constructed under some oceanographic assumptions. The function describes the two-dimensional (2-D) ocean surface water motion and is used to obtain the distribution of vector currents. The performance of SFM is evaluated using simulated radial data, which demonstrates that SFM has advantages over typical vectorial combination methods (VCM) both in error acceptance and robustness, and excels another method based on least-squares fitting (LSF) in recovering the complicated current models. Furthermore, SFM is capable of providing the total currents based on radials from single-site radar. We also test the assumptions of horizontal non-divergence in the simulation. The new algorithm is applied to the field experiment data of Wuhan University’s ocean state measuring and analyzing radar (OSMAR), collected in the coastal East China Sea during April 11–17, 2004. Quantitative comparisons are given between radar results by three current algorithms and in-situ current meter measurements. Preliminary analysis of the vertical current shear is given based on the current meter measurements.     

Measurement of Ocean Surface Currents by the CRL HF Ocean Surface Radar of FMCW Type. Part 2. Current Vector

The Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) has been developing high-frequency ocean surface radars (HFOSRs). The CRL dual-site HFOSR system can clarify the distribution of surface currents with a nominal range of 50 km. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of the measurement error of the current vector obtained by the CRL HFOSR system, using a comparison of instantaneous current vectors acquired by the HFOSR system and current meters moored at a depth of 2 m, taking account of the vertical current shear. The theoretical analysis shows that the probability distribution of the measurement error of the current vector forms concentric ellipses at a spatial scale that depends on the RMS measurement error of radial current velocity and with an aspect ratio that depends only on the azimuthal difference of the radar beams. When the azimuthal difference is a right angle, the measurement error of the current vector is at a minimum. A comparison between instantaneous current vectors measured by the CRL HFOSR system and moored current meters shows that the distribution of the difference vector between the radar current and the meter current agrees well with the theoretical measurement error of the current vector and that the RMS of difference vector length is about 10 cm s^–1 while the azimuthal difference between two radar beams is between 45 and 135 degrees. The accuracy of current measurement by the dual-site HFOSR system is therefore considered to be less than 10 cm s^–1 in this range of azimuthal difference. The theoretical analysis will be applicable for a wider range of the azimuthal difference of the radar beams.     

Surface current measurements by HF radar in freshwater lakes

HF radar has become an increasingly important tool for mapping surface currents in the coastal ocean. However, the limited range, due to much higher propagation loss and smaller wave heights (relative to the saltwater ocean), has discouraged HF radar use over fresh water, Nevertheless, the potential usefulness of HF radar in measuring circulation patterns in freshwater lakes has stimulated pilot experiments to explore HF radar capabilities over fresh water. The Episodic Events Great Lakes Experiment (EEGLE), which studied the impact of intermittent strong wind events on the resuspension of pollutants from lake-bottom sediments, provided an excellent venue for a pilot experiment. A Multifrequency Coastal HF Radar (MCR) was deployed for 10 days at two sites on the shore of Lake Michigan near St. Joseph, MI. Similarly, a single-frequency CODAR SeaSonde instrument was deployed on the California shore of Lake Tahoe. These two experiments showed that when sufficiently strong surface winds (2 about 7 m/s) exist for an hour or more, a single HE radar can be effective in measuring the radial component of surface currents out to ranges of 10-15 km. We also show the effectiveness of using HF radar in concert with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for measuring a radial component of the current profile to depths as shallow as 50 cm and thus potentially extending the vertical coverage of an ADCP array     

多普勒雷达资料同化在台风“桑美”预报中的应用研究

本文以2006年超强台风"桑美"为个例,考察了同化雷达径向风观测资料对台风初始场和预报场的改进作用。首先对沿海新一代多普勒天气雷达的径向风观测资料进行了去噪音、退模糊等一系列的质量控制,进一步利用美国国家大气研究中心开发的中尺度数值模式WRFV3.5及其三维变分同化系统WRF-3DVAR,每30min循环同化雷达径向风观测资料。结果表明:同化多普勒雷达径向风观测资料后,对台风在模式中的初始位置进行了很好的修正,同时对台风区的动力和热力结构均有较好的调整。两组同化试验对于台风的路径、强度、降水等预报要优于控制试验,并且对背景误差协方差尺度化因子优化调整可以更有效地吸收雷达观测资料并提供更多的中小尺度信息。