均匀、各向同性橄榄石在1200—1500℃温度范围内的标准电导率

为得出用来解释地幔电导率剖面的电导率-温度图,采用了几种空问平均方法,得出适合各向同性材料的橄榄石正交电导率张量。原始数据是在温度高达1500℃,一个大气压条件下对San Carlos橄榄石(含9%的铁橄榄石)的三个正交主轴方向的电导率σ的测量测得的。这些测量是在1200℃时,氧气分压为10~(-4)Pa(10~(-9)大气压)的CO_2/CO气中进行的,比     

橄榄石的同系温度T/T_m:对上地幔蠕变与橄榄石组构转变的启示

同系温度为晶体材料的绝对温度(T)与其熔点(T_m)的比值,是对比晶体流变强度的重要参数之一.橄榄石(Mg,Fe)_2Si O_4的熔点随含铁量和含水量的增加而降低,随压力增加而升高,高压下橄榄石的相变可导致熔点随压力发生不连续变化.本文对前人的铁橄榄石(Fe2Si O_4)熔融实验结果进行校正,确定铁橄榄石-γ相Fe2Si O_4-熔体的三联点位于6.4GPa和1793K.然后使用广义混合律建立了常压至6.4GPa,无水橄榄石的固相线和液相线与含铁量和压力的关系.橄榄石T/T_m随深度的变化可用于定性对比具有不同热状态和橄榄石成分的上地幔流变强度,T/T_m=0.5的深度界定了上地幔从半脆性变形到完全塑性变形的转换深度.克拉通岩石圈地幔的橄榄石T/T_m显著低于造山带和伸展盆地,一直到岩石圈-软流圈边界才与周围地幔趋于一致(T/T_m0.66),表明克拉通的岩石圈强度较高.此外,使用T/T_m分析橄榄石的变形实验结果,发现含水量对橄榄石组构的影响与压力密切相关,但是水对橄榄石流变强度的弱化作用及其与橄榄石同系温度的关系尚需进一步研究.低于6.4GPa(200km),T/T_m控制了橄榄石[100]和[001]位错滑移的转变.在上地幔10~-(12)~10~-(15)s~(-1)的应变速率和低应力条件下,橄榄石[100](010)位错滑移系(A型组构)的稳定域为T/T_m0.55~0.60.T/T_m0.55~0.60时,[001]位错滑移更易于发生,低T/T_m使橄榄石的主控位错滑移系转变为[001](100),形成C型组构.这与天然变形的橄榄岩普遍发育橄榄石A型组构,而超高压变质带中经历了深俯冲的橄榄岩发育橄榄石C型组构一致.而[001](010)位错滑移系(B型组构)受T/T_m和应力的共同影响.因此,橄榄石的同系温度建立了将变形实验结果外延到上地幔流变的桥梁.克拉通地区的上地幔地震波各向异性需要一个四层模型来拟合:上层为残留的A型组构,中间为B型组构,岩石圈-软流圈边界为新生的A型或B型组构,以及Lehmann不连续面之下以扩散蠕变为主的软流圈地幔.对橄榄石组构转变机制的认识是通过地震波各向异性追踪上地幔含水量的分布和地幔流动的关键.     

上地幔流变性质的研究进展

本文主要总结了近十多年来橄榄岩流变实验的研究成果,介绍了上地幔流变研究的进展和意义.经过多年的实验研究,橄榄岩流变性质在理论和应用方面都已取得重要突破.人们利用高温高压实验深入研究了熔/流体、铁含量、粒径尺度、温压条件等因素对橄榄石流变性质的影响,得到了表征橄榄石流变特性的幂率本构方程的各参数,并从理论方面探讨了橄榄石等矿物在不同深度处可能存在的变形机制.在应用方面,高温高压流变研究为许多地质现象(如软流圈的成因)的解释和地球动力学(如地幔对流)的模拟提供了实验依据和基础数据,如辉石的粒度效应可以解释上地幔板块边界变形及剪切局域化问题等.尽管对上地幔矿物的流变特性进行了深入地研究,但还有许多问题需要人们进一步厘定,如碳酸盐熔体对橄榄石流变性质的影响,橄榄石变形机制的转化等.     

橄榄石微页理结构的矿物化学及其地幔流变意义

橄榄石地幔流变同时包含物理和化学变化,但由于橄榄石位错的宽度通常＜0.1μm,较难发现适合电子探针微区分析的样品(＞1μm),因此研究较少,并且对其成因机制存在重大分歧,有固溶体出溶、柯氏气团和蚀变反应等多种假说.在东北大兴安岭第四纪火山岩携带的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中,发现具有地幔流变特征的橄榄石,其中2个样品具有微页理结...     

天然麻粒岩高温流变实验研究

本实验在气体介质三轴高温流变仪上,采用怀安瓦窑口麻粒岩,在温度900～1200℃、围压300 MPa、应变速率10~(-4)～10~(-6)/s条件下,开展高温流变实验.实验样品麻粒岩由斜长石(52%)、单斜辉石和斜方辉石(40%)、石英(3%)、磁铁矿和钛铁矿(5%)组成,矿物平均粒度为:斜长石294μm、单斜辉石和斜方辉石282μm、石英97μm、磁铁矿和钛铁矿109μm.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪分析获得变形后样品的水含量约为0.17±0.05wt%.实验样品的强度随温度升高而降低,随应变速率降低而降低.基于力学数据,采用稳态流变方程,获得实验样品在900～1000℃时的应力指数为8.1～12.9,在1050～1150℃时的应力指数为4.8～5.8,平均值5.2.应力指数随着温度升高而降低.显微结构和成分分析表明,在900℃时麻粒岩出现矿物压扁与定向拉长特征,样品以位错滑移和微破裂变形为主;在950～1000℃时,麻粒岩样品中颗粒边界变得圆滑,表现出位错攀移特征,辉石和磁铁矿边缘出现微量熔体;在1050～1200℃时麻粒岩出现部分熔融,而且随着温度和实验时间(应变)增加,熔体含量增加,熔体结晶出微粒斜长石、辉石和橄榄石,部分辉石通过固体反应生成橄榄石.颗粒边界熔体和矿物反应促进了扩散作用,导致位错攀移和熔体引起的扩散蠕变共同控制了麻粒岩的高温流变.     

橄榄石矿物弹性研究进展

橄榄石是上地幔含量最丰富的矿物,对其弹性性质的研究对解释地球内部的物质组成和动力学过程至关重要.近年来,对橄榄石矿物弹性的研究,无论是实验测试还是模拟计算都取得了很大的进展.本文首先介绍了研究橄榄石弹性的主要方法,然后从铁、镁不同配分比例下橄榄石的弹性性质,水对橄榄石弹性的影响以及橄榄石各向异性等三个方面,对近年来橄榄石弹性研究所取得的主要进展做了介绍.实验方法方面主要介绍了1)超声共振谱法(Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy,RUS);2)X射线衍射法;3)X射线照相法;4)超声干涉法;5)布里渊散射法.     

橄榄石-尖晶石相转变流变学的实验研究

对(Mgx,Ni1-x)2GeO4系统中橄榄石-尖晶石两相混合物的流变性进行了实验研究.利用不同温压条件对混合物进行热压,得到的橄榄石和尖晶石的比例不同.温度为1 573K,试件的化学组成从x=0.95-0.70时,得到的两相材料从100%橄榄石到100%尖晶石.三轴压缩试件为圆柱状,直径8mm,两相混合物的平均颗粒尺寸为2.21-9.43μm.流变学试验在气体介质试验机中进行,围压为300MPa,温度为1 073-1 573K.试验分为常应力和常位移率两种,差应力σ1-σ3为45-320MPa,应变率在2.8×10-6-2.8×10-5s-1之间,将实验测得的混合物力学性质与两端材料的强度进行对比,发现两相多晶介质的强度介于两端材料的强度之间.当橄榄石到尖晶石的相变发生在变形过程中时,尖晶石比率的增加使得多晶材料的总体强度上升.     

华北北部下地壳的流变学特征——河北汉诺坝下地壳包体提供的信息

由玄武岩浆快速带到地表的下地壳包体可以提供有关下地壳的直接信息. 通过对华北汉诺坝玄武岩中下地壳麻粒岩相包体的详细研究探讨该地区下地壳的流变学特征. 采用适宜于麻粒岩包体的温压计计算其平衡温度和压力: 平衡温度在750~900℃之间, 平衡压力在0.8~1.2 GPa之间, 对应的来源深度为28~42 km之间. 这些数据补充和完善了原先所建立的下地壳-上地幔地温线. 采用动态重结晶颗粒粒度应力计计算出包体在下地壳条件下发生变形时的差异应力为14~20 MPa. 在综合对比了当前常用的下地壳岩石高温流变律, 认为Wilks等(1990)提出的麻粒岩流变律符合本区下地壳包体的流变特征, 由此计算的下地壳应变速率为10^-13~10^-11 s^-1, 高于该区上地幔的应变速率(10^-17~10^-13 s^-1); 其对应的等效黏滞度为10¹⁷~10¹⁹ Pa·s, 低于上地幔的等效黏滞度. 由所获数据做出的研究区下地壳流变学剖面表明, 差异应力随深度而变化的趋势不明显, 随深度增加应变速率变大而等效黏滞度变小. 研究结果支持软弱下地壳的观点.     

中国大陆含油气盆地的氦同位素组成及大地热流密度

根据天然气中氦同位素组成,讨论了中国大陆主要含油气盆地氦同位素地球化学特征与大地热流密度。不同地区425个~3He/~4He 值表明中国含油气盆地天然气的氦同位素组成变化范围较大,为4.0×10~(-9)-7.21×10~(-6),在统计直方图上呈现三个峰值:1.5×10~(-8),3.0×10~(-7)和1.5×10~(-6)。中国东部大陆裂谷系中、新生代盆地内天然气的~3He/~4He 值分布范围为1.02×10~(-7)-7.21×10~(-6),50%以上大于大气的值(1.4×10~(-6));其他地区含油气盆地天然气的~3He/~4He 值分布范围为4.0×10~(-9)-7.01×10~(-7),全部小于大气的~3He/~4He 值。根据天然气中~3He/~4He 值计算的大地热流密度值分布在30-82mW/m~2 之间。利用~3He/~4He 值计算的大地热流密度值与用其他方法测得的值相一致,在中国大陆水平方向上呈现"东高西低"的变化趋势。     

地壳极限应变与危险区强震发生的概率估计

本文在中国、日本与美国的破坏性地震极震区的地壳形变观测数据的基础上,用维布尔分布确定了适用于中国的地壳极限应变值为5.25×10~(-5)±2.27×10~(-5)。同时根据文献[2]所确定的17个一级危险区与6个二级危险区中各区的形变速度梯度值与历史地震活动资料,按维布尔分布确定了各危险区未来10—20年内发生强震的累积概率。研究结果表明,目前有二个地区累积概率已高达0.70以上,还有五个地区累积概率在0.30～0.70之间,同时对1989年山西大同-阳高地震与1990年青海共和-兴海地震进行了内符合检验,发现这两个地区到发震时的累积概率均超过了0.54,因而初步显示出本方法的有效性。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.