双向土工格栅加筋碎石桩单轴压缩试验

对拉伸塑料、焊接聚酯和经编涤纶等3种双向土工格栅加筋碎石桩桩体进行单轴压缩试验,以研究不同双向土工格栅加筋碎石桩桩体的变形和强度特性。研究结果表明:拉伸塑料和经编涤纶格栅加筋碎石桩桩体强度与筋材强度之间呈较好的线性关系,而焊接聚酯格栅加筋碎石桩桩体强度与筋材强度之间的线性关系较差;拉伸塑料格栅加筋碎石桩桩体破坏时其格栅本身拉伸强度能充分发挥,而焊接聚酯格栅和经编涤纶格栅加筋碎石桩桩体,均在这两种格栅远未达到其本身拉伸强度前,因格栅焊接点脱开或横肋从纵肋中抽离而导致破坏,拉伸塑料格栅加筋碎石桩桩体强度要显著高于经编涤纶和焊接聚酯格栅加筋碎石桩桩体强度;在实际工程中可采用双向拉伸塑料格栅来加筋碎石桩桩体,其桩体强度可采用聚丙烯土工编织布加筋碎石桩桩体强度修正公式计算。     

土工格栅加筋路堤有限元分析

通过有限元软件ANSYS对土工格栅加筋路堤进行模拟,阐述了加筋土的加筋作用原理。通过一个工程实例分别对不加筋、仅加砂垫层、加一层土工格栅砂垫层、加两层土工格栅砂垫层四种不同的加筋路堤进行了计算。分析了不同加筋方式下加筋土路基竖向位移、侧向位移、竖向应力、剪应力和筋材拉力的规律。     

土工格栅加筋橡胶砂强度特性试验研究

橡胶砂作为轻质、耗能填料在土木工程中有广泛的应用前景,但其强度往往会随橡胶含量的增大而降低。土工格栅常用于对散体材料的加筋补强,研究土工格栅对橡胶砂强度特性的加筋效应具有重要意义。基于三轴压缩试验,对3种不同格栅布置方式（1、2、3层）下的干燥橡胶砂强度特性展开研究,重点考察加筋层数对不同围压（50、100、200 kPa）下、不同配比（0%、10%、20%、30%、40%）橡胶砂的强度参数,如峰值强度、似黏聚力、内摩擦角的影响规律。结果表明：土工格栅加筋橡胶砂的强度参数,包括峰值强度、似黏聚力、内摩擦角,相对于未加筋橡胶砂均有明显提高,提高幅度随土工格栅加筋层数的增加而增大,随着围压的降低而增大;土工格栅对配比为20%橡胶砂的强度加筋效应最为明显;土工格栅加筋橡胶砂的强度参数恢复系数与加筋密度之间呈良好的线性关系;土工格栅加筋橡胶砂的强度特性可由试验所得的经验恢复函数较好地估计。     

无加筋、加筋砂土蠕变特征的有限元分析

根据分级加载条件下的蠕变试验,分析研究了无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土的蠕变特征,发现蠕变变形与分级加载时的应力水平、初始蠕变应变速率有很大关系,且蠕变后以恒定应变速率重新加载时呈现出刚度很大、近似弹性的行为。针对无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土提出一种弹黏塑性有限元计算方法。有限元计算过程中,砂土和土工格栅均采用统一的3要素弹黏塑性本构模型。该方法能够对含多个蠕变段的恒定应变速率加载全过程进行模拟。通过试验结果与有限元计算结果的比较,表明所提出的弹黏塑性有限元计算方法能较好地模拟无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土的蠕变特征,特别是蠕变后重新加载时的刚度很大、近似弹性的行为。     

土工格栅加筋砂土地基大模型动载试验研究

为了研究土工格栅加筋砂土地基在动力荷载作用下的受力变形特性,利用自行设计的300 cm×160 cm×200 cm（长×宽×高）大比例地基模型试验装置,分别针对纯砂地基、土工格栅加筋地基进行了静动荷载破坏试验。分析地基承载力及基础沉降、地基土压力、动力加速度响应、土工格栅应变等参数变化规律,揭示了动力荷载作用下加筋砂土地基的承载力和变形特征,并对比分析静、动荷载对加筋地基承载性能的影响。试验结果表明,与纯砂地基相比,格栅单层加筋地基的承载力提高1.12倍,地基基础中轴线处沉降量减少24%,加筋土体的抗变形能力得到很大提高;加筋作用改变了地基的破坏模式,动载作用下纯砂地基为冲剪破坏而加筋地基为整体剪切破坏;筋材的存在对地基土压力及加速度峰值分别有明显的扩散作用和衰减作用,可有效降低在动力载荷下筋土的瞬态变形。     

土工格栅加筋碎石土大型三轴试验研究

在大型三轴仪上进行了素碎石土和加筋碎石土的三轴排水剪切试验，探讨了加筋碎石土的强度及变形特性；分析了塑料土工格栅的加筋机理，为加筋碎石土的理论计算提供了依据。     

考虑蠕变性土工格栅加筋挡土墙应力与变形有限元分析

土工格栅加筋挡土墙在岩上加固工程中得到了广泛应用。采用粘弹塑性流变模型考虑地基和填士的流变性，采用作者所建议的绎验型粘弹性本构模型考虑土工格栅的蠕变性，对于土工格栅加筋挡土墒发展了非线性有限元数值分析方法，通过变动参数的对比计算与分析探讨了逐层填筑过程、加筋长度及间距布置方式等因素对土工格栅加筋挡土墙长期变形与应力特性的影响。计算与分析表明：填筑过程对面板侧向变形、格栅拉力与应变及地基中水平位移与竖向沉降具有较大的影响；加筋使墙后填土应力重新分布；面板位移、格栅拉力及应变在经历一段时间后趋于稳定状态。     

土工格栅路堤加筋效果的影响因素分析

土工格栅作为一种新型的土工合成材料,由于具有高强度、低延伸率等特点而被选作主要的路堤加筋材料,在路堤中适当位置加入土工格栅能有效地减少路堤的沉降和侧向变形。本文采用通用非线性有限元程序ABAQUS分析了加筋前后的路堤底部的竖向位移、堤址点垂线下地基深度的水平位移和地表的水平位移,计算中采用D rucker-Prager模型和C lay p las-tic ity模型模拟土体的非线性,土工格栅采用一维杆单元来模拟。通过对加筋层数、筋材模量、软基模量、填土高度和软土层厚度等影响加筋效果的因素进行对比分析,从计算结果分析可知,路堤加筋虽然对软土地基的竖向位移影响不大,但加筋能有效抑制侧向位移的发展,这样增大了路堤边坡的稳定性,分析结果与大多数实际工程的实测资料相吻合。     

土工格栅加筋路堤边坡设计方法分析

简单介绍了<公路土工合成材料应用技术规范>(JTJ/T 019-98)中关于路堤边坡的等间距或分区等间距加筋设计方案,然后编写了程序,计算边坡在分层填筑时的安全性能,通过反复迭代计算可得出满足安全系数要求的最佳土工格栅铺设间距.最后对工程实例采用该程序进行了计算,结果表明土工格栅的最佳铺设间距不是等间距,而应尽量采用"顶疏底密"的布置方式.     

格栅加筋路堤边坡性能的试验研究及有限元分析

基于2种路堤边坡坡比、2种土工格栅和3种加筋层数的不同组合的室内模型试验,比较分析了不同试验工况条件下加筋边坡在顶部载荷作用下的变形规律。结果表明:加筋能较大幅度地提高边坡的稳定性及承载能力;加筋边坡的沉降和侧向位移随着格栅抗拉强度增大、加筋层数增多和边坡变缓而相应的变小。将试验所得结果与有限元数值模拟计算结果进行了对比分析,有限元模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

Bearing capacity of strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand

Results of small-scale laboratory model tests to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by sand with multiple layers of geogrid reinforcement are presented. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and a sand compacted to one relative density. The embedment ratio of the foundation was varied from zero to 0.6. It is found that, for the given reinforcement-depth ratio, the bearing capacity ratio with respect to ultimate load increases with embedment. The relationship between the bearing capacity ratio at ultimate load and at limited levels of settlement (less than or equal to 5% of foundation width) is also presented. The bearing capacity ratio at limited levels of settlement is smaller than the value at ultimate load.     

A laboratory investigation into the settlement of a foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand due to cyclic load

Summary Laboratory model test results for permanent settlement of a shallow square foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and subjected to cyclic loading are presented. During the application of the cyclic load, the foundation was subjected to a sustained static load. Tests were conducted with only one type of geogrid and at one relative density of compaction of sand. Based on the model test results, the nature of variation of the permanent settlement of the foundation with the intensity of the static loading and the amplitude of the cyclic load intensity are presented in a non-dimensional form.     

Non‐linear analysis of shear band formation in sand

The paper investigates the incipience of shear band with an incrementally non‐linear constitutive equation. Necessary conditions for the emergence of shear band are derived. The lower bound solution is obtained by taking the strain rate inside and outside the shear band into consideration. Numerical results of localized bifurcation for general stress and strain are presented and compared with experiments. In the principal stress space, the stresses at the onset of shear band form a surface, which is partially enclosed by the failure surface for homogeneous straining. The significance of the analysis for identification of the material parameters and verification of the constitutive model against experiments is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The bearing capacity of surface strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand and clay — a comparative study

Summary Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced sand and saturated clay are presented. One type of geogrid only was used for all the tests. On the basis of the model test results, the optimum depth and width of reinforcing layers and the optimum depth of the location of the first layer of the geogrid in sand and saturated clay were determined and compared.     

轻量砂变形及强度特性三轴试验研究

通过三轴试验系统研究了新型土工材料--轻量砂的变形及强度特性。结果表明,不同的配比、龄期使轻量砂具有不同的原生结构强度,围压使不同原生结构强度的土样处于剪胀或剪缩状态,导致发生应变硬化、应变软化以及相应状态下孔压的3种对应形态变化。变形模量随EPS（发泡聚苯乙烯）球粒掺入比的增大而线性减小,随水泥掺入比、龄期增大而线性增大,相同配比的土样变形模量与围压关系不大;三轴抗压强度随EPS球粒掺入比增大而呈负指数关系减小,随水泥掺入比、龄期、围压增大而线性增大,存在水泥掺入比阀值;土骨架转换效应对于土样强度的影响很大,造成了土体单轴、三轴抗压强度分带,高水泥掺入比能够大大弱化EPS颗粒的土骨架效应。结合前人成果,系统地研究了轻量砂密度、无侧限抗压强度的影响因素,引入材料学中比强的概念,提出了单价比强图结合配方公式的方法,对轻量土砂进行配方优化。分析了轻量土砂应力-应变关系转型问题,提出采用无侧限抗压强度来表征不同配比、龄期轻量土砂的原生结构强度。通过试验与数理统计,建立临界围压与原生结构强度的关系,为数值模拟计算与建立本构模型奠定了基础。     

Q3砂黄土真三轴强度变形特性研究

为了研究Q3砂黄土强度变形特性,以甘肃永靖黑方台Q3砂黄土为研究对象,利用西安理工大学研制的真三轴仪,进行了3个围压（50、100 kPa 和200 kPa）、3个b值（0、0.25和0.5）和3个含水率（5%、10%和15%）不同工况试样破坏情况的真三轴试验。试验结果发现：（1）真三轴条件下Q3砂黄土剪切破坏方式以侧胀破坏、单缝剪切破坏为主,其次少数土样发生锥形破坏、双缝剪切破坏和T型缝剪切破坏。（2）相同围压和含水率、不同中主应力比（b）的情况下,Q3砂黄土的主应力差随中主应力比增大而增大,应力-应变关系曲线为强硬化型,剪胀现象明显;中主应力比对广义剪应力和广义剪应变之间关系有一定影响,随b值增加,曲线依次增加;随b值的增加,强度降低,广义剪应力与平均球应力比（q/p）与主应变关系曲线逐渐变缓,且曲线依次降低。（3）随含水率增加,Q3砂黄土由固态向半固态转化过程中,不同中主应力比时黏聚力均出现明显降低,但内摩擦角则出现微小增加。     

单调荷载下砂土变形过程数值模拟及细观机制研究

采用离散单元法的颗粒流理论,模拟了松砂和密砂在单调荷载作用下的变形过程,研究了砂土渐进破坏过程中的宏观力学行为和细观组构参量的演化规律。采用PFC的FISH语言开发了细观组构统计程序,通过记录加载不同时刻试样的细观参量,如配位数、接触法向分布、粒间法向接触力、切向接触力等的演化,分析了砂土变形过程中细观组构变化与宏观力学响应之间的内在联系。应用表征上述量的组构参数研究了砂土的诱发各向异性,探讨了松砂剪缩、密砂剪胀的细观机制。研究成果对于揭示砂土变形的细观机制以及建立砂土的细观力学模型具有重要意义。     

Construction and post-construction behaviour of a geogrid-reinforced steep slope

A geogrid reinforced steep slope was built and monitored during construction and during the first ten months of service. The slope is located between Régua and Reconcos in the new Portuguese main itinerary, IP3, and is a part of reestablishment 2. The reinforced slope has an extension of about 206.2m, is in curve and the reinforced area reaches a maximum height of about 19.6m in the outside curve slope at 150.0m of extension (km 0+150). The monitored slope cross section is at km 0+150. The reinforcements are high density polyethylene geogrids;. materials with different tensile strength values were used. The reinforcement strains were measured at three reinforcement levels using linear extensometers. The soil vertical stresses were recorded using load cells. The internal horizontal displacements of the slope were recorded using two inclinometer tubes. The face displacements were recorded topographically in points spaced approximately 1.2m vertically along the face of the slope on the km 0+150 cross section. The reinforced slope behaviour was observed during a period of about 13 months, which includes three months of construction period. This way it was possible to obtain information about the slope behaviour during and after construction (the first 10 months of service). The behaviour of the observed reinforced slope is characterized by: low values of face displacements, slope internal horizontal displacements and reinforcement strains; change of the face displacements configuration at the end of construction during service;tendency to stabilization of the horizontal displacements in a relatively short period of service; change, during service, of the position of the line passing through the points of the reinforcements where maximum strains were recorded. The reinforced slope behaviour express the conservative design of Equilibrium Limit methods and encourage the research on new design methods for geosynthetic reinforced soil systems.     

基于数字图像分析的土工合成材料加筋砂土拉拔试验研究

由于加筋土界面作用的复杂性,加筋土工程建设中铺设土工格栅时往往采用经验的方法,很大程度上造成了土工格栅的浪费及工程安全隐患,理清不同填料筋土界面作用的影响范围,有助于确定加筋土结构的合理加筋间距。为了揭示不同填料筋土界面作用的影响范围,采用4种不同类型的砂土与格栅在不同法向应力下进行了一系列的拉拔试验,并结合数字图像量测技术,分析了不同类型砂土下界面剪切带厚度、颗粒位移矢量、格栅拉拔阻力峰值及应变等演变规律。研究表明：界面剪切带厚度H随法向应力σ_v与砂土平均粒径d₅₀的增加而增大,通过多变量拟合的方法,得到了H、σ_v与d₅₀三者之间的函数表达式;格栅在拉拔过程中,砂土颗粒位移矢量以土工格栅为界有着显著的差别,格栅上部的颗粒位移矢量明显大于下部颗粒,且在格栅上下一定范围内会形成颗粒位移矢量集中带;拉拔阻力峰值随σ_v及d₅₀的增加而增大;不同类型砂土各区段的格栅应变均表现出由前向后依次递减的趋势。     

桩承式加筋地基室内试验及数值分析

为研究桩承式加筋地基作用机制及影响加筋效果的因素,设计天然软土地基、土工格栅加筋地基、桩承式地基、桩承式加筋地基4组模型试验,通过对试验结果的对比,分析阐述桩承式加筋地基的作用机制。同时,将三维数值模拟的结果与试验结果进行对比验证,在此基础上采用三维流固耦合的数值模型研究影响桩承式加筋地基处理效果的因素。研究结果表明,4组试验中,桩承式加筋地基加载板的沉降量最小,承载力最大;桩承式加筋地基的桩土应力比大于同样荷载条件下的桩承式地基;随着桩间距的增大,桩承式加筋地基表面沉降逐渐增大,桩土应力比逐渐减小;随着格栅模量的增加,桩承式加筋地基表面沉降逐渐减小,桩土应力比逐渐增大。