Regional-scale analysis of karst underground flow deduced from tracing experiments: examples from carbonate aquifers in Malaga province,southern Spain

Tracer concentration data from field experiments conducted in several carbonate aquifers (Malaga province, southern Spain) were analyzed following a dual approach based on the graphical evaluation method (GEM) and solute transport modeling to decipher flow mechanisms in karst systems at regional scale. The results show that conduit system geometry and flow conditions are the principal factors influencing tracer migration through the examined karst flow routes. Solute transport is mainly controlled by longitudinal advection and dispersion throughout the conduit length, but also by flow partitioning between mobile and immobile fluid phases, while the matrix diffusion process appears to be less relevant. The simulation of tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs) suggests that diffuse and concentrated flow through the unsaturated zone can have equivalent transport properties under extreme recharge, with high flow velocities and efficient mixing due to the high hydraulic gradients generated. Tracer mobilization within the saturated zone under low flow conditions mainly depends on the hydrodynamics (rather than on the karst conduit development), which promote a lower longitudinal advection and retardation in the tracer migration, resulting in a marked tailing effect of BTCs. The analytical advection-dispersion equation better approximates the effective flow velocity and longitudinal dispersion estimations provided by the GEM, while the non-equilibrium transport model achieves a better adjustment of most asymmetric and long-tailed BTCs. The assessment of karst underground flow properties from tracing tests at regional scale can aid design of groundwater management and protection strategies, particularly in large hydrogeological systems (i.e. transboundary carbonate aquifers) and/or in poorly investigated ones.     

荧光示踪剂的干扰实验研究

通过在室内无光照条件下开展干扰实验,探究了荧光素钠、罗丹明和荧光增白剂三种示踪剂之间的干扰规律,并应用于野外地下水二元示踪试验实例,说明了校正荧光示踪仪检测浓度(ΔC)的方法。结果表明:（1）在实验室条件下,荧光素钠的抗干扰性最强,罗丹明次之,荧光增白剂易受到干扰产生检测浓度增大的假象,这种假象服从线性变化规律;（2）当使用罗丹明作为示踪剂时,ΔC钠=0.052C罗、ΔC白=0.012C罗;当使用荧光素钠时,ΔC罗=0.507C钠、ΔC白=0.323C钠。在野外开展二元示踪试验时,建议尽量选用相互之间干扰较小的罗丹明和荧光增白剂进行组合投放,或利用本实验得到的不同示踪剂之间的干扰规律对荧光示踪仪的检测浓度进行校正。      

利用反向粒子示踪技术确定地下水的年龄

利用粒子示踪技术确定地下水径流途径和地下水年龄可以查明地下水的循环机理,介绍了基于新一代交互式语言IDL在粒子示踪研究中的应用.在剖面地下水流数值模拟的基础上,利用IDL语言开发了反向离子示踪程序,并结合鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地的水文地质剖面进行了实例研究.     

关于南洞地下河系统南边界问题的讨论

岩溶水系统的划分研究是水均衡分析、水资源评价的基础。南洞地下河是中国南方4个超大型地下河系统之一,其水文地质条件复杂,开发潜力巨大。由于南洞地下河系统蒙自盆地内有第三系阻水深槽存在,使得该区地下水位高于南北两侧,部分研究认为该阻水带是南洞地下河系统的南边界。本次通过进一步收集盆地内部和外围水文地质钻孔及地热钻孔资料、野外调查、洞穴探测及示踪试验,认为盆地内阻水深槽并不阻挡深部地下水,南洞地下河系统南边界应南移至南部地表分水岭一带。蒙自盆地及南部地下水流向应整体由南向北。     

基于示踪试验的王寨盆地水文地质条件研究

王寨盆地是大武富水地段的一个特殊补给区,地质条件较为复杂,水文地质条件的研究相对较少,利用示踪试验对该区进行水文地质条件研究,是一种简单有效的方法。本次示踪试验采用钼酸铵作为示踪剂,历时75天,钼离子浓度历时曲线分为单峰型、双峰型和多峰型,地下水视流速平均值为23373m/d。通过试验揭示了王寨盆地岩溶发育特征为溶孔、溶隙、裂隙、管道、溶洞并存,地下水径流通道有单一管道型、单管道有水池型、多管道型和多管有水池型,具有多向性和复杂性;主要的地下水径流通道有3个,均汇入淄河断裂带;地下水流向以西南、东南、正东(东北)为主,整体流动较为缓慢,溶质的运移以正东(东北)方向最快;王寨断层和边河断层具有良好的导水性。因试验在枯水期进行,降雨量较小,地下水开采的日周期性影响也相对稳定,故试验时段地下水流场较稳定,试验结果所揭示的水文地质问题也较准确。     

泸西喀斯特断陷盆地地表水与地下水流域边界与水动力性质

在详细调查基础上,采用系统科学及水文地质分析方法,依据地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、示踪试验、地下水排泄基准面、喀斯特发育条件及发育规律等剖析论证流域边界,并通过钻探及示踪试验进行验证。研究结果:（1）对泸西喀斯特断陷盆地南东部的水系统边界向北移进行了修正,证实了三塘一带深部不发育的喀斯特是地下水分水岭边界,使得泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域的径流系统和边界圈化更加准确;（2）泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域地表水、地下水转化频繁,地表水径流特征主要以小江河在水库、河流、伏流间的径流转化过程为体现,地下水在侵溶山区接受大气降水补给后,上层径流以泉、暗河的形式在泸西盆地底面排泄后转化成地表水,最终汇集于盆地南部、通过工农隧洞及落水洞排向小江,而下层径流则以小江水面为基准,通过深层径流排泄。      

南川黄泥垭隧道工程对水文地质条件的影响分析

隧道工程建设无疑对岩溶地区的水文地质环境地质带来巨大冲击。文章以重庆市南川区黄泥垭隧道工程为实例,采用地面调查、示踪试验、长观监测等方法进行综合研究,剖析隧道工程对隧址区水文地质环境的影响。研究结果表明:黄泥垭隧道工程改变了隧址区的地下水流场,疏干地表地下水、加剧干旱缺水程度,并随之出现新的人工水点——隧道涌水;同时隧道工程影响了水资源空间分配格局、降低了水资源利用率。      

在某污染的工业废物填埋场环境水文 地质评价中的同位素水文学研究

本文论述了某污染的工业废物填埋场场址的地质、水文地质条件,应用水化学方法、环境同位素技术(地下水中氚及氢、氧稳定同位素)和同位素单孔示踪技术等同位素水文学领域中的新方法对区内地下水的活动条件以及填埋场场址区分布的第四系孔隙潜水和第三纪红层孔隙-裂隙水的成因进行了分析,测量并确定了填埋场下部地下水的流速及流向。研究结果表明场区地下水的运动与地表水无直接水力联系。污染的工业废物填埋后不会通过地下水的迁移造成对地表水的污染,进而证实填埋场的地质、水文地质条件对处置污染的工业废物是安全可靠的。     

高精度地下水示踪技术及其应用——以毛村地下河流域为例

笔者以桂林毛村岩溶地下河流域的示踪试验为例, 探索高精度地下水示踪方法在岩溶水文地质研究中的应用。实践证明, 该方法较传统示踪方法具有较大优势。试验中, 从地下河主出口回收I号示踪剂为34%, 地下水平均流速为35.3 m/h, 全部回收率约为60%~70%。示踪结果证实毛村地下河流域具有典型河间地块特征, 存在多个排泄出口, 水文地质边界较复杂; 主出口处示踪剂浓度变化呈宽域多峰, 说明具有多管道、沿途多个较大溶潭特征; II号示踪剂在所有接收点都没有收到, 其原因较为复杂和不确定。枯季部分地下水有沿西南方向断层排泄迹象, 雨季是否存在较大径流, 还需用示踪试验来证实; 流量不均衡, 排泄区可能存在潜流。     

桂林甑皮岩洞穴遗址地下水示踪及污染来源分析

桂林甑皮岩遗址周围地带地下水中污染物的种类及来源复杂。为了查明地下水系统的结构特征,分析地下水的污染物运移路径和追溯污染源,采用在线高分辨率示踪技术与人工采样相结合的方法。选取荧光素钠和罗丹明B两种示踪剂,在桂林甑皮岩遗址周围进行了三次示踪试验。根据试验结果分析地下水流场,计算地下水平均流速。结果表明地下水流速在1.6~33.91 m/d,平均值为12.92 m/d。流场内岩溶以溶蚀裂隙为主,且裂隙发育呈网络式,存在西北向东南方向的主径流带,但大型岩溶管道存在的可能性小。三次示踪试验结果均显示,投放点所在的污染源区与遗址周围地下水存在水力联系,因此,遗址附近的居民小区、学校、原砖厂等污染源对遗址下部的地下水存在潜在污染,需更大程度地划分遗址的保护范围。特别是甑皮岩景区化粪池密闭情况较差,严重危害遗址环境,必须对化粪池进行防渗处理。      

基于井下放水试验的矿井疏降量预测评价

井下放水试验作为特殊的水文地质试验,克服了地面抽水试验存在的不利条件,有着十分重要的实践和理论意义。为了探查双柳煤矿太原组灰岩含水层的水文地质条件,通过两次井下放水试验取得的相关水文地质参数,控制了太灰含水层的动态流场。基于井下放水试验取得的水文地质条件信息,利用Visual MODFLOW三维数值模拟软件,建立放水试验期间反映模拟区太灰地下水分布、储存及其时空变化规律的参数模型;根据拟定的预测方案,对太灰含水层的疏降涌水量进行预测。通过本次工作,对双柳井田下一阶段进行疏干降压,减少太灰含水层对上组煤（4#煤层）开采的威胁,同时为下组煤（8＋9#煤）开采提供疏降方式和水文地质依据。     

基于在线示踪技术的岩溶地下河流场反演与水文地质参数估算

以青木关岩溶地下河为例,利用在线高分辨率示踪技术获取基础数据来探寻岩溶地下河形态特征,估算水文地质参数。试验中示踪剂回收率高达99 %,示踪剂历时浓度曲线有两个孤峰,前后峰值浓度分别为37.63 μg/L和1.21 μg/L, 两个孤峰的偏度和峰度均大于0,据此推测青木关岩溶地下河并无较大溶潭发育,且地下河流态为紊流流态。根据试验所得数据结合地下河地理空间信息,以经验公式估算得到地下河平均流速、摩擦系数、雷诺数、舍伍德数、施密特数等水文地质参数,分别为204 m/d、0.26、127 980、4 165、1 140,表明青木关地下河管道内部结构复杂,地下水环境比较脆弱,且估算得到的雷诺数所表征的地下河水流态与示踪剂历时浓度曲线得到的结果一致。      

广西布泉地下河发育特征及连通性分析

为查明广西布泉地下河岩溶发育规律和分布特征,在1∶5万水文地质调查的基础上,对该区地下水水位动态进行长期观测和示踪,研究布泉地下河地表和地下岩溶发育特征,分析布泉河上游和中游各支流间的连通性。该区地表主要为峰丛洼地,溶蚀强烈,地下河管道主要沿断层展布,平面形态呈树枝型,剖面形态呈阶梯型。地下河中下游管道的地下水水位动态对降雨的响应滞后,上游管道及远离管道区的地下水水位动态对降雨的响应敏感。地下河上游和中游地下水平均流速分别为1 166 m/d和1 079 m/d,地下水总体径流速度较快,上游地下水的水力坡度大于中游。地下河上游管道分支较多,地下水连通性较复杂,中游主管道明显,连通性较好。     

Water table fluctuation analyses and associated empirical approach to predict spatial distribution of water table at Yeşilköy/AgiosAndronikos aquifer

The groundwater of the deep Ye?ilköy aquifer is the only water resource for agricultural and domestic consumption at the Karpaz Peninsula of Cyprus, which stretches approximately 100 km from the northeast of capital Nicosia to the northern tip of Cyprus. During the last decade, over-pumping and following dry periods have depleted the groundwater resources and the water surface elevation of the aquifer has dropped. The aim of this study is to understand the behavior of the Ye?ilköy aquifer in the last decade for the proper management of groundwater resources. This has been achieved based on well survey and field survey studies, monitoring programs followed by pumping tests, and safe yield analysis. Most of the research effort has been focused on field and well survey studies to quantify agricultural water consumption and abstraction rates from the aquifer. A long-term groundwater level monitoring program, short-term continuous groundwater monitoring and pumping tests provided information for the regression analyses while deriving a sixth order polynomial relationship between the period parameter and the head parameter. The equation was helpful to predict the short-term behavior of the water level when the present hydrogeological conditions prevail. The pumping test results satisfied the hydraulic properties of calcarenite formation yielding T = 1,782 m²/day and S = 0.0012. The results of safe yield analysis show that the annual deficit of the aquifer is 0.496 million cubic meters (MCM), which is equivalent to a 0.6 m drop in groundwater levels per year. Finally, the resultant annual safe yield of the aquifer is estimated as 0.84 MCM.     

The use of nitrate, bacteria and fluorescent tracers to characterize groundwater recharge and contamination in a karst catchment, Chongqing, China

The Qingmuguan subterranean river system is located in the suburb of Chongqing, China, and it is the drinking water source that local people downstream rely on. The study aims to provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection in that area, using a hydrogeological framework, tracer tests, hydrological online monitoring, and hydrochemical and microbiological investigation, including heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and the analysis of denitrifying bacteria (DNB) and nitrobacteria (NB). The tracer tests proved simple and direct connections between two important sinkholes and the main springs, and also proved that the underground flows here are fast and turbulent. DNB and NB analyses revealed that the main recharge to the underground river in the dry season is the soil-leached water passing through the fissures of the epikarst, while in the rainy season, it is the surface water flow through sinkholes. The hydrochemical and microbiological data confirmed the notable impact of agriculture and sewage on the spring water quality. In the future, groundwater protection here should focus on targeted vulnerability mapping that yields different protection strategies for different seasons.     

Tracer tests, hydrochemical and microbiological investigations as a basis for groundwater protection in a remote tropical mountainous karst area, Vietnam

The Tam Duong karst area in NW Vietnam is among the poorest and remotest regions in the country. The local population largely depends on water from two main karst springs. Due to agricultural activity and untreated domestic wastewaters, the spring water is often microbiologically contaminated. In order to provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection in the area, different field methods have been applied including hydrogeological framework investigations, tracer tests, and hydrochemical and microbiological sampling and analyses. All methods had to be adapted to the conditions of a poor and remote area. These adaptations included, amongst other measures, the use of a portable microbiological water_testing kit and the involvement of the local population in the sampling campaign. The tracer tests showed simple and direct connections between two important swallow holes and the two main springs, and made it possible to determine the linear groundwater flow velocities, which are extremely high (up to 875 m/h). The hydrochemical and microbiological data confirmed the strong impact of the streams sinking into the swallow holes on the spring water quality. Future groundwater source protection strategies should consequently focus on the reduction of polluting activities near the sinking streams and within their catchment areas.     

Investigation of water pressure transients beneath temperate glaciers using numerical groundwater flow experiments

Recent work has identified groundwater flow through basal till aquifers as a key control on melt‐season pressure transients beneath alpine glaciers, with potential implications for climate change studies, glacial geomorphology, tracer test interpretation, and the sediment load and chemistry of glacially derived waters. In this study, we investigate heuristically such subglacial Darcian flow processes using standard groundwater modelling techniques. Our primary result is that a one‐dimensional, transient, confined flow model with recharge, implemented numerically using time‐varying specified‐head and no‐flow boundaries, reproduces overall observed subglacial hydraulic behaviour very well and permits effective visualisation of aquifer responses under different conditions. Spatial variability in hydrogeological parameters is shown to have significant effects, but may be difficult to incorporate reliably into site‐specific models and to identify unambiguously in borehole pressure data. Time‐variance in areal recharge, if present, is apparently not observably expressed in the system, but time‐variance in transmissivity may be significant for some glaciers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

庄里水库建设对地下水水位的影响

庄里水库位于羊庄盆地水文地质单元内,水库建设将使地下水补径排条件和流场发生改变,根据羊庄盆地水文地质条件、地下水开发利用状况,采用Visual Madflow4．1软件,建立地下水水流模型,模拟庄里水库建成后对地下水水位和流场的影响,提出地下水水源保护措施。     

Determination of groundwater solute transport parameters in finite element modelling using tracer injection and withdrawal testing data

The groundwater tracer injection and withdrawal tests are often carried out for the determination of aquifer solute transport parameters. However, the parameter analyses encounter a great difficulty due to the radial flow nature and the variability of the temporal boundary conditions. An adaptive methodology for the determination of groundwater solute transport parameters using tracer injection and withdrawal test data had been developed and illustrated through an actual case. The methodology includes the treatment of the tracer boundary condition at the tracer injection well, the normalization of tracer concentration, the groundwater solute transport finite element modelling and the method of least squares to optimize the parameters. An application of this methodology was carried out in a field test in the South of Hanoi city. The tested aquifer is Pleistocene aquifer, which is a main aquifer and has been providing domestic water supply to the city since the French time. Effective porosity of 0.31, longitudinal dispersivity of 2.2 m, and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients from D = 220 m²/d right outside the pumping well screen to D =15.8 m²/d right outside the tracer injection well screen have been obtained for the aquifer at the test site. The minimal sum of squares of the differences between the observed and model normalized tracer concentration is 0.00119, which is corresponding to the average absolute difference between observed and model normalized concentrations of 0.035 5 (while 1 is the worst and 0 is the best fit).     

Aquifer characteristics and its modeling around an industrial complex,Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu,India: A case study

Anthropogenic pollution of shallow groundwater resources due to industrial activities is becoming a cause of concern in the east coastal belt of the state of Tamil Nadu, India. Integrated hydrogeological, geophysical and tracer studies were carried out in the coastal region encompassing an industrial complex. The objective has been to gain knowledge of aquifer characteristics, ascertaining groundwater movement and its flow direction, which would in turn reveal the possibility of contamination of groundwater regime and its better management. The results of multi-parameters and model study indicate that the velocity of groundwater flow ranges from 0.013 m/d to 0.22m/d in and around the industrial complex in upstream western part of the catchment and 0.026 m/d to 0.054m/d in the downstream eastern part, near the coast. These parameters are vital for the development of groundwater management scheme.