2008年新疆于田MS7.3地震对后续 地震的完全库仑应力触发作用

在离散波数法基础上计算2008年3月21日新疆于田M_S7.3地震造成的近场区域完全库仑应力变化, 分析该变化对余震发生所产生的影响, 得到了此次地震在2008年10月5日乌恰M_S6.8地震震中处所产生的动态库仑破裂应力变化. 计算结果表明, 该地震近场区域库仑应力变化图像演化大概持续了60 s, 库仑应力变化对余震的触发率达到90%以上, 其中动态库仑应力变化图像更好地解释了余震的分布. 余震震中处的完全库仑应力变化计算结果表明, 其动态库仑应力变化远远大于静态库仑应力变化. 于田M_S7.3地震在乌恰M_S6.8地震震中处造成的最大动态库仑应力变化为0.12 MPa, 说明后者可能受到了于田M_S7.3地震的动态应力触发作用, 但不显著;而静态库仑应力则对其影响很小.      

2014年于田MS7.3地震对后续余震和远场小震活动的动态应力触发

本文采用离散波数法,计算了2014年于田M_S7.3地震的断层破裂在近场和远场产生的库仑破裂应力变化,并结合地震活动特征,讨论了M_S7.3地震对后续余震活动和远场区域小震活动的动态应力触发作用.结果表明, ① M_S7.3地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对其西南侧主体余震区的地震活动起到了抑制作用,这可能是本次M_S7.3地震序列余震活动水平不高的主要原因;距主震约30 km的北东方向余震区后续地震活动受到了主震产生的动态和静态应力变化的共同触发作用,动态应力变化峰值为2.78 MPa,静态应力变化为0.80 MPa,这与该区余震较为活跃相一致;距主震约45 km的北部余震区受到动态应力触发作用,应力变化峰值为0.72 MPa. ② M_S7.3地震产生的动态库仑应力变化空间分布呈非对称性,其中北东方向、北部余震分布与动态应力变化正值区存在相关性,从应力变化的角度解释了M_S7.3地震的后续余震空间活动特征. ③ M_S7.3地震在沙雅、伽师地区的远场接收点产生的动态应力变化峰值分别为0.09 MPa、0.1 MPa,对两个区域的小震活动具有动态触发作用.     

2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震序列静态应力触发研究

为深度剖析2021年云南漾濞M_S6.4地震对周围断层的影响以及地震序列间的静态库仑应力影响关系,文章基于主震的破裂模型和Okada给出位移对空间偏导数的解析式,首先计算了主震在周围断层上产生的静态库仑破裂应力,结果表明维西—乔后断裂带中段、澜沧江断裂带北端、红河断裂带北端以及怒江断裂带中段库仑应力均有千帕量级的增加。其次,计算了此次地震对周围地区产生的水平应力场及位移场,发现震中东西两侧物质向外流出,南北两侧向震中汇聚;震中南北两侧沉降,东西两侧隆升;产生的应力场呈EW向挤压,NS向拉张,在一定程度上抵消了该区域背景构造应力场。最后计算了前震-主震-余震序列间的静态库仑应力影响,结果表明前震产生的静态库仑应力促进了主震的发生;在2 km、13 km和18.5 km深度附近,触发的余震(前震和主震产生的库仑应力变化为正)比例很高,但在7 km深度处(同震破裂模型中滑移量最大)大部分余震分布在库仑应力负值区(应力影区),考虑到该深度余震与主震震源机制相差较大,因此通过模拟最易错动的断层面作为余震接受断层面,从而计算出最大静态库仑破裂应力,发现应力影区的余震仍有被触发的...     

2010年4月14日玉树MS7.1地震对余震的触发研究

研究了2010年4月14日青海玉树7.1级地震产生的静态库仑破裂应力变化对余震及区域地震活动空间分布的影响.在考虑震源区附近区域构造应力场的基础上,由震源区构造应力和主震破裂产生的应力叠加,计算得到最容易破裂的余震断层面,进而计算玉树主震在上述余震断层面上产生的库仑破裂静态应力变化.结果表明,库仑应力变化图像与余震分布较为吻合,说明玉树主震对大部分余震有触发作用.利用相同方法计算了玉树主震对周边更大范围内地震的应力触发影响,发现大部分区域地震活动空间分布与库仑应力变化图像基本一致,中小地震大多发生在正向触发区域,但量值较小.对余震断层面与主震完全一致的情形进行了同样的计算,与前述方法计算结果的对比显示,考虑区域应力场的计算方式所得库仑破裂应力变化图像,能够更好地与余震及区域中小地震空间分布图像相吻合.     

GPS资料获取的静态库仑应力变化与余震分布的相关性分析

本文以2008年汶川地震为例,利用震中附近GPS观测资料,选择断层破裂模型,计算汶川主震产生的静态库仑应力变化空间分布,并与JI模型、经验公式模型结果进行对比分析,初步探索GPS破裂模型下的静态库仑应力变化特征以及与余震的空间分布关系。结果表明,当使用最优断层面作为接收断层时,GPS模型的结果对后续余震空间分布具有较好的对应关系,90%的余震分布在应力增强区域;在龙门山断裂以走滑为主的北东段(北川—青川段),5级以上的强余震均分布在应力增强区;以龙门山断裂南西段作为接收断层的计算结果表明,芦山地震震中正好处于库仑应力的正值区,汶川地震的发生在一定程度上使得芦山地震提前发生。     

云南景谷M_S6.6地震对南汀河断裂带地震危险性的影响

南汀河断裂带是滇西南块体内部的一条左旋走滑断裂带,几乎横切整个块体,总长度达380km,是块体内NE向断裂中最长的一条,也是次级块体的边界断裂.南汀河断裂带晚第四纪活动性非常强烈,但仅南段在1941年记录到一次约7级的地震,其余段落还没有5级以上地震的记录,目前可能正处于应力积累和孕震阶段.2014年10月7日发生的景谷MS6.6地震位于断裂带南东约94km,其地震烈度等震线长轴与余震皆呈北西展布,指向南汀河断裂带.为了解景谷地震对周边构造特别是南汀河断裂带的影响,本文通过数值模拟方法计算了地震触发的同震静态库仑应力变化.利用两种同震滑动分布模型计算获得的结果显示,景谷地震对震中附近的断裂,如澜沧江断裂和景谷断裂影响较大,局部应力增加可达90kPa;对较远的断裂,如南汀河断裂带、龙陵—澜沧断裂带和无量山断裂带的影响较小,应力变化值均小于10kPa.通过设置不同断层参数进一步计算,南汀河断裂带北段两支断裂断层面上的静态库仑应力扰动呈半圆形分布,应力增加的最大值位于24.15°N附近的地表,沿断层的走向和深度都逐渐减小.其中西支断裂上应力变化最大值为0.89kPa,东支断裂上为1.18kPa.此外,在南汀河断裂带北段的古地震研究结果显示,该断裂段全新世以来发生过产生地表破裂的大地震,震级应当不低于7级.放射性碳测年将该次古地震事件的发震时间限定在900—1480AD,离逝时间为535—1115年.结合古地震事件的离逝时间和断裂带的滑动速率,本文计算得到南汀河断裂带北段已经积累的水平滑动量为2.8+1.5/-1.0m,进一步利用滑动量与震级的经验公式可估算出该断裂段目前积累的滑动量如果完全释放将会产生一个7.5+0.1/-0.2级的地震.虽然景谷地震在南汀河断裂带上触发的静态库仑应力变化值表明,该地震可能不会引起南汀河断裂带地震危险性的突变,但仍起到一定的加速作用.再考虑到断裂带北段目前已经积累了约7.5级地震所需的能量,该断裂段在未来具有较高的地震危险性.     

天山北部强震活动对区域应力扰动的分析以2012年伊犁M6.6地震和2017年精河M6.6地震为例

天山地区为典型地震活跃区, 为定量分析该构造活跃区强震对周边构造变形和地震活动的影响, 本文基于地震位错理论和岩石圈分层模型计算了天山北部近期发生的2012年伊犁和2017年精河两次M6.6地震对周围地壳形变和应力的影响。 计算结果显示伊犁地震和精河M6.6地震引起震中附近地表同震位移达数厘米, 地表同震应变量级约为10^-7; 对比天山北部地区年平均构造形变特征, M6.6强震释放了震中附近近十年的构造主压应变积累; 地震引起震中附近(80 km内)同震库仑应力变化大于1 kPa, 而距震中较远区域活动断层上库仑应力变化微弱。 结合天山北部现今地壳变形特征及区域地震分布, 初步推测两次M6.6地震的发生对震后余震有显著的触发作用, 而对区域后续微震活动的影响微弱。     

GNSS约束的2022年泸定M6.8地震滑动分布及同震应力变化

2022年9月5日四川泸定县发生M6.8级强震,震中位于鲜水河断裂东南末端,野外地质调查初步结果显示本次地震并未发现明显的地表破裂迹象.本文基于震后科考GNSS流动观测和震中周边连续站观测资料,解算并提取震中90 km范围内31个测站的静态水平向同震位移.结果显示：GNSS同震形变场空间分布呈现明显的左旋走滑特征,观测到的最大水平向同震位移达23 cm,震中距50 km范围内同震位移量普遍大于1 cm.基于GNSS观测资料反演得到的同震滑动分布显示泸定地震地表破裂主要集中在磨西至田湾之间,主破裂深度2～8 km,最大滑动量～1.96 m,地震矩9.25×10¹⁸N·m,对应矩震级M_W6.6.静态库仑应力结果显示本次地震增强了震源破裂区周边活动断层的库仑应力,并触发了大量余震,余震主要发生在库仑应力增强区域.结合震间闭锁分布、历史地震及库仑应力变化,我们认为未来需要密切关注与磨西断裂交接的安宁河、大凉山断裂以及康定—磨西段的地震危险性.     

2014年2月12日新疆于田MW7.0地震源区静态库仑应力变化和地震活动率

2014年2月12日新疆于田M_W7.0地震源区位于巴颜喀拉块体与西昆仑块体的连接部位,东西向拉张构造发育,距离2008年3月21日于田M_W7.1地震震中位置约100 km.根据有限断层地震破裂过程模型,计算了2008年新疆于田地震产生的静态库仑应力变化.此次地震的断层面呈北偏东方向,在断层两端出现3个应力加载区,2014年于田主震位于破裂前端的库仑应力加载区.这一结果表明,2008年于田地震可能对2014年地震事件起到了触发作用.2008和2014年新疆于田地震产生的静态库仑应力变化与余震事件的空间分布具有明显的相关性,大多数余震位于应力加载区,发生在卸载区的余震较少.静态库仑应力变化与余震序列吻合较好.2014年3月21日新疆于田地震之后40天,在北西方向发生M_W5.2强余震,其震中位置的应力增量达到0.63×10⁵Pa.通过比较,发现静态库仑应力变化和地震活动率之间具有较好的相关性.地震活动率较高的区域与静态库仑应力加载区相对应,如康西瓦断裂东段、贡嘎错断裂中段和东北段等区域.     

汶川8.0级地震的余震触发作用和对断层的应力加卸载作用

采用可变滑动震源模型,计算和研究了汶川M_S 8.0地震产生的应力变化及对后续6次强余震的应力触发作用,并定量分析了汶川地震对附近活动断裂带的库仑应力加卸载作用。结果显示:汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化分布图案复杂性强,主要由发震断裂复杂的空间展布形态以及震源断层活动具有逆冲兼右旋走滑两种性质决定。汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对多数强余震存在一定的触发作用。汶川地震的发生对附近的断裂带有不同程度的影响,其中青川断裂中段和北段、岷江断裂南段和灌县-江油断裂南段,主要是以强烈的库仑破裂应力加载作用占主导地位,有利于强余震序列的孕育、加速以至于发生;东昆仑断裂带和鲜水河断裂带受到了轻微的应力加载作用;龙泉山断裂带、华莹山断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带主要受到了轻微的卸载作用。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。