Experimental study of mechanical and hydraulic properties of bedded rock salt from the Jintan location

A series of triaxial compression tests, triaxial extension tests, and triaxial compression creep tests were conducted to evaluate the strength, deformability, and permeability of rock salt from the Jintan location. Based on a previous analysis, the measured data can be physically modeled very well as shown by the constitutive model Hou/Lux and indicate that China’s representative bedded rock salt from the Jintan location is characterized by good ductility and deformation properties, similar to the European high-purity rock salt. Based on a comparison of compression as well as extension failure strength determined at rock salt from Jintan location, a similarity of compression and extension failure strength could be demonstrated. Permeation flow seems to be an anisotropic process because the permeability measured at samples prior to failure by compression tests differs to those measured at samples prior to failure by extension tests. The anisotropy of damage and destruction of rock salt has a significant influence on permeability. In case of triaxial compression tests, the measured permeability increases two to six orders of magnitude because of consistent direction of injection and cracks. In case of triaxial extension tests, however, the permeability increases less with a maximum of two orders in magnitude. The test results are significant for understanding the load-bearing behavior of rock salt from Jintan location and investigations with reference to the stability and tightness of underground caverns.     

Characterisation of confinement effect on jointed rock pillars using a Synthetic Rock Mass approach

Confinement effect on jointed rock pillars is numerically characterised in this research using a Synthetic Rock Mass (SRM) approach. The SRM is an integrated model incorporating a discrete fracture network within a Particle Flow Code 3D particle assembly. In this paper, the confinement effect on a 3D jointed pillar SRM model is investigated in a series of simulations, including biaxial compression tests and true and conventional triaxial compression tests. The numerical results suggest that the applied confining stresses generally result in higher pillar strengths and ductile post‐peak responses. More brittle post‐peak behaviour is simulated in the biaxial and true triaxial tests when the pillar is confined by a high stress in one lateral direction and by a zero/low stress in the other lateral direction. This phenomenon is attributed to significant lateral pillar dilation in the less confined direction. Detailed pillar failure modes are monitored in the uniaxial and triaxial tests. Axial splitting fractures and long shear zones cutting through the pillar are simulated when the pillar is able to dilate in the direction of least confinement. Localised shearing along joints and failed rock blocks is the dominant failure mode when the pillar dilation is resisted by the applied confining stresses. The pillar remains relatively intact with limited cracking in the pillar core in the highly confined triaxial tests. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同节理粗糙度类岩石材料三轴压缩力学特性试验研究

粗糙度是影响节理岩体强度与变形特性的重要因素之一。首先使用3D 打印机制作模具,并浇筑形成不同粗糙度（节理粗糙度系数JRC=2、7、12、17、22）的节理岩石试样。采用GCTS高温高压动静岩石三轴试验系统,对含有不同粗糙度节理岩石试样进行了三轴压缩试验,获得了不同粗糙度节理岩石试样的三轴应力–应变曲线,分析了JRC对岩石三轴强度和变形特性的影响规律,在三轴加载过程中采用声发射测试系统,分析了不同粗糙度节理岩石试样的声发射特性。运用数字三维视频显微系统观察节理面形态,讨论了不同围压下节理岩石试样峰值强度与JRC之间的关系。研究结果表明,节理面的存在直接导致节理岩石试样强度的大幅度降低,JRC对岩石破坏裂纹的形态、数量和空间分布特征亦有很大的影响,随着JRC值的增大,岩石节理面的抗剪强度增大,岩石试样的三轴抗压强度也会增大,岩石试样由脆性破坏转变为延性破坏。     

基于一种脆性指标确定岩石残余强度

岩石的残余强度是岩石力学的重要指标,准确地评价岩石残余强度对于评价地下工程的稳定性以及优化岩体支护设计具有重要意义。基于岩石的三轴力学特性提出一种表征岩石峰后强度衰减行为的力学指标--岩石强度衰减系数,该指标可反映岩石的脆性程度,并提出岩石强度衰减系数与围压关系的幂函数模型。对22组不同成因的岩石常规三轴压缩试验数据进行幂函数模型参数拟合,发现不同岩石拟合所得参数离散性较大,分析其原因主要与岩石矿物组成和岩石结构特征等因素相关。在此基础上提出基于强度衰减方法确定岩石残余强度的方法,分析表明,该方法能够很好地拟合岩石残余强度试验数据,并能反映岩石结构性质对残余强度的影响。     

IV级软弱围岩相似材料的试验研究

以IV级围岩为参照对象,研制可用于隧道围岩稳定性物理模型试验的软弱围岩相似材料。采用的5种原材料（重晶石粉、石膏、细砂、洗衣液和水）,通过直剪试验、无侧限抗压强度试验及三轴压缩试验测得所配相似材料的强度特征和物理力学参数,包括黏聚力c、内摩擦角?、单轴抗压强度Rc、弹性模量E和泊松比?。首先,通过试验分析每种原材料的不同比例对所配相似材料强度特征及物理力学参数的影响,选择适合于模拟IV级围岩相似材料的原材料配比;其次,针对优选的材料配比所配制的相似材料,开展大量的三轴压缩试验,研究在不同围压下该相似材料的强度及其破坏特征。结果表明,含水率减少或石膏含量增加导致Rc、E和c明显增大,而?降低不明显;增加砂含量可增大E 和?,但Rc值减少;石膏含量对相似材料的脆性和延性影响最明显,而含水率对相似材料的强度影响最为突出。试验结果还表明,相似材料在低围压时呈现脆性,在高围压时呈延性;就破坏准则而言,试验所得结果小于Mohr-Coulomb准则,略大于Hoek-Brown准则,但更符合Hoek-Brown准则。研制软岩相似材料的试验数据可为下一步拟开展的隧道围岩稳定性模型试验和数值模拟提供重要的参考和依据。     

An experimental study on deformation and failure mechanical behavior of granite containing a single fissure under different confining pressures

Fissures in natural rocks play an important role in determining the strength, deformability and failure behavior of rock mass. However in the past, triaxial compression experiments have rarely been conducted for rock materials containing three-dimensional (3-D) fissures and the failure mechanical behavior of fissured rocks is not well known due to the difficulty of conducting triaxial experiments on fissured rocks. Therefore in this research, conventional triaxial compression experiments were performed to study the strength, deformability and failure behavior of granite specimens with one preexisting open fissure. Thirty-one specimens were prepared to perform conventional triaxial compression tests for intact and fissured granite. First, based on the experimental results, the effects of the confining pressure and the fissure angle on the elastic modulus and the peak axial strain of granite specimens are analyzed. Second, the influence of the confining pressure on the crack damage threshold and the peak strength of granite with respect to various fissure angles are evaluated. For the same fissure angle, the crack damage threshold and the peak strength of granite both increase with the confining pressure, which is in good agreement with the linear Mohr–Coulomb criterion. With increasing fissure angle, the cohesion of granite first increases and later decreases, but the internal friction angle is not obviously dependent on the fissure angle. Third, nine crack types are identified to analyze the failure characteristics of granite specimens containing a single fissure under conventional triaxial compression. Finally, a series of X-ray microcomputed tomography (CT) observations were conducted to analyze the internal damage mechanism of granite specimens with respect to various fissure angles. Reconstructed 3-D CT images indicate obvious effects of confining pressure and fissure angle on the crack system of granite specimens. The study helps to elucidate the fundamental nature of rock failure under conventional triaxial compression.     

Application of the Christensen Failure Criterion to Intact Rock

The Christensen criterion, originally introduced in materials science, has a simple mathematical form and uniaxial tensile and compressive strength as the only parameters, making it an attractive candidate for rock engineering purposes. In this study, the applicability of the criterion to rock materials is examined. Explicit equations for application of the criterion under biaxial, triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and polyaxial states of stresses are derived. A comprehensive strength data set including the results of tests on synthetic rock, chert dyke, Carrara marble and Westerly granite is utilized to examine the accuracy of the Christensen criterion to the failure of rock material. The two surprising findings about the Christensen criterion are the zero values of tensile strength and the very low slopes of the failure envelope obtained from fitting analyses for chert dyke and Westerly granite. It is shown that the two problems are interrelated and the values of tensile strength tend to zero to produce higher slopes. It is then mathematically proven that the maximum initial slope of the Christensen failure envelope is limited to 4 in triaxial compression and 2.5 in triaxial extension which is considerably lower than the slope of experimental data. The accuracy of the Christensen criterion was found to be significantly lower than the well-established Hoek–Brown criterion. The circular π-plane representations and brittle-to-ductile transition limits from the Christensen criterion are also inconsistent with the observed behavior of rocks.     

工作面过空巷基本顶超前破断机制及控制技术

以工作面进入平行空巷、回撤通道时顶板超前破断、巷道被掩埋、支架压架的事故为研究对象,通过相似模拟试验对比了工作面过不同宽度空巷、充填与否时围岩破坏特征、应力变化和支架载荷变化,展现了工作面过大断面空巷基本顶超前破断及其灾变演化过程。研究表明：超前破断会导致基本顶一次性破断长度增加、上覆亚关键层同时破断。一旦发生超前破断,现有支护技术很难避免压架,故预防出现超前破断最为重要。鉴于此,运用Winkler地基梁理论对基本顶中弯矩和挠度进行了计算,解释了试验中围岩破断特征、支承应力和支架载荷的变化,给出了基本顶超前破断的机制：煤柱失稳是导致出现超前破断的主要因素,提高煤柱强度有利于预防超前破断。据此提出了局部注浆充填技术使煤柱由单轴压缩变为三轴压缩,提高煤柱支撑能力,并在现场实践中得到了验证。     

Influence of pore pressure on plastic deformation and strength of limestone under compressive stress

This study is devoted to experimental investigation of effects of pore pressure on plastic deformation and failure of a water-saturated limestone. The experimental study is composed of three different groups of laboratory tests. The basic mechanical behavior of the rock is first characterized by drained triaxial compression tests on water-saturated samples without pore pressure. The results are compared with those obtained in a previous study from triaxial compression tests on saturated samples with a constant pore pressure. In the second group, water injection tests under a confining pressure of 20 MPa and different values of deviatoric stress are realized to study the effect of pore pressure increase. Finally, undrained triaxial compression tests are carried out for investigating the coupling effect of plastic deformation and pore pressure variation. Based on experimental data, the validity of effective stress concept for plastic yielding and failure strength is discussed.

     

引红济石引水隧洞围岩力学特性研究

引红(红岩河)济石(石头河)引水隧洞围岩断层带破碎松软,岩石强度低,自稳能力差,易产生大变形。以上不良地质条件使其隧洞施工过程中经常会遇到TBM卡机等一系列特殊问题。针对引红济石引水隧洞施工中存在的软岩隧洞大变形问题,首先开展了X射线衍射、崩解试验,分析了试样的组成成分、黏土矿物含量对崩解性影响;再通过一系列单轴压缩试验、三轴压缩试验和蠕变试验研究了该类岩石不同应力条件下的变形破坏特征及蠕变特性。试验结果表明,该类岩石含有大量的黏土矿物(33.49%),对水比较敏感,遇水膨胀易崩解,导致岩体软化;试样具有较大塑性压缩变形,其应力-应变曲线为应变强化型,且没有明显的峰值。基于试验研究成果和现场监测数据,对该软岩隧洞大变形机制进行了分析,并提出了在围岩与管片之间安装聚氨酯缓冲层的新型支护方案,通过数值计算对支护方案的合理性进行了验证。分析结果表明:聚氨酯缓冲层可以很好地吸收围岩形变压力,避免应力集中带来的管片错台,从而大大减小管片上破坏区的产生。研究成果对该类岩体中隧洞的设计施工以及长期稳定性分析具有重要的参考作用。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的冻融循环条件下露天煤矿边坡岩体力学系数修正

在露天矿边坡稳定性计算和评价过程中,边坡稳定性评价结果与岩体力学参数的选取密切相关。而在冻融循环条件下,岩石的物理力学参数随着冻融次数的变化而变化。首先通过室内模拟的方法对粗砂岩和细砂岩进行不同次数的冻融循环试验,然后进行一系列的单轴和三轴压缩试验,得到冻融循环条件下完整粗砂岩和细砂岩的物理力学参数;基于Hoek-Brown强度准则中的爆破扰动参数D,提出冻融循环劣化参数D_f,利用修正的Hoek-Brown准则得到冻融循环条件下岩体力学参数,并分析了边坡岩体的破坏模式。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,粗砂岩和细砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和黏聚力降低减小,内摩擦角变化较小;而岩体的单轴抗压强度、整体抗压强度、抗拉强度、变形模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角均减小,这说明岩体在冻融循环环境中是不断损伤的,质量逐渐变差;随着冻融循环次数不断增加,岩体的抗剪强度劣化在不断加速,边坡的破坏形式主要为剪切破坏。修正的岩体力学参数为露天矿边坡稳定性分析提供更为准确的数据。      

Investigation of a Limestone Pillar Failure Part 2: Stress History and Application of Fracture Mechanics Approach

Summary Observed pillar failure could not be explained by comparing pillar strength with stresses on the pillar induced by mining activities. Instead, the effects of the combined stress history of strata and pillar on the deformational response of rock mass and rock were assessed. Application of the principles of fracture mechanics, i.e., extension strain and strain energy release rate criteria gave a reasonable explanation for the observed pillar behavior. The derivation of the required fracture mechanics parameters from laboratory tests is described, and the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to rock engineering, i.e., the use of historical geology, engineering geology, mining engineering and rock mechanics, is mandated.     

高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩试验研究

为综合考察温度、围压对花岗岩力学性质及破坏方式的影响,在高温（25℃～1 000 ℃）作用后,利用MTS815.02电液伺服材料试验系统对花岗岩岩样进行不同围压作用下的三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明,（1）围压一定时,经历不同高温作用后花岗岩三轴压缩全应力-应变曲线经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏、塑性流动5个阶段;（2）经历不同高温作用后岩样三轴抗压强度与围压呈非线性二次多项式增长关系,围压为40 MPa时的抗压强度比单轴抗压强度提高了382.30%;常规三轴压缩条件下,400 ℃是花岗岩力学参数的阀值温度;（3）经历高温作用后,岩样弹性模量随围压升高呈增大趋势,围压为40 MPa时的弹性模量比单轴时提高了90.26%;随温度升高呈二次非线性减小,1 000 ℃时的弹性模量比25℃时降低了57.16%;（4）花岗岩的失稳型式同时取决于围压和温度。单轴压缩状态下,随着温度的升高,岩样变形破坏型式由脆性破裂向塑性变形过渡,失稳型式在低温时为突发失稳、中高温为准突发失稳,温度高于800 ℃为渐进破坏;三轴压缩状态下,随着围压的增大,岩样破裂型式由脆性张拉破裂逐渐向剪切破裂过渡,岩样的失稳型式以突发失稳为主。在试验温压范围内,影响花岗岩力学性质的首要因素是温度,其次是围压。     

不同应力路径下土体的变形特性与破坏特性

在固结不排水加荷与卸荷两种情况下,基于土体常规的三轴压缩试验结果和真三轴平面应变试验结果,指出不同的应力路径下土体具有不同的变形特性和破坏特性,并且这些特性差异的根本原因在于不同的应力路径,有着其球应力p和广义剪应力q与球应力p的比值q/p的不同变化趋势。最后,依据Matsuoka-Nakai破坏准则和其相应的转化型式,进一步探讨了其破坏参数k2值的确定方法。试验检测的结果表明,Matsuoka-Nakai破坏准则能给出土体较为准确的破坏强度预测结果。     

A Simplified Failure Criterion for Intact Rocks Based on Rock Type and Uniaxial Compressive Strength

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of intact rock, which can be estimated using relatively straightforward and cost-effective techniques, is one of the most practical rock properties used in rock engineering. Thus, constitutive laws to represent the strength and behavior of (intact) rock frequently use it, along with additional intrinsic rock properties. Although triaxial tests can be employed to obtain best-fit failure criterion parameters that provide best strength predictions, they are more expensive and require time-consuming procedures; as a consequence, they are often not readily available at early stages of a project. Based on the analysis of an extensive triaxial test database for intact rocks, we propose a simplified empirical failure criterion in which rock strength at failure is expressed in terms of confining stress and UCS, with a new parameter which can be directly estimated from the UCS for a specified rock type in the absence of triaxial test data. Performance of the proposed failure criterion is then tested for validation against experimental data for eight rock types. The results show that strengths of intact rock estimated by the proposed failure criterion are in good agreement with experimental test data, with small discrepancies between estimated and measurements strengths. Therefore, the proposed criterion can be useful for preliminary (triaxial) strength estimation of intact rocks when triaxial tests data are not available.     

饱水条件下千枚岩软化效应试验分析

水岩作用是造成水库岸边坡岩体强度劣化的主要因素,尤其对于千枚岩这类特殊性岩体,遇水时强度劣化现象尤为明显。本文以某边坡千枚岩为研究对象,设计了在不同饱水条件下的岩石常规三轴压缩试验,并综合分析试验结果随饱水时间变化规律。研究结果表明:千枚岩与水作用反应强烈,前60d岩石力学参数随饱水时间增加呈近线性降低,至70d逐渐趋于稳定,岩石变形逐渐由弹性变形为主演变为塑性变形为主;各参数劣化规律具有明显的时效性与非均匀性,随饱水时间增长,总体衰减幅度呈先增加后减小,最终趋于平稳的趋势;根据破裂面的剪切破坏模式,得出岩石饱水是一种从微观到宏观的累计损伤过程。该研究成果对于研究水库岸边坡岩体力学性质变化规律具有一定的参考价值。     

软岩三轴加-卸载试验的破坏特征及抗压强度取值方法研究

软岩三轴加、卸载试验中的抗压强度参数取值是一个非常关键的问题,目前还没有比较确定的方法,通常根据经验或工程要求确定。基于此,结合一组砂质泥岩的三轴加、卸载试验进行了详细研究,试验结果表明:(1)当围压大于10 MPa时,不论是三轴加载试验还是卸载试验,砂质泥岩均表现出明显的应变硬化特性;(2)砂质泥岩在三轴压缩和三轴卸荷两种应力路径的力学响应差别明显,在卸荷条件下通常只存在一条完整的剪切破坏面,而压缩条件下岩样没有明显的控制破裂面,并且剪胀效应明显;(3)将半对数法引入到软岩三轴加、卸载试验数据分析中,可以比较方便地确定软岩三轴加、卸载试验的抗压强度;(4)基于三轴加、卸载试验过程中的应力、应变增量分析,将软岩变形破坏过程分为3个阶段:平滑阶段、规则跳跃阶段和急剧跳跃阶段,各阶段划分的意义明确,可以作为抗压强度确定时的重要参考,因此,在软岩三轴试验数据分析时,可以综合采用这两种方法。研究提出的抗压强度确定方法可操作性强,在其他软岩三轴试验数据分析中值得参考借鉴。     

攀枝花尖山矿区细中粒辉长岩力学特性试验研究

对攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿尖山矿区的细粒和中粒辉长岩进行了单轴压缩、常规三轴压缩、抗拉强度和软化等系列岩石力学试验,研究了岩石结构(矿物颗粒大小)、水和围压等因素对岩石强度和变形特性的影响。结果表明,细粒辉长岩单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和压拉比均高于中粒辉长岩,但在三轴压缩情况下,两种岩石的峰值强度、残余强度和弹性模量差异较小;与中粒辉长岩相比,细粒辉长岩的峰值强度的黏聚力C较大,而峰值强度的内摩擦角φ较小;随着围压的增长,辉长岩峰值强度、残余强度与围压近似呈线性关系,剪切破坏角减小,平均模量E增长不明显,割线模量E50增长较显著;辉长岩的软化系数较高,在水的作用下弹性模量降低,泊松比升高。     

Characterization of Strength of Intact Brittle Rock Considering Confinement-Dependent Failure Processes

As technologies for deep underground development such as tunneling underneath mountains or mass mining at great depths (>1,000 m) are implemented, more difficult ground conditions in highly stressed environments are encountered. Moreover, the anticipated stress level at these depths easily exceeds the loading capacity of laboratory testing, so it is difficult to properly characterize what the rock behavior would be under high confinement stress conditions. If rock is expected to fail in a brittle manner, behavior changes associated with the relatively low tensile strength, such as transition from splitting to the shear failure, have to be considered and reflected in the adopted failure criteria. Rock failure in tension takes place at low confinement around excavations due to tensile or extensional failure in heterogeneous rocks. The prospect of tensile-dominant brittle failure diminishes as the confinement increases away from the excavation boundary. Therefore, it must be expected that the transition in the failure mechanism, from tensile to shear, occurs as the confinement level increases and conditions for extensional failure are prevented or strongly diminished. However, conventional failure criteria implicitly consider only the shear failure mechanism (i.e., failure envelopes touching Mohr stress circles), and thus, do not explicitly capture the transition of failure modes from tensile to shear associated with confinement change. This paper examines the methodologies for intact rock strength determination as the basic input data for engineering design of deep excavations. It is demonstrated that published laboratory test data can be reinterpreted and better characterized using an s-shaped failure criterion highlighting the transition of failure modes in brittle failing rock. As a consequence of the bi-modal nature of the failure envelope, intact rock strength data are often misinterpreted. If the intact rock strength is estimated by standard procedures from unconfined compression tests (UCS) alone, the confined strength may be underestimated by as much as 50 % (on average). If triaxial data with a limited confinement range (e.g., σ₃ ? 0.5 UCS due to cell pressure limitations) are used, the confined strength may be overestimated. Therefore, the application of standard data fitting procedures, without consideration of confinement-dependent failure mechanisms, may lead to erroneous intact rock strength parameters when applied to brittle rocks, and consequently, by extrapolation, to correspondingly erroneous rock mass strength parameters. It follows that the strength characteristics of massive rock differ significantly in the direct vicinity of excavation from that which is remote with higher confinement. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt a differentiated approach to obtain intact rock strength parameters for engineering problems at lower confinement (near excavation; e.g., excavation stability assessment or support design), and at elevated confinement (typically, when the confinement exceeds about 10 % of the UCS) as might be encountered in wide pillar cores.     

含结构面岩体试样单轴强度与变形特征

结构面是岩体区别于岩石材料的一大特征,其产状、迹长、密度等参数对岩体的力学性质有着重要影响。本文利用FLAC3D对含结构面岩体试样的单轴压缩特性进行了较为系统的数值模拟研究。文中建立了含不同组贯通性结构面的岩体试样模型和含不同倾角及迹长的非贯通结构面岩体试样模型,对每个试样进行单轴压缩试验的数值模拟,结构体和结构面均采用Mohr-Coulomb剪切和拉伸破坏准则。模拟中用编制的伺服控制程序通过调节加载速度,控制试样内最大不平衡力,研究含结构面试样单轴压缩情况下的变形、强度及破坏方式等特征。模拟结果显示,含1-3组贯通性结构面试样呈现各向异性特征,而含4组贯通性结构面试件呈现各向同性特征。随着贯通性结构面数量的增多,同尺寸试件的变形强度参数劣化。含单组非贯通性结构面试件,其单轴压缩模拟试验的应力-应变曲线峰值后出现应力降。基于Mohr-Coulomb抗剪强度准则和损伤理论所得的解析解与数值模拟结果所得的非贯通性结构面试件的单轴压缩强度不符,说明用抗剪强度准则与损伤理论刻画非贯通结构面试样的强度并不合理。随着非贯通性结构面贯通率的增大,试件的变形、强度参数劣化。含单组结构面试件的破坏方式可分为结构面控制破坏,结构面部分控制破坏和结构面不控制破坏3种类型,而随着结构面组数的增多,结构面控制试样破坏的概率增加。