Contrasting metamorphic conditions in the Neoproterozoic collision-related Nappes south of São Francisco Craton, SE Brazil

Metamorphic conditions are described for three major tectonic entities on the basis of geothermobarometry in a huge Neoproterozoic nappe complex that verges toward the southern border of the São Francisco craton. The uppermost Socorro-Guaxupé Nappe, represented by its granulite facies basal portion, yields a maximum temperature and pressure of 890 °C and 11 kbar. Its metamorphic evolution is consistent with heating at the base of the crust as a result of an abnormally high geothermal gradient, probably due to underplating by the lithospheric mantle. The underlying Três Pontas-Varginha Nappe yields two somewhat distinct P–T paths, both characterized by peak assemblages in the kyanite stability field. The basal kyanite-bearing granulites show higher peak pressure values (15 kbar at 840 °C) and a trajectory that continues in the kyanite stability field, whereas the upper sillimanite granulites show higher temperatures (880 °C at 13 kbar) and a steeper path toward the sillimanite stability field. Data for the Carmo da Cachoeira nappe reveal a steep trajectory, in which the elevated maximum pressure (18.5 kbar at 820 °C) was obtained from a garnet amphibolite that lies along its basal contact. The inverted metamorphic pattern previously observed across these sequences is confirmed by our thermobarometric data, which reveal that the highest temperatures were attained toward the top of the pile.     

Oxygen isotope composition and geothermometry of granulite to greenschist facies metamorphic rocks: a study from the Neoproterozoic collision-related nappe system, south of São Francisco Craton, SE Brazil

Oxygen isotope studies were carried out across units of a Neoproterozoic nappe system, south of São Francisco Craton. A temperature decrease toward the base of the system is found, consistent with a previously recognized inverted metamorphic pattern. The tectonic contact of the basal unit and the reworked southern São Francisco craton show a steep temperature gradient, suggesting that low temperature thrusting acted as the dominant tectonic process. The contrasts between the δ¹⁸O values of the Três Pontas-Varginha and Carmo da Cachoeira nappes and the differences among the samples and minerals are consistent with the preservation of sedimentary isotopic composition during metamorphism. The small differences in the δ¹⁸O values between the undeformed and the deformed calc-silicate samples (1.6‰) suggest that the δ¹⁸O value of mylonitization fluids was close to that which equilibrated with the metamorphic assemblage. The distinct δ¹⁸O values of metapelitic and calc-silicate samples and the great temperature difference from one type to the other indicate that no large-scale fluid interaction processes occurred during metamorphism. Oxygen isotopic estimations of both Três Pontas-Varginha undeformed rocks and Carmo da Cachoeira unaltered equivalents indicate δ¹⁸O values of up to 18‰. Comparison between these values and those from the ‘basement’ orthogneisses (8.3–8.5‰) indicates the latter are not sources for the metapelites.     

北大别饶拔寨石榴辉石岩P-T-t轨迹及其构造意义

P-T-t轨迹作为变质岩的重要研究方法之一，对揭示岩石的构造演化过程具有重要意义。北大别饶拔寨镁铁-超镁铁岩形成的构造环境和就位过程长期以来尚存争议。本文通过岩相学观察、矿物化学研究和温压计计算，揭示出饶拔寨石榴辉石岩经历了四个变质演化阶段：1）超高压变质阶段（M1）：主要根据石榴子石中金红石的出溶，单斜辉石中石英的出溶和磷灰石中不透明矿物的出溶，结合前人研究，认为饶拔寨石榴辉石岩经历过超高压变质阶段（≥2.5GPa）；2）高压麻粒岩相阶段（M2）：矿物组合为石榴子石（变斑晶）和单斜辉石（基质）+斜长石（基质），记录的温压条件为T=648~700℃，P=1.47~1.94GPa；3）中压麻粒岩相阶段（M3）：以石榴子石外围发育的主要由斜方辉石+斜长石组成的内圈"白眼圈"为特征，形成的温压条件为T=781~796℃，P=0.92~0.98GPa；4）角闪岩相阶段（M4）：以石榴子石变斑晶周围发育的外圈"白眼圈"为特征，其矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石的后成合晶，形成的温压条件为T=663~685℃，P=0.50~0.58GPa。石榴辉石岩的锆石SIMS U-Pb定年得到了3组不同的交点年龄，分别为208.1~202.1Ma、227.6Ma和817.7Ma。根据锆石包裹体中角闪石+斜长石的组合，推断208.1~202.1Ma代表了角闪岩相变质年龄的下限，227.6Ma则是高压麻粒岩相的下限年龄，而新元古代年龄（817.7Ma）与区域上的变质岩原岩年龄一致，可能代表了其原岩年龄。结合前人研究，饶拔寨石榴辉石岩记录了顺时针的P-T-t轨迹，揭示了板片俯冲（超高压变质）-碰撞-折返（降压升温过程，~227Ma）-抬升（降压降温过程，208~202Ma）的完整过程。     

P–T evolution of the Precambrian Metamorphic Complex,NW Iran: a study of metapelitic rocks

The Mahneshan Metamorphic Complex (MMC) is one of the Precambrian terrains exposed in the northwest of Iran. The MMC underwent two main phases of deformation (D₁ and D₂) and at least two metamorphic events (M₁ and M₂). Critical metamorphic mineral assemblages in the metapelitic rocks testify to regional metamorphism under amphibolite‐facies conditions. The dominant metamorphic mineral assemblage in metapelitic rocks (M₁) is muscovite, biotite I, Garnet I, staurolite, Andalusite I and sillimanite. Peak metamorphism took place at 600–620°C and ∼7 kbar, corresponding to a depth of ca. 24 km. This was followed by decompression during exhumation of the crustal rocks up to the surface. The decrease of temperature and pressure during exhumation produced retrograde metamorphic assemblages (M₂). Secondary phases such as garnet II biotite II, Andalusite II constrain the temperature and pressure of M₂ retrograde metamorphism to 520–560°C and 2.5–3.5 kbar, respectively. The geothermal gradient obtained for the peak of metamorphism is 33°C km⁻¹, which indicates that peak metamorphism was of Barrovian type and occurred under medium‐pressure conditions. The MMC followed a ‘clockwise’ P–T path during metamorphism, consistent with thermal relaxation following tectonic thickening. The bulk chemistry of the MMC metapelites shows that their protoliths were deposited at an active continental margin. Together with the presence of palaeo‐suture zones and ophiolitic rocks around the high‐grade metamorphic rocks of the MMC, these features suggest that the Iranian Precambrian basement formed by an island‐arc type cratonization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electron microprobe dating of monazite from high-T shear zones in the São José de Campestre Massif, NE Brazil

The easternmost domain of the Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, presents widespread, extensional-related high-temperature metamorphism during the Brasiliano (=Pan-African) orogeny. This event reached the upper amphibolite to granulite facies and provoked generalized migmatization of Proterozoic metapelitic rocks of the Seridó Group and tonalitic to granodioritic orthogneisses of the Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement. We report new geochronological data based on electron microprobe dating of monazite from metapelitic migmatite and leuconorite within the high-T shear zones that make up the eastern continuation of the huge E–W Patos shear belt. These data were also constrained by using the Sm–Nd isotopic systematic on garnet from a syntectonic alkaline granite and two garnet-bearing leucosomes. The results suggest an age of about 578 to 574 Ma for the peak of the widespread high-T metamorphism. This event is best recorded by Sm–Nd garnet-whole rock ages. The U–Th–Pb isotopes on monazite of the metapelitic migmatite show a younger thermal event at 553 ± 10 Ma. When compared to the Sm–Nd garnet-whole rock ages, the U–Th–Pb electron probe monazite ages seem to record an event of slightly lower temperatures after the peak of the high-T metamorphism. This may reflect the difference in the isotopic behavior of the geochronological methods employed. Otherwise, the U–Th–Pb ages on monazites could indicate an event not yet very well defined. In anyway, this paper reveals the partial or even complete re-opening and resetting of the U–Th–Pb isotopic system produced by the action of low-T Ca-rich fluid.     

Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic granitoids marginal to the Jeceaba-Bom Sucesso lineament (SE border of the southern São Francisco craton): Genesis and tectonic evolution

The sialic crust of the southern São Francisco craton along the Jeceaba-Bom Sucesso lineament, central-southern part of Minas Gerais (Brazil), encompasses, among other rock types, Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic granitoids. These granitoids, according to their petrographic, lithogeochemical and geochronologic characteristics, were grouped into two Neoarchean suites (Samambaia-Bom Sucesso and Salto Paraopeba-Babilônia) and three Paleoproterozoic suites (Cassiterita-Tabuões, Ritápolis and São Tiago). Varied processes and tectonic environments were involved in the genesis of these suites. In particular, the lithogeochemistry of the (Archean and Paleoproterozoic) TTG-type granitoids indicates an origin by partial melting of hydrated basaltic crust in a subduction environment. In the Neoarchean, between 2780 and 2703 Ma, a dominant TTG granitoid genesis related to an active continental margin was followed by another granite genesis related to crustal anatexis processes at 2612–2550 Ma. In the Paleoproterozoic, the generation of TTG and granites s.s. occurred at three distinct times: 2162, 2127 and 1887 Ma. This fact, plus the rock-type diversity produced by this granite genesis, indicates that the continental margin of the southern portion of the São Francisco craton was affected by more than one consumption episode of oceanic crust, involving different island arc segments, and the late Neoarchean consolidate continent. A Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution in three stages is proposed in this work.     

中国显生宙造山带麻粒岩相高级变质岩石的地质特征、变质时代、P-T轨迹及其形成的大地构造背景

本文重点介绍我国显生宙造山带中麻粒岩的地质特征、岩石类型、P-T轨迹、变质时代及其形成的大地构造背景。我国显生宙造山带主要包括阿尔泰造山带、南天山-西南天山造山带、西昆仑造山带、东昆仑造山带、阿尔金-柴北缘造山带、北秦岭造山带、南秦岭勉略造山带、东秦岭-桐柏-大别造山带、班公湖-怒江造山带和喜马拉雅中东段造山带。这些造山带中麻粒岩的围岩有许多为蛇绿岩套或蛇绿混杂岩带,部分为副片麻岩和花岗质片麻岩,并一起经历了麻粒岩相变质改造,造山带中大多出现一种高压麻粒岩,有的与榴辉岩并存,但少数造山带中(例如阿尔泰造山带)多种压力类型麻粒岩并存,既有低-高压泥质麻粒岩、中低压基性麻粒岩、高压基性和长英质麻粒岩,又有高温-超高温泥质麻粒岩。变质时代除个别为新元古代晚期外,变质时间多为加里东、海西、印支、燕山、喜山期。麻粒岩的P-T轨迹除西天山木札尔特河低压麻粒岩具逆时针轨迹,反映大陆弧构造环境外,其它都是具有等温降压(ITC)特点的顺时针轨迹,形成的大地构造环境大部分为洋陆俯冲碰撞环境,少部分为陆-陆碰撞环境。目前显生宙造山带中麻粒岩的研究大多数尚在起步阶段,少数研究较详细,不少造山带中麻粒岩的类型和变质时代以及形成的构造背景还不清楚,有待深入研究,新的麻粒岩产地有待发现。     

Magnetic fabrics and rock magnetism of Proterozoic dike swarm from the southern São Francisco Craton, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Magnetic fabric and rock magnetism studies were performed on 32 mafic dikes of a Proterozoic dike swarm from the southern São Francisco Craton (SFC; Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil). Magnetic anisotropies were determined by applying anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of remanent magnetization (ARM). The latter was performed imposing both anhysteretic (total (AAR) and partial pAAR)) and isothermal remanence magnetizations (AIRM). Partial anhysteretic remanence anisotropy was performed based on remanent coercivity spectra from a pilot specimen of each site. In most sites, AMS is dominantly carried by ferromagnetic minerals, however, in some sites, the paramagnetic contribution exceeds 70% of bulk susceptibility. Rock magnetism and thin section analysis allow classifying the dikes as non-hydrothermalized and hydrothermalized. Magnetic measurement shows that the mean magnetic susceptibility is usually lower than 5×10⁻³ (SI). Ti-poor titanomagnetites up to pure magnetite pseudo-single-domain (PSD) grain sizes carry the majority of magnetic fabrics for non-hydrothermalized dikes whereas coarse to fine grained Ti-poor titanomagnetites carry the majority of magnetic fabrics for hydrothermalized dikes.Three primary AMS fabrics are recognized which are coaxial with ARM fabric, except for two dikes, from both non-hydrothermalized and hydrothermalized dikes. Normal AMS fabric surprisingly is not dominant (31%). The parallelism between AMS, pAAR_0–30, pAAR_30–60 and pAAR_60–90 fabrics in the hydrothermalized dikes indicates that magnetic grains formed due to late-stage crystallization or to remobilization of iron oxides due to hydrothermal alteration after dike emplacement have acquired a mimetic fabric coaxial with the primary fabric given by coarse-grained early crystallized Ti-poor titanomagnetites. This fabric is interpreted as magma flow in which the analysis of K_max inclination permitted the inference that the dikes were fed by horizontal or subhorizontal fluxes (K_max<30°). Intermediate AMS fabric is the most important (41%) in the investigated swarm. It is interpreted as due to vertical compaction of a static magma column with the minimum stress along the dike strike. ARM determinations for these sites also remained intermediate except for two dikes. In one of them, AIRM fabric resulted in normal AMS fabric while for the other AAR fabric resulted in inverse AMS fabric. A combination of AMS and ARM fabrics suggest that magmatic fabric for both dikes were overprinted by some late local event, probably related to Brasiliano orogenic processes after dike emplacement. InverseInverse AMS fabric is a minority (four dikes). ARM determinations also remained inverse suggesting a primary origin for inverse AMS fabric.     

甘肃敦煌观音沟地区变质作用初步研究

敦煌东南三危山观音沟地区,出露有石榴斜长角闪片麻岩,岩石中保存了三个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质阶段的矿物组合(M1)以石榴子石变斑晶中的包裹体矿物组合(Hbl1+Pl1+Qtz1)为代表,形成条件约为550~575℃/5.2~5.7kbar(绿帘角闪岩相)。变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)主要由石榴子石变斑晶和基质矿物(Hbl2+Pl2+Qtz2±Cpx2)组成,形成温度670℃,压力11.9kbar(角闪岩相)。退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)为后成合晶矿物组合(Hbl3+Pl3+Qtz3),形成条件约为590~640℃/4.3~5.9kbar(角闪岩相)。观音沟石榴斜长角闪片麻岩记录了包含进变质、变质高峰、退变质过程的造山过程"西阿尔卑斯"型P-T轨迹,其中退变质阶段具有明显的近等温降压特征。变质作用P-T轨迹指示本地区可能经历了俯冲-碰撞-快速抬升的造山过程。结合年代学资料,该期造山事件可能发生于泥盆纪。     

Birthplace of the São Francisco Craton,Brazil: Evidence from 3.60 to 3.64 Ga Gneisses of the Mairi Gneiss Complex

Records of Earth's primitive crust are scarce. Eoarchean (older than 3.6 Ga) banded mafic to felsic gneisses have been discovered in the São Francisco Craton, Brazil, pushing back by over 100 million years the oldest gneisses known to date in South America (3.5 Ga). Zircon U‐Pb data yield rock ages from 3,598 to 3,642 Ma with a few ca. 3.65–3.69 Ga grains suggesting even older rocks in the area. Zircon grains show significantly negative to nearly chondritic initial εHf values and two‐stage model ages from 3.82 to 4.33 Ga, which may indicate the existence of a recycled Hadean to early Eoarchean crust in the region. The felsic gneisses are chemically similar to the low‐pressure Tonalite‐Trondhjemite‐Granodiorite association whereas the mafic gneisses have geochemical signatures that resemble within‐plate basaltic andesite to andesite of Iceland (icelandites). The results are relevant to constrain the composition of Earth's first continental crust.     

Pb / Pb-ages of zircons from syn-collisional I-type porphyritic granites of the central Ribeira belt, SE Brazil

In the central segment of the Ribeira belt, southeast Brazil, several foliated porphyritic granitic bodies intrude high-grade migmatitic gneisses of the Andrelândia and Juiz de Fora domains and Embú Complex. Results of geological, geochemical and geochronological investigations of the Maromba, Pedra Selada, Serra do Lagarto and Funil porphyritic I-type granites provide profound similarities, except for the distinct geochemical behavior of the Funil Granite, perhaps related to a different crustal source. These granitoids show similar structural, textural and mineralogical features. Pb-evaporation of single zircons provided ages of 586 ± 6, 579.6 ± 6.3, 586.3 ± 4.8 and 584 ± 5 Ma for the granites, respectively, coincident with the syn-collision I episode of the central Ribeira belt. The intrusion of I-type porphyritic granitoids coeval with the main collisional event has not often been reported in the geological literature. The most common syn-collisional granitic magmatism has normally an S-type signature or even a slightly peraluminous I-type character. However, the occurrence of coeval I- and S-type syn-tectonic granites along the central Ribeira belt, as observed in the investigated area and discussed in this paper is noteworthy.     

Magnetic fabrics, rock magnetism, cathodoluminescence and petrography of apparently undeformed Bambui carbonates from São Francisco Basin (Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil): An integrated study

Magnetic measurements were performed on apparently undeformed limestones and carbonate shales from 44 sites in nearly horizontal stratigraphic layers mainly from the basal units of the Neoproterozoic Bambui Group in the southern part of the São Francisco Basin. Rock magnetism, cathodoluminescence, transmitted and reflected light microscopy analyses reveal that there is a mix of ferromagnetic minerals, mainly magnetite and pyrrhotite, in most sites. In some sites, however, the ferromagnetic minerals are magnetite and hematite. Fine-grained pyrrhotite and pyrite accompany rare fine-grained graphite and probably amorphous carbon in some of stylolites, while pyrrhotite is also present as larger interstitial masses in coarse-grained domains outside, but close to the stylolites. Magnetic fabrics were determined applying both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence magnetization (AAR). The AAR tensor was less well defined than the AMS fabric due to the low ferromagnetic mineral content. The analysis at the individual-site scale defines three AMS fabric types. The first type (two sites) shows K_min perpendicular to the bedding plane, while K_max and K_int are scattered within bedding plane itself. This fabric is usually interpreted as primary (sedimentary-compactional), typical of totally undeformed sediments. The second type shows the three well-clustered AMS axes with K_min still perpendicular to the bedding plane. This fabric is the most important since it was found in the majority of the sites. The third type (two sites) is characterized by well-clustered K_max in the bedding plane, while K_min and K_int are distributed along a girdle. The second and third fabric types are interpreted as combinations of sedimentary-compactional and tectonic contributions at the earliest, and at a slightly later stage of deformation, respectively. AMS represents the contribution of all the rock-forming minerals, while AAR isolates the contribution of remanence-bearing minerals from the matrix minerals. However, rock magnetism shown that anhysteretic remanence only reaches grains with coercivity < 100 mT because the maximum AF in the majority of the available instruments is 100 mT. Therefore, hematite and pyrrhotite probably do not contribute to AAR, which is due to the shape-preferred orientation of magnetite grains. For some sites, the AMS and AAR fabric orientations are different, mainly with respect to the lineation orientations (K_max and A_max, respectively). In general, K_max is well developed and follows the trend of the main regional thrusts, fold axes and faults generated in the first deformational phase, while A_max follows both this trend and that of structural lineaments formed during the second deformational phase. These deformation phases arose from the compression, which occurred during the evolution of the Brasília fold belt during the last stages of the Brasiliano event. The magnetic fabrics of the apparently undeformed Bambui limestones are typical of very weakly deformed sediments, in which the depositional-compaction fabric has been partly overprinted by a tectonic one, with minimum susceptibility direction remaining perpendicular to bedding. This result is in agreement with the textures given by the petrographic observations.     

Magnetic fabrics and rock magnetism of Archaean and Proterozoic dike swarms in the southern São Francisco Craton, Brazil

Magnetic fabric and rock magnetism studies were performed on three mafic dike swarms (total of 38 dikes) from the southernmost part of the São Francisco Craton (SFC) (Minas Gerais State, SE Brazil). They cut Archaean granite–gneiss–migmatite and paleoprototerozoic terranes. These swarms are classified as basic–noritic (Sm–Nd age  2.65 Ga), basic (Rb–Sr age  1.87 Ga) and metamorphic (Rb–Sr age  1.87 Ga) suites, in which the second is the most important. Magnetic fabrics were determined by applying both anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM). In most sites magnetic susceptibility is dominantly carried by ferromagnetic minerals, however, in some sites the paramagnetic contribution exceeds 70% of bulk susceptibility. Mainly coarse to fine-grained Ti-poor titanomagnetite up to pure magnetite carry the magnetic fabrics.Three primary AMS fabrics are recognized which are all coaxial with the AARM fabric. Normal AMS fabric is dominant in the basic suite (16 of 20 analyzed dikes) and occurs in 4 and 3 dikes from the basic–noritic and metamorphic suites, respectively. This fabric is interpreted as a result of magma flow in which the analysis of K_max inclination permitted to infer that the majority of dikes were fed by inclined flows (30° < K_max < 60°), although 44% of dikes from the basic suite were fed by horizontal or sub-horizontal flows (K_max < 30°). Intermediate AMS fabric was found in 50% of dikes from the basic–noritic and metamorphic suites, but in only 2 dikes from the basic suite. It is interpreted as due to vertical compaction of a static magma column with the minimum stress along the dike strike. Inverse AMS fabric is a minority (2 dikes from each suite). The parallelism between AMS and AARM tensors for dikes with abnormal fabrics suggests a primary origin for them. Gyroremanent magnetization (GRM) effect was negligible for the majority of dikes, but it was found in two dikes from the basic suite with normal AMS fabric.Magnetic fabrics recognized for the three studied swarms do not depend on magnetic mineralogy, geochemical composition, dike strikes, nor the age of the swarms since the same magnetic minerals and magnetic fabric types are found in dikes from all suites. Inclined and horizontal flows allow us to infer the relative position of at least three magma sources (or magma chambers) from which the dikes were fed.     

Ages of Detrital Zircon from Siliciclastic Successions South of the São Francisco Craton, Brazil: Implications for the Evolution of Proterozoic Basins

In this work we report ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb LA-ICPMS ages of 152 detrital zircons from lower greenschist facies quartzites from Proterozoic basin successions of the southern border of the São Francisco Craton, southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. These are the intracratonic São João del Rei basin, the intraplate continental margin Andrelândia basin, and the Serra do Ouro Grosso sequence, developed on a crystalline basement older than 1.8 Ga, and deformed and metamorphosed during the Brasiliano Orogeny, ca. 0.59–0.50 Ga. The data constrain both the ages of the sources and the interval of sedimentation. The detrital zircons of the Serra do Ouro Grosso sequence were derived predominantly from the erosion of a Neoarchean crust, 2.5–2.8 Ga old, with only one grain showing a Paleoproterozoic age (2, 245±83 Ma) older than the Transamazonian event. Zircons extracted from a shelf quartzite of the lowermost sequence of the São João del Rei basin indicate derivation from the 1.8–2.2 Ga Transamazonian crust, with subordinate contribution from the 2.5–2.9 Ga Archean crust. The 1, 809±41 Ma age is interpreted as the maximum limit for sedimentation in this basin. The results confirm the regional correlation with the Espinhaço Rift successions. The zircons extracted from an autochthonous quartzite of the Andrelândia sequence yielded ages in the 1.0–2.2 Ga range, with a modal class at 1.2–1.3 Ga. Only two of the forty analyzed zircons yield Archean ages. The youngest zircon yields 1, 086±85 Ma. The zircons from the allochthonous quartzite yield ages between 1.0–2.7 Ga, with a modal class at 2.1–2.2 Ga. Only five of 45 analyzed grains yield Archean ages. The youngest zircon has an age of 1, 047±77 Ma. The results indicate that the detrital sediments deposited during the second marine flooding event of the Andrelândia sedimentation were mainly derived from the erosion of Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozic rocks. The 1, 047±77 Ma age is interpreted as the maximum depositional age for the described association.     

敦煌造山带长山子地区变质演化及年代学研究

长山子地区位于敦煌造山带东北部,瓜州南部约100km处。该区主要出露一套中-高级变质表壳岩,主要岩石类型有长英质片麻岩、变泥质麻粒岩、高压基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪片麻岩。高压基性麻粒岩岩块、斜长角闪片麻岩岩块以构造透镜体或布丁(长度为0. 5~15m)的形式,被夹持于长英质片麻岩、变泥质麻粒岩组成的基质之中,呈现典型"基质夹岩块"的混杂带特征。高压基性麻粒岩、斜长角闪片麻岩、泥质麻粒岩中,普遍保留了二至三个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质阶段矿物组合(M1)为石榴子石变斑晶中的细小矿物包裹体,变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)为石榴子石变斑晶和基质矿物,退变质阶段矿物组合(M3)主要为围绕石榴子石变斑晶边部发育的"白眼圈"状后成合晶。本区各类变质岩石均记录了顺时针型变质作用P-T轨迹,系典型俯冲-碰撞造山带变质作用特征。退变质阶段P-T轨迹属于西阿尔卑斯型,说明变质岩折返速率较快。变质高峰期(M2)属于中压变质相系,P-T条件分别为790~870℃/1.29~1.37GPa(高压基性麻粒岩)、680~685℃/0.89~0.97GPa(斜长角闪片麻岩)、860~880℃/0.90~1.14GPa(变泥质麻粒岩),它们之间存在大的差异。这说明,它们是形成于同一俯冲隧道内不同深度的变质岩石,在构造折返阶段才混杂在一起形成构造混杂岩。二次离子质谱(SIMS)锆石U-Pb定年表明,长山子地区变质杂岩记录了早泥盆世的俯冲事件(419~417Ma)。     

Geochemistry and Crustal Evolution of Volcano-sedimentary Successions and Orthogneisses in the São Gabriel Block, Southernmost Brazil — Relics of Neoproterozoic Magmatic Arcs

Precambrian metaplutonic rocks of the São Gabriel block in southernmost Brazil comprise juvenile Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline gneisses (Cambaí Complex). The connection with associated (ultra-)mafic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks (Palma Group) is not well established. The whole complex was deformed during the Brasiliano orogenic cycle. Both metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks as well as metaplutonic rocks of the Cambaí Complex have been sampled for geochemical analyses in order to get constraints on the tectonic setting of these rocks and to establish a tectonic model for the São Gabriel block and its role during the assembly of West-Gondwana. The major element compositions of the igneous rocks (Palma Group and Cambaí Complex) indicate a subalkaline character; most orthogneisses have a calc-alkaline chemistry; many metavolcanic rocks of the Palma Group show signatures of low-K tholeiitic volcanic arc basalts. Trace element data, especially Ti, Zr, Y, Nb, of most igneous samples from both the lower Palma Group and the Cambaí Complex indicate origin at plate margins, i.e., in a subduction zone environment. This is corroborated by relative enrichment in LREE, low contents of Nb and other high field strength elements and enrichment in LILE like Rb, Ba, and Th. The data indicate the possible existence of two suites, an oceanic island arc and a continental arc or active continental margin. However, some ultramafic samples of the lower Palma Group in the western São Gabriel block indicate the existence of another volcanic suite with intra-plate character which possibly represents relics of oceanic island basalts (OIB). Trace element data indicate contributions from andesitic to mixed felsic and basic arc sources for the metasedimentary rocks. The patterns of chondrite- and N-MORB-normalized spider diagrams resemble the patterns of the igneous rocks, i.e., LILE and LREE enrichment and HFS depletion. The geochemical signatures of most igneous and metasedimentary samples and their low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t ratios suggest only minor contribution of old continental crust.A geotectonic model for the São Gabriel block comprises east-ward subduction and following accretion of an intra-oceanic island arc to the eastern border of the Rio de la Plata Craton at ca. 880 Ma, and westward subduction beneath the newly formed active continental margin between ca. 750 and 700 Ma. The São Gabriel block represents relics of an early Brasiliano oceanic basin between the Rio de la Plata and Kalahari Cratons. This ocean to the east of the Rio de la Plata Craton might be traced to the north and could possibly be linked with Neoproterozoic juvenile oceanic crust in the western Brasília belt (Goiás magmatic arc).     

喂子坪秦岭杂岩麻粒岩相变沉积岩的变质作用p-T演化及其构造意义

秦岭杂岩位于秦岭造山带北秦岭构造带,是研究秦岭造山带早古生代构造演化的重要岩石构造单元。喂子坪地区发育有典型的秦岭杂岩,其中的混合岩是由变沉积岩经历了强烈的深熔作用形成的。本研究对其进行了岩相学、变质相平衡模拟和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,以深入揭示它们的变质温压演化特征,进而阐明它们指示的构造意义。混合岩的中色体由含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩组成。含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩只记录了峰期变质矿物组合,为镁铁闪石+石榴子石+斜长石+石英+黑云母+钛铁矿+熔体,而含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩记录了3个变质演化阶段,分别是早期进变质阶段（M1）：黑云母+斜长石+石英; 峰期变质阶段（M2）：镁铁闪石+石榴子石+斜长石+石英+黑云母+钛铁矿+熔体; 退变质阶段（M3）：普通角闪石+斜长石+黑云母+石英+熔体。全岩成分视剖面图模拟计算显示含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩压力峰期的变质温压条件分别为790~810℃/990~1 040 MPa和840~862℃/1 000~1 190 MPa。含石榴子石黑云角闪斜长片麻岩3组局部矿物组合域成分视剖面图模拟计算得到压力峰期后变质阶段的温压条件为735~814℃/400~810 MPa、721~794℃/430~700 MPa、740~810℃/470~780 MPa。因此,本研究揭示了喂子坪地区秦岭杂岩片麻岩记录了近等温降压的p-T轨迹。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年得到含石榴子石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩和2个浅色体样品中的变质锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄分别为383.2±7.0 Ma、400±3.6 Ma和406.7±7.8 Ma。结合已发表的数据,喂子坪地区变沉积岩麻粒岩相峰期变质作用和强烈的混合岩化作用的时代约为410~390 Ma,而约380 Ma的年龄可能代表退变质冷却到固相线的时代。片麻岩近等温降压的变质演化轨迹指示喂子坪地区秦岭杂岩的变沉积岩在下地壳经历了麻粒岩相变质作用和随后的快速抬升,与碰撞造山引起的地壳增厚和随后的地壳伸展有关。     

喜马拉雅东构造结高压麻粒岩PT轨迹、锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

喜马拉雅东构造结出露了一套基性高压麻粒岩,其峰期矿物组合为石榴石+单斜辉石+石英+金红石+斜长石,利用相平衡计算其峰期温压条件为904℃、1.37GPa,利用锆石U-Pb定年方法确定其变质年龄为20.7±2.3Ma。角闪斜方辉石麻粒岩为其第一阶段退变产物,其变质矿物组合为斜方辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿+磁铁矿,温压条件为压力小于0.6GPa,温度为720~760℃。角闪岩相退变矿物组合为角闪石+斜长石+石英+钛铁矿+磁铁矿,温度小于745℃,压力小于0.6GPa。在角闪斜方辉石麻粒岩中变质锆石获得的定年结果为9.38±0.22M,根据锆石中角闪石+斜长石+石英的矿物包体特征,确定该年龄代表角闪岩相退变质年龄。据此,确定了喜马拉雅东构造结基性高压麻粒岩的PTt轨迹为顺时针2阶段折返过程,即第一阶段发生在20Ma左右的由高压麻粒岩相到角闪岩相退变阶段,第二阶段发生在9Ma左右的从角闪岩相深度折返到地表的阶段,计算得到其折返速率分别为2.4mm/y和2.3mm/y,这2个阶段的折返与目前通常认为的青藏高原2个主要抬升阶段是基本一致的。     

秦岭造山带武关杂岩石榴黑云片岩的变质作用P-T轨迹与构造意义

秦岭造山带是华北板块与华南板块长期汇聚的产物。该造山带以商南-丹凤缝合带为界分为早古生代的北秦岭造山带和晚古生代-中生代的南秦岭造山带。武关杂岩位于南秦岭造山带的北缘,被认为是一套形成于弧前盆地的杂岩,原岩沉积时代为泥盆纪-早石炭纪,经历了晚石炭纪变质作用。本文对武关杂岩的石榴黑云片岩进行了岩石学研究。该岩石主要由斜长石、石榴石、黑云母和石英组成,含少量白云母、金红石和钛铁矿。变斑晶石榴石具有明显的生长成分环带,其核部以MgO含量增加和MnO降低为特征,幔部FeO含量逐渐增加,MgO、CaO和MnO逐渐减少,而在边部CaO明显升高,MgO、FeO和MnO含量不同程度降低。相平衡模拟和温压计计算结果表明,石榴黑云片岩具有复杂的顺时针P-T轨迹,早期进变质阶段(M1)为升温升压过程,峰期条件为~695℃和~8.3kbar,变质矿物组合为石榴石(核)和所含的黑云母、斜长石、石英及钛铁矿包裹体;中期退变质阶段(M2)是降温降压过程,达到~615℃和~6.2kbar变质条件,变质矿物组合是石榴石(幔)和包含的黑云母、斜长石、石英、白云母和钛铁矿包裹体;晚期是以近等温升压为特征的进变质过程(M3),达到~620℃和~9.1kbar条件,变质矿物组合为石榴石(边)和基质矿物黑云母、斜长石、石英、白云母和金红石。M1和M2阶段的构造了一个"发夹状"的顺时针P-T轨迹,为俯冲带变质作用典型特征,表明岩石经历了早期俯冲和后来的折返过程。而以显著增压为特征的晚期进变质作用(M3)很可能表明岩石经历了又一期俯冲作用。因此,本研究表明武关杂岩中的石榴黑云片岩很可能处于俯冲通道之中,经历了多旋回俯冲与折返过程。     

Global correlation of the Vazante Group, São Francisco Basin, Brazil: Re–Os and U–Pb radiometric age constraints

The Vazante Group consists of Precambrian carbonate-dominated platform deposits that extend along more than 300 km in the external zone of the Brasilia Fold Belt of the São Francisco Basin in east central Brazil. The sequence is about 4.8 km thick and contains a preserved glaciomarine diamictite unit (containing dropstone) at the top and a lower diamictite unit at the bottom. Previous C- and Sr-isotope profiles suggested the correlation of the upper diamictite unit with the “Sturtian” glacial event (ca. 750–643 Ma). However, new Re–Os isotope data from the shales associated with the upper diamictites yield radiometric age estimates between 993 ± 46 and 1100 ± 77 Ma. U–Pb measurements on a suite of clear euhedral zircon crystals that were separated from the same shales associated with the upper diamictite and from the arkosic sandstone above the lower diamictite yield ages as young as 988 ± 15 and 1000 ± 25 Ma, respectively. Based on the Re–Os and U–Pb ages, the best age estimate of the Vazante Group is constrained to be 1000–1100 Ma and thus the two diamictite units are not correlative with the Sturtian glaciation(s) but most likely are records of glacial events that occurred during the late Mesoproterozoic.