古新世—始新世极热事件（PETM）的陆相记录：现状与展望

古新世—始新世极热事件（Paleocene—Eocene thermal maximum, PETM）是发生在古新世与始新世界线附近的一次全球快速增温事件。研究显示,PETM期间全球大气CO2浓度增加,温度上升,陆地水循环加强,在陆地和海洋中产生了一系列生物—环境响应。目前,PETM研究主要集中在海相地层中,而针对陆相地层的相关报道并不多见。陆相沉积速率较快,沉积地层厚度大,并且保存有丰富的哺乳动物化石和植物孢粉,也适合开展高分辨率古气候研究。本文对北美、欧洲西部和我国典型陆相盆地的PETM研究成果进行了系统性综述,对比分析结果表明,PETM期间陆相地层中的碳同位素偏移过程可以分为快速负偏、保持低值和缓慢恢复三个阶段。陆地植物和哺乳动物在PETM期间并未经历大规模灭绝,反而通过进化、扩散和局部灭绝适应了快速变化的环境。基于最新的研究方法,包括碳酸盐岩U Pb定年、汞同位素以及团簇同位素,对我国未来的PETM陆相记录研究提出了展望。     

古新世—始新世极热事件（PETM）的陆相记录：现状与展望

古新世—始新世极热事件(Paleocene—Eocene thermal maximum, PETM)是发生在古新世与始新世界线附近的一次全球快速增温事件。研究显示,PETM期间全球大气CO₂浓度增加,温度上升,陆地水循环加强,在陆地和海洋中产生了一系列生物—环境响应。目前,PETM研究主要集中在海相地层中,而针对陆相地层的相关报道并不多见。陆相沉积速率较快,沉积地层厚度大,并且保存有丰富的哺乳动物化石和植物孢粉,也适合开展高分辨率古气候研究。本文对北美、欧洲西部和我国典型陆相盆地的PETM研究成果进行了系统性综述,对比分析结果表明,PETM期间陆相地层中的碳同位素偏移过程可以分为快速负偏、保持低值和缓慢恢复三个阶段。陆地植物和哺乳动物在PETM期间并未经历大规模灭绝,反而通过进化、扩散和局部灭绝适应了快速变化的环境。基于最新的研究方法,包括碳酸盐岩U-Pb定年、汞同位素以及团簇同位素,对我国未来的PETM陆相记录研究提出了展望。     

江汉盆地SKD1深钻记录的古新世—始新世极热事件时期的古气候

古新世—始新世极热事件(PETM,～56 Ma)是发生古新世与始新世界线附近的一次快速增温事件,研究PETM事件的气候变化及驱动机制对应对全球变暖对气候和生态系统带来的影响至关重要.然而目前PETM记录较少且其气候效应仍存在很大争议.本文基于江汉盆地SKD1钻孔材料,利用湖泊自生碳酸盐矿物及其氧同位素组成,并结合岩芯岩...     

白垩纪至早第三纪的极端气候事件

地球科学界正在将预测未来气候变化的研究重点放到地球过去突然发生的气候变暖事件。白垩纪至早第三纪发生的极端气候事件被认为是最接近于现今的地球系统,对其研究有利于理解现今地球系统过程在碳循环快速搅动时的响应。这些气候事件主要包括：古新世-始新世最热事件（PETM,～5 5 MaBP）、早阿普第晚期和森诺曼-土仑界线的大洋缺氧事件（OAE1a,～120 Ma;OAE2,～93．5 MaBP）。PETM事件是中白垩世以来一次突然变暖事件,在10 ka年以内深海温度增加～5 ℃,表层海水温度增加 4～8 ℃,而δ¹³C至少发生 3．0‰的负偏移。目前普遍认为PETM事件是由于海洋气水化合物（CH₄）的巨量释放造成的。大洋缺氧事件（OAEs）记录了海洋环境下有机质的大量埋藏,代表了碳循环和海洋生物系统的重大搅动事件。综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）将极端气候确定为优先研究领域,将采取特定的钻探策略,在世界大洋范围内获取最低限度蚀变的新生代至白垩纪沉积物,研究精度要求达到米兰柯维奇的天文调谐时间尺度,其最终目标是定量描述过去全球气候变化,并为未来气候变化预测提供依据。     

古近纪重大气候事件及其生物响应

古近纪气候演化是由“温室气候”向“冰室气候”转变的过程,大致可划分为3个阶段:古新世-始新世早期的升温期,始新世中期-始新世末期的稳定降温期及渐新世-中新世早期的冰室气候期.在此期间发生了3次显著的气候事件,分别为PETM极热事件、Oi-1骤冷事件和Mi-1降温事件.这3次大的气候事件引起了生物圈的巨大波动:PETM期间发生了全球底栖大有孔虫灭绝事件及浮游有孔虫的辐射演化,并且是哺乳动物演化的关键时期;Oi-1期间全球植物群落由热带型密集雨林向寒冷干燥的森林草原过渡,在欧亚大陆出现了哺乳动物种群大规模改变的Grande Coupure和Mongolian Remodelling事件,也发生热水型浮游及底栖有孔虫的灭绝事件;Mi-1前后,浮游有孔虫部分属种绝灭,钙质超微化石也出现暖水种数量的急剧减少,现代植物群落在这一时期开始形成.古近纪气候的大幅波动和转折由诸多因素控制,主流观点认为PETM事件与天然气水合物的大量释放有关,但其喷发机制尚不明确;降温事件则与区域性构造隆升、洋流榕局变化等因素有关.     

古新世-始新世极热事件研究进展

古新世-始新世极热事件(PETM事件)是发生在早新生代的一次极端碳循环扰动和全球变暖事件,主要表现为大气CO2浓度快速增加和全球增温.研究显示该时期全球地表温度增加了5～6℃,高低纬度间温度梯度减小,同时伴随有水循环加快及大规模生物灭绝、演替和迁徙现象.据估算,PETM时期从地层释放到表生系统的CO2总量同预期人类过去...     

在地球历史的6600万年中人类目前CO_2排放速率已经达到史无前例的水平

正研究人员在观察地球的温度变化和CO2发现,人类释放碳的速度是过去6600万年里任何事件的10倍。冰心里的气泡提供了小于1 Ma的气候变化信息,深海的沉积档案则可以提供千万年至亿年的气候信息。夏威夷大学Richard Zeebe教授团队,开发了一种新方法,能够确定过去一个重要气候事件的启动时间。例如:5600万年前的古新世-始新世最热事件(PETM)。他们分析了PETM的沉积物岩心并结合古地球的气候和碳循环的数值模拟。该方法可以从沉积物记录中提取变     

早古近纪陆相断陷型湖泊物质分异作用及其对“PETM”事件的响应:以济阳坳陷孔店组为例

古近纪早期,地球上发生了古新世-始新世极热气候(PETM)事件,严重影响全球碳循环过程和海陆生态环境系统.依据普通薄片、元素分析、碳同位素、TOC等实验结果.研究了渤海湾盆地济阳断陷湖盆古新世-始新世时期的湖泊环境时空波动变化及其对PETM事件的响应,发现济阳断陷湖盆早期经历了多旋回的演化过程,湖盆中碎屑物质和化学物质的分异作用同时发生,陆地风化作用和化学沉积物质分异指示了极热气候的变化过程;该时期湖水为逐渐咸化的盐湖环境,具有空间的分带性和时间的阶段演化性,湖水咸化是热气候事件发生的直接响应;湖泊的时空波动演化经历了古新世-始新世时期的极热气候(PETM)事件,该事件早期湖泊尚未完全咸化,浮游生物比较繁盛,早期浮游植物对12CO₂的吸收,会导致短暂的湖泊古生产力较高,但是随着湖盆逐渐咸化,生物的活动存活较难,主要以旱生植物为主,古生产力降到最低.由于过量的12C吸收沉淀,造成湖泊沉积记录中的δ13C明显负偏,最大可达5×10-3.由此证实全球PETM事件影响了古新世-始新世之交济阳断陷湖盆的时空演化和物质分异过程.      

塔里木盆地西部白垩纪—古近纪海相地层框架及对重大地质事件的记录

塔里木盆地西部白垩纪—古近纪发生了大规模的海侵事件,形成一个喇叭状向西开口的海湾,该海湾属于东特提斯洋的一个分支。该地区白垩纪—古近纪海相地层记录了东特提斯洋演化和一系列重大地质事件,具有重要的研究价值,但对其地层的研究仍相对薄弱,对重大地质事件的研究还不够深入。本文拟通过详细的岩石地层、生物地层和其他地层方法,完善地层划分与对比框架,并在此基础上讨论Cenomanian/Turonian界线大洋缺氧事件(OAE2)、白垩纪/古近纪界线(K/Pg)、古新世—始新世极热事件(PETM)、特提斯海进与海退等一系列重大地质事件。塔里木盆地白垩纪—古近纪海相或海陆过渡相地层自下而上为克孜勒苏群、库克拜组、乌依塔克组、依格孜牙组、吐依洛克组、阿尔塔什组、齐姆根组、盖吉塔格组、卡拉塔尔组、乌拉根组和巴什布拉克组,上述地层中含有丰富的有孔虫、介形虫、钙质超微、沟鞭藻、孢粉、双壳类、腹足类等化石,以及少量菊石、腕足类、海胆和鲨鱼牙齿等化石。综合的生物地层和年代地层研究表明,克孜勒苏群的时代为早白垩世Barremian-Albian期,库克拜组—依格孜牙组的时代为晚白垩世Cenomanian-Maastrichtian期(Cenomanian/Turonian界线可能位于库克拜组三段),吐依洛克组的时代为白垩纪—古近纪过渡期;阿尔塔什组的时代为古新世早中期,齐姆根组为古新世晚期—始新世最早期,盖吉塔格组—乌拉根组的时代为中始新世中晚期,巴什布拉克组的时代为晚始新世,但不排除最上部进入渐新世早期。塔里木盆地的海侵开始于克孜勒苏群中上部沉积期(Albian晚期—Aptian早期),但规模很有限,大规模的海侵始于晚白垩世Cenomanian早期;从晚白垩世—古新世,共经历了5次大规模的海侵—海退事件;大约41 Ma前后,海水退出盆地南部的昆仑山山前,34Ma前后,海水退出盆地北部的天山山前。上述海侵—海退事件可能受构造和全球海平面变化的双重影响,但构造事件对海侵的启动和结束可能更具决定性的影响。阐述了塔里木盆地西部白垩纪—古近纪海相地层所记录的OAE2、K/Pg界线、PETM和特提斯海侵—海退等事件,其中笔者及团队第一次在塔里木盆地西部齐姆根组中所发现和报道的PETM事件,将有助于揭示全球近岸地区PETM的特征和生物环境响应。在未来的研究中,需要进一步厘清塔里木盆地西部地层序列,建立更加精细的生物地层和年代地层框架,加强对PETM和特提斯海侵—海退等重大地质事件的研究。     

早侏罗世大洋缺氧事件在塔里木盆地的响应

早侏罗世Toarcian期大洋缺氧事件（简称“T-OAE”）,被认为与Karoo-Ferrar大火成岩省爆发以及与甲烷气水合物有关的温室气体迅速释放导致全球变暖密切相关。该事件在特提斯洋区有较详细研究,但在陆相生态系统中的环境变化和沉积响应报道较少。本文报道了塔里木盆地北缘库车河地区的有机碳同位素地层数据,“东剖面”和“西剖面”中δ13C曲线总体的正偏移趋势被多幕次地快速负偏移打断,表明地表碳循环受到了巨大扰动。事件层内δ13C值的突然负向波动暗示了大气碳库在短时间内有相对轻同位素特征的碳注入,并呈现不稳定的、阶段性注入的特点,推测可能与增温引发的正反馈有关。沉积相突变与孢粉种类的衰减表明该区沉积环境发生了巨大变化;碎屑白云岩和紫红色泥岩的出现和湿生孢粉的衰减以及中生孢粉的出现,均表明在T-OAE期间塔里木盆地北缘气候转为干热。该研究报道了首个来自陆相沉积盆地边缘的T-OAE记录,对于深入理解二氧化碳浓度显著升高背景下引起的陆地系统响应具有借鉴意义。     

陆相坳陷湖盆沉积对深时古气候的响应信号:以准噶尔盆地西北缘安集海河组为例

"深时"古气候研究范围为前第四纪地质记录,目的在于为未来气候预测提供依据.准噶尔盆地西北缘安集海河组沉积期,研究区处于早古近纪极热气候(PETM)时期,由于其温室气体排放与当前工业废气排放水平相当,对于全球变化以及地球系统科学研究具有重要意义,一直以来都是古近纪气候研究的热点.准噶尔盆地西北缘在早古近纪沉积期发育大范围...     

Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the Eastern Crimea

The study of nannofossils and dinoflagelate cysts from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the Nasypnoe section, Eastern Crimea identified the bed corresponding to the global event referred as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The assemblages of both groups of microphytoplankton display significant changes including the appearance of Rhomboaster spp., Discoaster anartios and D. araneus nannofossils and Apectodinium augustum and Wilsonidium pechoricum dinocysts featured for this event and major variations in the ratio of taxa resulted in domination of eutrophic and warm-water species. The paleoecological interpretation of nannofossil and dinocyst distribution suggests a drastic sea-level fall preceded the PETM and occurrence of two transgressive episodes during it.     

An extraterrestrial He-based timescale for the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) from Walvis Ridge, IODP Site 1266

In the deep-sea, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is often marked by clay-rich condensed intervals caused by dissolution of carbonate sediments, capped by a carbonate-rich interval. Constraining the duration of both the dissolution and subsequent cap-carbonate intervals is essential to computing marine carbon fluxes and thus testing hypotheses for the origin of this event. To this end, we provide new high-resolution helium isotope records spanning the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at ODP Site 1266 in the South Atlantic. The extraterrestrial ³He, ³He_ET, concentrations replicate trends observed at ODP Site 690 by Farley and Eltgroth (2003). By assuming a constant flux of ³He_ET we constrain relative changes in accumulation rates of sediment across the PETM and construct a new age model for the event. In this new chronology the zero carbonate layer represents 35 kyr, some of which reflects clay produced by dissolution of Paleocene (pre-PETM) sediments. Above this layer, carbonate concentrations increase for ∼165 kyr and remain higher than in the latest Paleocene until 234 ⁺⁴⁸/₋₃₄ kyr above the base of the clay. The new chronology indicates that minimum δ¹³C values persisted for a maximum of 134 ⁺²⁷/₋₁₉ kyr and the inflection point previously chosen to designate the end of the CIE recovery occurs at 217 ⁺⁴⁴/₋₃₁ kyr. This allocation of time differs from that of the cycle-based age model of Röhl et al. (2007) in that it assigns more time to the clay layer followed by a more gradual recovery of carbonate-rich sedimentation. The new model also suggests a longer sustained δ¹³C excursion followed by a more rapid recovery to pre-PETM δ¹³C values. These differences have important implications for constraining the source(s) of carbon and mechanisms for its subsequent sequestration, favoring models that include a sustained release of carbon after an initial pulse.     

古新世-始新世极热事件与地球系统的自我调节:Gaia理论的应用

古新世—始新世极热事件(LPTM或PETM)是地球历史中最强烈的全球升温事件之一,又因其温室气体的排放与当前工业废气排放水平相当,因而在全球变化与地球系统科学研究中具有重要的研究意义。Gaia理论强调生物通过负反馈作用调节全球系统,使之趋于稳定。在前人研究资料的基础上,对比分析了分布于全球不同地区大洋钻孔与陆地剖面P/E界线附近的δ13C变化,综合了P/E极热事件对全球碳循环的影响以及事件的成因。认为P/E极热事件之后,地球系统在生物作用下逐渐恢复平衡。如果将生物与地球作为整体来看,那么这个整体是一个具有自我平衡能力的系统。地球历史中,其他与碳循环扰动有关的地质事件,应该也可以用Gaia理论的思路,从生物调节环境的角度分析碳循环的变化以及地球系统的平衡机制。     

Benthic foraminiferal turnover across the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) event in Eastern Desert,Egypt

Benthic foraminiferal fauna are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively at three stratigraphic sections in Eastern Desert of Egypt (Serai, Duwi, and Um El Huetat). These sections embrace the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) interval which is represented by the occurrence of five distinctive beds. These beds constitute the Dababiya Quarry Member at the lower part of Esna Formation. The occurrence of them indicates an expanded and relatively continuous record across the P/E boundary. The organic-rich clay layer (bed no. 1 of the Dababiya Quarry Member) marks the start of the PETM event. This bed is characterized by the extinction of all benthic foraminiferal fauna except for the occurrence of rare agglutinated foraminiferal species. The presence of these species indicates an oceanic anoxic event at the sea floor. High concentration of phosphatic contents including fish remains occurred in the middle part of the PETM (bed nos. 2 and 3 of the Dababiya Quarry Member) with the continuous absence of benthic foraminiferal fauna except for few specimens at the top of bed 3. Bed nos. 4 and 5 of the Dababiya Quarry Member represent the upper part of the PETM and the initial stage of sea floor recovery. Low diversity and abundance of benthic foraminiferal taxa occurred within these beds, represented by Valvulineria scrobiculata, Lenticulina midwayensis, Loxostomoides appliane, and Siphogenerinoides eleganta. This phenomenon continues upward during the post-PETM event. The Paleocene velasco-type benthic foraminifera Angulogavelinella avnimelechi and Coryphostoma midwayensis species are extinct within the advent of the PETM event. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages at the studied sections are dominated by midway-type fauna with little representative of velasco-type fauna. The velasco-type species are represented with high abundance at Serai section and with low densities at Um El Huetat section, while at Duwi section, they rarely occurred. This suggests outer neritic-upper bathyal (150–400 m) setting at Serai section and mostly middle-outer neritic (50–150 m) setting at Um El Huetat and Duwi sections.     

Palaeocene–Eocene carbon isotopic excursion from the shallow-marine-carbonate sequence of northeast India: Implications on the CIE magnitude and geometry

The exact magnitude of the carbon isotopic excursion (CIE) for the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is essential for our understanding of the carbon cycle perturbation. Global compilation of the PETM CIE magnitudes indicates that the shallow-marine inorganic carbonate could be a potential candidate to decipher the actual CIE magnitude. The present study, therefore, made an attempt to explore the thick Palaeogene shallow-marine carbonate sequence of the Sylhet Limestone exposed in the Jaintia Hills of northeast (NE) India, in terms of the preservation and magnitude of the PETM CIE. Exploratory sampling carried out across the Sylhet Limestone suggests that this sequence was deposited during the Late Palaeocene and Early Eocene, as evident from the age-diagnostic foraminifera. The observed \({\sim }3.4\permille \) CIE at the top of the Lakadong Limestone, resting above the Miscellanea miscella and Ranikothalia nuttalli foraminifera-bearing horizon, can, therefore, be correlated with the PETM CIE. Although the magnitude of the CIE from our limited data set agrees well with the global compilation, the absence of a stepped profile questions the preservation of the CIE reported elsewhere from the Tethyan sequence. Further work is needed for a better understanding of the PETM interval in NE India.     

Estimation of the global amount of submarine gas hydrates formed via microbial methane formation based on numerical reaction-transport modeling and a novel parameterization of Holocene sedimentation

This study provides new estimates for the global offshore methane hydrate inventory formed due to microbial CH₄ production under Quaternary and Holocene boundary conditions. A multi-1D model for particular organic carbon (POC) degradation, gas hydrate formation and dissolution is presented. The novel reaction-transport model contains an open three-phase system of two solid compounds (organic carbon, gas hydrates), three dissolved species (methane, sulfates, inorganic carbon) and one gaseous phase (free methane). The model computes time-resolved concentration profiles for all compounds by accounting for chemical reactions as well as diffusive and advective transport processes. The reaction module builds upon a new kinetic model of POC degradation which considers a down-core decrease in reactivity of organic matter. Various chemical reactions such as organic carbon decay, anaerobic oxidation of methane, methanogenesis, and sulfate reduction are resolved using appropriate kinetic rate laws and constants. Gas hydrates and free gas form if the concentration of dissolved methane exceeds the pressure, temperature, and salinity-dependent solubility limits of hydrates and/or free gas, with a rate given by kinetic parameters. Global input grids have been compiled from a variety of oceanographic, geological and geophysical data sets including a new parameterization of sedimentation rates in terms of water depth.We find prominent gas hydrate provinces offshore Central America where sediments are rich in organic carbon and in the Arctic Ocean where low bottom water temperatures stabilize methane hydrates. The world’s total gas hydrate inventory is estimated at (at STP conditions) or, equivalently, 4.18-995 Gt of methane carbon. The first value refers to present day conditions estimated using the relatively low Holocene sedimentation rates; the second value corresponds to a scenario of higher Quaternary sedimentation rates along continental margins.Our results clearly show that in-situ POC degradation is at present not an efficient hydrate forming process. Significant hydrate deposits in marine settings are more likely to have formed at times of higher sedimentation during the Quaternary or as a consequence of upward fluid transport at continental margins.