The angular dependence of rotational and anhysteretic remanent magnetizations in rotating rock samples

Summary. Recent experimental work by Edwards has demonstrated that rotational remanent magnetization (RRM) is not a maximum when the alternating field is normal to the rotation axis of the sample (a rock) but is greatest when the angle is about 75°. Experiments involving the production of ARM during sample rotation gave a similar result with a maximum at about 60°. These results are explained here in terms of the response of an isotropic assembly of identical single-domain particles to a strong alternating magnetic field.     

胶东山丘区典型流域径流年内分配特征量化研究

采用M ann-Kendall法和最小方差法,对大沽夹河流域1966~2004年逐月实测径流数据进行均值变点分析。根据分析结果,将径流划分为水文变化特征相似的A(1966~1971年)、B(1972~1981年)、C(1982~1996年)、D(1997~2004年)4个时段。在此基础上借鉴年降水年内分配的向量法,提出了量化径流年内分配的集中度和集中期。结果表明:1.大沽夹河的不同水文年,其径流年内分配的特征不同。时段A集中度最小,时段D最大,4个时段变差系数为0.12。时段A和时段C的集中期比较接近,最大径流出现的时间均在7月下旬,时段B和时段D的集中期比较相似,最大径流出现的时间在8月中下旬。径流年内分配与降水年内分配两者呈显著正相关。2.用月径流量计算的集中度比径流年内不均匀系数具有更高的分辨能力和有效性,用月径流量计算的集中期对应的月份与月径流最大值出现的实际月份完全一致,径流集中度、集中期能够充分定量地表征径流在年内分配的非均匀性。     

Equation for the field lines of an axisymmetric magnetic multipole

Summary. An exact equation is derived for the magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric magnetic multipole of arbitrary degree ( n ). This new result has important applications in studies of the possible nature of solarterrestrial physics during geomagnetic polarity reversals. In the limiting case of a magnetic dipole ( n=1 ), the equation for the magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric magnetic multipole simplifies correctly to the well-known dipolar form, which is used extensively in geomagnetism, magnetospheric physics and cosmic-ray physics as a first-order approximation to the actual configuration of the geomagnetic field.
It is also shown theoretically that suites of similar magnetic field lines of the general axisymmetric multipole attain their maximum radial distances from the origin on a set of circular conical surfaces, with coincident vertices at the centre of the Earth; this set includes the equatorial plane if the degree ( n ) of the multipole is odd. The magnetic field is horizontal everywhere on all these surfaces.
Palaeomagnetic studies have suggested that during some polarity reversals the magnetic field in the inner magnetosphere can be represented approximately either by a single, non-dipolar, low-degree (2 < n < 4), axisymmetric magnetic multipole or by a linear combination of such multipoles. In this situation, the equation for the field lines of an axisymmetric magnetic multipole of low degree (2 < n < 4) would be as fundamental to a proper understanding of magnetospheric, ionospheric and cosmic-ray physics during polarity reversals as is the equation for dipolar field lines in the case of the contemporary geomagnetic field.     

施氮对高寒草甸草原植物群落和土壤养分的影响

于2013-2014年在青藏高原东缘测定了不同梯度施氮后植物群落特征、牧草营养和土壤质量的变化,并分析了施氮后的经济效益。结果表明:(1)施氮显著增加了各功能群植物的高度和禾本科功能群植物盖度,而对莎草科和豆科植物盖度无显著影响;施氮显著增加了禾本科、莎草科、豆科和植物群落生物量,降低了杂类草盖度和生物量,其中施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时效果最为显著。(2)施氮显著增加了0～20 cm土层根系生物量;施氮当年显著增加了根冠比,施氮第2年根冠比无显著变化。(3)施氮不同程度降低了高寒草甸草原植物群落多样性,其中,施肥量在30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时最低。(4)施氮不同程度地提高了禾本科、莎草科和杂类草植物的粗蛋白含量,降低了各功能群植物纤维含量;施氮不同程度提高了高寒草甸草原土壤养分和有机碳含量,其中在施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时最高。(5)施氮当年和第二年净收益均在施肥量为30.86 g·m^-2时最大,分别为1 860元·hm^-2和878元·hm^-2。施氮缓解了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原植物生长的营养限制,提高了可食牧草产量,30.86～38.58 g·m^-2可作为该区最佳施氮水平。     

盐生荒漠生态系统二氧化碳通量的年内、年际变异特征

采用涡度相关法,并结合小气候观测,对荒漠生态系统净二氧化碳通量进行了连续3个生长季的观测（2004—2006年）,并据此分析了荒漠生态系统净二氧化碳通量及其主要成分GPP和Reco的季节和年际间变化特征。结果表明,在生长季尺度上,各个阶段二氧化碳吸收量的大小分别为:生长旺盛期>生长初期>生长末期,这可能与植物叶面积的大小以及光合有效辐射,大气温度等环境要素有关系。在年际尺度上,3个生长季同阶段的二氧化碳吸收量存在明显差异,生长季初期5月,2004年碳吸收最强,2006年次之,2005年最小。对于生长旺盛期,降水量最大的2004年碳吸收能力最强,正午最大值可以达到-0.12 mg·m-2·s-1,2005年次之,最大值达-0.06 mg·m-2·s-1,仅仅是2004年最大值的1/2,2006年最小,正午吸收的最大值为-0.02 mg·m-2·s-1,生长季末期,3个生长季的月均日变化非常相似,其在正午的最大吸收值也没有显著差异,正午最大吸收量为-0.01 mg·m-2·s-1左右,其他时段均在0值附近。即使在降水量相近的两个年份里（2005—2006年）,其NEE的最大值出现时间也不一致,2005年NEE的最大月累计量出现在8月和9月,而2006年则出现在6月和7月,这可能与年内降水量分布格局有关。3个生长季荒漠生态系统均表现为净二氧化碳吸收,其吸收量分别为:-236.18 g·m-2,-63.07 g·m-2和-91.97 g·m-2。年际差异的形成原因是降水差异造成的一年生草本植物数量变化,不利用降水的建群种应该对此没有贡献。     

Maximum entropy regularization of time-dependent geomagnetic field models

We incorporate a maximum entropy image reconstruction technique into the process of modelling the time-dependent geomagnetic field at the core–mantle boundary (CMB). In order to deal with unconstrained small lengthscales in the process of inverting the data, some core field models are regularized using a priori quadratic norms in both space and time. This artificial damping leads to the underestimation of power at large wavenumbers, and to a loss of contrast in the reconstructed picture of the field at the CMB. The entropy norm, recently introduced to regularize magnetic field maps, provides models with better contrast, and involves a minimum of a priori information about the field structure. However, this technique was developed to build only snapshots of the magnetic field. Previously described in the spatial domain, we show here how to implement this technique in the spherical harmonic domain, and we extend it to the time-dependent problem where both spatial and temporal regularizations are required. We apply our method to model the field over the interval 1840–1990 from a compilation of historical observations. Applying the maximum entropy method in space—for a fit to the data similar to that obtained with a quadratic regularization—effectively reorganizes the magnetic field lines in order to have a map with better contrast. This is associated with a less rapidly decaying spectrum at large wavenumbers. Applying the maximum entropy method in time permits us to model sharper temporal changes, associated with larger spatial gradients in the secular variation, without producing spurious fluctuations on short timescales. This method avoids the smearing back in time of field features that are not constrained by the data. Perspectives concerning future applications of the method are also discussed.     

极隙区纬度太阳活动高年背景电离层特征

本文利用 EISCAT-Svalbard 雷达1999年3月至2003年2月期间观测数据,对太阳活动高年前后极区电离层 F 区电子密度随高度和地方时的二维分布进行统计分析,研究极隙/极盖区背景电离层特征,并与 IRI-2001模式预测结果进行比较。分析结果表明,在 ESR 雷达所在纬度,不存在“冬季异常”现象;但首次发现,此处电离层冬季日变化存在磁午夜前主极大。另外,无论在什么季节,白天时段 ESR 雷达上空电子密度都在磁正午附近有一极大值。与 IRI 模式的比较表明,模式预测的 F 区电子密度与 ESR 实测结果存在较大偏差,在500km 高度以上的顶部电离层和冬季,差别尤其明显。简要讨论了软粒子沉降对造成电子密度日变化磁正午极大的作用和冬季磁午夜前主极大的形成机理。     

浙江省洪水前兆研究

本文根据大量历史洪水和有关资料，分析了浙江省的洪水前兆，为本区洪水预测提供了一定的理论依据，对防洪减灾具有一定的实用价值。     

科尔沁沙地不同类型沙地植被恢复过程中地上生物量与凋落物量变化

植物体生长、死亡及分解是沙地生态系统物质周转的重要环节。以科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、固定沙丘及草地为研究对象,通过对2009-2011年3个生长季各生境植被特征、地上生物量和凋落物的测定,分析了沙地恢复过程中地上生物量和凋落物量的变化趋势和季节动态。结果表明:(1) 地表植被存在显著的生境差异,植被盖度、生物量和密度等均表现为草地 > 固定沙丘 > 流动沙丘。(2) 3类生境地上生物量均存在显著的单峰曲线的季节差异性,其中草地最大生物量分别出现在7月(2009年)和8月(2010、2011年),最大生物量为163.71~247.64 g·m^-2;固定沙丘最大生物量均在2009、2010、2011年7月达到最高,分别为96.13、96.02、102.74 g·m^-2,流动沙丘最高地上生物量为17.48~20.10 g·m^-2,分别出现在7月(2009年和2010年)和9月(2011年)。(3) 2009、2010、2011年3类生境中的年最大凋落物量分别为21.0、267.6、370.1 g·m^-2,其中草地和固定沙丘中凋落叶和凋落枝等非立枯有较大比重,流动沙丘凋落物主要为立枯;同时各生境凋落物具有与地上生物量相反的季节特征。     

Environmental magnetic studies of sediment cores from Gonghai Lake: implications for monsoon evolution in North China during the late glacial and Holocene

Environmental magnetic studies were conducted on a 9.42-m-long sediment core from Gonghai Lake, North China. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the record spans the last 15,000 cal year BP. The principal magnetic mineral in the sediments is pseudo-single domain magnetite of detrital origin with minimal post-depositional alteration. Although the variations in the concentration of detrital magnetic minerals and their grain size throughout the core reflect inputs from both soil erosion and eolian dust, it is shown that their climatic and environmental significance changes with time. In the lowermost part of the core, ~15,000–11,500 cal year BP, the magnetic minerals were supplied mainly by bedrock erosion, soil erosion and dust input when climate ameliorated after the cold and dusty last glacial maximum. The increasing magnetic susceptibility (χ) in this interval may indicate a combination of changes in the lake environment together with catchment-surface stabilization and a decreasing proportion of dust input. In the central part of the core, ~11,500–1,000 cal year BP, the detrital magnetic minerals mainly originated from dust inputs from outside the catchment when the lake catchment was covered by forest, and catchment-derived sediment supply (and thus the lake sediment accumulation rate) were minimal. The generally low concentration of magnetic minerals in this part of the core reflects the highest degree of soil stability and the strongest summer monsoon during the Holocene. In the uppermost part of the core, the last ~1,000 years, detrital magnetic minerals mainly originated from erosion of catchment soils when the vegetation cover was sparse and the sediment accumulation rates were high. Within this part of the core the high magnetic susceptibility reflects strong pedogenesis in the lake catchment, and thus a strong summer monsoon. This scenario is similar to that recorded in loess profiles. Overall, the results document three main stages of summer monsoon history with abrupt shifts from one stage to another: an increasing and variable summer monsoon during the last deglacial, a generally strong summer monsoon in the early and middle Holocene and a weak summer monsoon in the late Holocene. The results also suggest that different interpretational models may need to be applied to lake sediment magnetic mineral assemblages corresponding to different stages of environmental evolution.     

樟子松固沙林土壤碳截存及土壤呼吸对干湿变化的响应

 在科尔沁沙地测定分析了流动沙丘栽植樟子松林23 a后的土壤碳截存作用,以及林地和流动沙丘土壤呼吸对干湿变化的响应。结果表明:①流动沙丘造林后土壤容重减小,土壤颗粒中极细沙和黏粉粒含量显著增加;②樟子松林地0~5 cm和5~15 cm层土壤有机碳截存量分别为221.8 g·m-2和113.9 g·m-2,截存速率分别为9.64 g·m-2·a-1和4.95 g·m-2·a-1;CaCO3-C截存量分别为4.0 g·m-2和2.5 g·m-2, 截存速率分别为0.17 g·m-2·a-1和0.11 g·m-2·a-1;③干旱条件下土壤呼吸随气温的升高呈现指数减小;无论是干旱还是降雨后,林地土壤呼吸速率均显著高于流动沙丘;④降雨刺激后土壤呼吸显著增加,林地增加的幅度显著高于流动沙丘;林地地表凋落物去除后土壤呼吸速率下降,并且在降雨后下降更为明显。     

Outline of a small unmanned aerial vehicle (Ant-Plane) designed for Antarctic research

As part of the Ant-Plane project for summertime scientific research and logistics in the coastal region of Antarctica, we developed six types of small autonomous UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles, similar to drones; we term these vehicles ‘Ant-Planes’) based on four types of airframe. In test flights, Ant-Plane 2 cruised within 20 m accuracy along a straight course during calm weather at Sakurajima Volcano, Kyushu, Japan. During a period of strong winds (22 m/s) at Mt. Chokai, Akita Prefecture, Japan, Ant-Plane 2 maintained its course during a straight flight but deviated when turning leeward. An onboard 3-axis magneto-resistant magnetometer (400 g) recorded variations in the magnetic field to an accuracy of 10 nT during periods of calm wind, but strong magnetic noise was observed during high winds, especially head winds. Ant-Plane 4-1 achieved a continuous flight of 500 km, with a maximum flight altitude of 5690 m. The Ant-Plane can be used for various types of Antarctic research as a basic platform for airborne surveys, but further development of the techniques employed in takeoff and landing are required, as well as ready adjustment of the engine and the development of small onboard instruments with greater reliability.     

太阳活动对中山站F2层峰值电子浓度的影响

利用中山站1995-2006年的电离层垂测数据统计分析了当地电离层F2层峰值电子浓度（N_mF2）对太阳活动变化的依赖性,研究发现在中山站N_mF2月中值随修正太阳10.7厘米通量指数F10.7P增大而增大,其饱和或放大趋势不明显。除冬季12-16 UT、20-2 UT与夏季2-11 UT以外的绝大部分时刻,两者具有良好的线性关系。N_mF2月中值随F10.7P变化斜率随季节、地方时而变化。在日变化中,N_mF2随F10.7P变化斜率极大值出现在磁中午附近,明显大于其他时刻,在夜侧变化斜率整体较小,且在分季和冬季的夜侧以及夏季全天,其斜率随地方时变化不大。在年变化中,日侧斜率最大值出现在两分季,冬季次之,夏季最小;而夜侧斜率在夏半年（10月-3月）整体上要大于冬半年（4月-9月）。结合中山站位于极隙区纬度的特殊地理位置,分析了上述N_mF2变化特征的可能原因。     

南极长城站哨声活动特征

本文利用1986年南极长城站的哨声观测资料,对磁暴期间的哨声活动、哨声发生率的日变化、季节变化及磁静日和磁扰日色散值的变化作了统计分析。结果表明,磁暴开始后20～27小时哨声发生率开始增加,逐渐达到最大值,持续5～15小时后下降到正常值。哨声发生率有着明显的日变化(有两个活动高峰)和季节变化(活动高峰期为地方冬季6～8月份)。色散值的日变化与地磁活动性有密切关系,在磁静日,色散值日变幅很小,在磁扰日色散值较大,其分布较分散。     

Climatic characteristics of high temperature in East China during 1961–2005

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961-2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days（HTDs）and the mean daily maximum temperature（MDMT）during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied.The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃in the past 45 years.Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time,oscillating with a cycle of about 12-15 years.The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part,but less in the northern part of East China.The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang,Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China.The high temperature process（HTP） was more in the southwestern part,but less in northeastern part of East China.Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July,and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July.In the first 5 years of the 21st century,the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations,both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October,the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

红黏土磁化率增强机制

对于黄土-古土壤序列,磁化率增强机制已经被大家认可,并且磁化率被广泛作为古夏季风强弱变化的代用指标。红黏土伏于第四纪黄土之下,同为风成沉积物,对红黏土磁化率增强机制的研究程度不高,且对强发育红黏土获得比较低的磁化率值的原因不清楚。本文通过对佳县红黏土进行系统岩石磁学分析得出：(1) 红黏土磁性矿物种类以磁铁矿为主,同时含有一定量磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿;磁性矿物平均粒径为PSD颗粒;强发育层含有较多的软磁性矿物,弱发育层含有较多的硬磁性矿物。(2) χ、χfd和χARM两两之间表现出很好线性正相关关系,说明红黏土中含有大量SP和SD颗粒亚铁磁性矿物,这些细小磁颗粒是在成壤过程中产生,成壤作用导致古土壤层磁化率升高。(3) 红黏土χfd、χfd%值较高,说明经历较强的成壤过程,成壤环境与黄土高原黄土-古土壤序列类似,与阿拉斯加、西伯利亚黄土-古土壤明显不同。     

黑河中游沙枣树干液流的动态变化及其与林木个体生长的关系

利用热脉冲树干液流仪, 在生长季节对黑河中游防风固沙树种沙枣树干液流速率进行了连续观测, 结果表明: 沙枣树干液流速率没有明显的昼夜变化规律, 树干液流日平均值在(1.41±0.52)~(2.00±0.66)g·cm^-2·h^-1之间; 树干液流速率8月份最高, 7月份次之, 6月与9月份基本一致。不同的单株在相同月份平均树干液流速率存在差异。树干液流与树木的胸径、胸径的平方与树高之积呈复合指数函数关系, 与边材面积呈线性关系, 与叶面积指数呈现三次幂函数关系。     

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡沉积物的地磁场长期变与定年

对位于布兰斯菲尔德海峡东北部的沉积物岩心D1-7进行了初步环境磁学和古地磁研究,获得了连续的相对地磁场强度和方向。沉积物岩性总体为灰色软塑性粘土,中下部出现一层黑色火山灰层。结合该孔沉积物和有孔虫AMS¹⁴C测年结果（王汝建等未发表资料）,相对地磁场强度及其方向提供了12 ka以来连续的定年标尺,其中相对地磁场强度与具有相似沉积速率的南美Laguna Potrok Aike湖泊记录对比提供了六个对比点;同时特征剩磁倾角和磁偏角提供了另外六个对比点。磁化率各向异性分析揭示了全新世早、中和晚期岩心所在位置底流（南极深层水~1000 m）发生了阶段性显著变化,同时磁性矿物含量、粒度、沉积物湿密度等也发生了相应的变化。这些环境磁学和沉积学的变化主要受控于南极相应纬度处的太阳辐射量以及与辐射量相关的夏季季风降水量的变化,降水量增加导致磁性矿物粒度变细。D1-7也记录了一些千年尺度旋回变化,但是南极地区目前缺乏与之相似分辨率的气候参数记录,无法进一步探讨这些气候事件的缘起和分布范围。对比发现,地磁场长期变产生的年龄与沉积物全样有机碳AMS¹⁴C测年结果之间存在系统的差异,在6 ka以来比有机碳年龄年轻,在6 ka之前则比有机碳年龄老。南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡内各种不同水体的混合以及在全新世全球升温背景下冰川的动态变化和由此引起的中、深层水变化,都是造成水体性质复杂的原因。而地磁场强度和方向变化则不受水体性质的影响,因此可以提供更合理的年龄信息。自12 ka至今,25 cm/ka的平均沉积速率表明南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡地区整个全新世内稳定和丰富的沉积物供应。     

Use of the frozen flux approximation in the interpretation of archaeomagnetic and palaeomagnetic data

Summary. The frozen flux approximation of Roberts & Scott is a constraint on the core field that can be used to aid interpretation of the very sparse datasets that palaeomagnetism and archaeomagnetism provide. It gives bounds on the size of the components of the magnetic field at a point, of the Gauss coefficients, and, if valid over such long time periods, limits the shape of the field during transitions between normal and reversed polarities. The maximum intensity at a point, consistent with the present flux, is 281 μT or 4 times the maximum field observed today. The present dipole is about 50 per cent of its upper bound. Polarity reversal is impossible if the transition field is purely axisymmetric. None of the measurements we consider violate the frozen flux approximation.     

Study and observation of the great solar event in July 2000 at cusp latitude

A series of solar flare and coronal mass ejection (CME) event occurred in July 2000, particularly the largest flare (X5.7/3B) with CME on 14th of July since 1989, which stimulated a great geomagnetic storm with D st index reaching -300 nT. A number of data have been obtained from the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station (ZHS, INT Lat. 74.5°, L≈14), which is located at cusp latitude, and from the ACE satellite. After analyzing these data we have got the results as follows: a lot of solar high energy particles penetrated into the polar ionosphere and ionized it, which significantly increased the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) and blanked the DPS-4 data for more than two days. The magnetic pulsation in Pc 3/5 frequency band on the ground has a high relation with the fluctuation of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B z, which shows the contribution of interplanetary magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) waves to the Pc 3/5 pulsation on the ground. The Pc 3/5 pulsation was intensified much during the great magnetic storm. The H component of the magnetic field at ZHS varied with the southern value of IMF B z but lagged behind for about 8 10 h. While D st index responded to the variation of the IMF B z very quickly, which suggested that the magnetic storm occurred at low latitude firstly and then effected the ionospheric current at high latitude.