An Atomic Force Microscopy Study on ＂Barkinite" Liptobiolith

利用原子力显微镜观察了树皮煤中两种主要显微组分树皮体和镜质体表面纳米结构特征,揭示了镜质组镜质体大分子团具有网状结构的特征,而类脂组树皮体大分子用具有纤维状、颗粒状和网络状排列结构,随演化程度的提高,树皮体大分子团结构的演化依次表现为纤维状→粒状→不规则网状→网状结构,镜质体则由结构松散的网状结构向高度定向排列的规则网状结构演化.利用AFM的横切面分析工具定量分析了显微组分表面的大分子结构排列,为显微组分分子结构演化和成烃机理研究提供了重要的科学依据.     

树皮煤的原子力显微镜研究

利用原子力显微镜观察了树皮煤中两种主要显微组分树皮体和镜质体表面纳米结构特征,揭示了镜质组镜质体大分子团具有网状结构的特征,而类脂组树皮体大分子团具有纤维状、颗粒状和网络状排列结构,随演化程度的提高,树皮体大分子团结构的演化依次表现为纤维状-→粒状-→不规则网状-→网状结构,镜质体则由结构松散的网状结构向高度定向排列的规则网状结构演化。利用AFM的横切面分析工具定量分析了显微组分表面的大分子结构排列,为显微组分分子结构演化和成烃机理研究提供了重要的科学依据。     

用显微荧光和显微傅立叶红外光谱研究显微组分的热演化规律

镜质体反射率是确定油源岩成熟度最广泛使用的参数，显微荧光强度及其变化也已成为检测烃源岩有机质生烃尤其是生油的标志之一，而红外光谱在研究生油母质干酪根的结构、类型和生烃潜力等方面均取得了大量的研究成果，特别是傅立叶红外显微镜的问世，给单显微组分提供了一种有效的研究手段。本文应用上述方法对一套人工熟化样品进行了检测和分析，探讨了显微组分的光性演变特征和化学成分的变化规律，并建立了显微组分的生油模式。     

腐植煤生油显微组分研究现状与进展

总结和评述了微观层次的煤生油显微组分研究的历史、现状和进展。总的来说，煤成油还是成气，与煤的显微组分组成类型有很大关系。壳质组是煤成油的主要贡献组分之一。多年来的研究对其显微组分组的生油潜量有了比较一致的看法，即壳质组＞镜质组＞惰质组。对单一煤显微组分的生油潜量虽有不同的看法，但总体上还是比较趋于一致，其大致次序是：树脂体（尤其是琥珀树脂体）—花粉—角质体—木栓质体—沥青质体—孢子体—基质镜质体。生油区间大致为Ｒ００３％～１３％。其间有两个生油高峰，一个在Ｒ００７％以下，另一个在Ｒ００７％～１１％之间。在不同的时代和地区，煤生油显微组分是有很大差别的。从煤岩学角度，煤显微组分的荧光特性研究是一种研究微观煤生油显微组分的较好方法。     

海相黑色页岩中一种动物型的有机显微组分

传统煤岩学主要研究腐殖型的有机显微组分,关于海相腐泥型的有机显微组分及其与成煤、成油（气）、成矿的关系在以往的文献中较少报道.作者在对早古生代海相腐泥型有机显微组分的研究中,发现了一种特殊的有机显微组分.经过对这种组分生源的追查和化石的鉴定表明,这种组分来源于被囊动物化石尾海鞘的“房”稍—被囊,因此把这种组分归之为动物型的有机显微组分,命名为“被囊体”.这种组分是追索被囊动物化石的线索,具有重要的地质找矿意义.     

煤成烃研究现状及应用——以三江盆地绥滨坳陷为例

阐述了煤系陆源有机质烃源岩特征和研究方法，对三江盆地绥滨坳陷白垩系穆棱－城子河组的煤系陆源有机质丰度，岩石热解参数和显微组分成烃性能进行了初步探讨，确定了该坳陷煤源岩的生烃级别。同时强调将煤系有机质源岩岩石学显微组分研究和建立东北地区煤成烃划分标准作为未来煤成烃研究的主攻方向。     

我国聚煤盆地煤系烃源岩生烃评价与成烃模式

本文应用有机岩石学方法与有机地球化学方法通过对我国煤成烃盆地典型煤系烃源岩的研究，担子同煤系烃源评价指标与标准，并以显微组分成煤规律为基础，建立起了我国含煤岩系的四种主要成烃模式。本研究成果对我国煤成烃勘探具有重要指导意义。     

黄陇煤田煤中显微组分与孢粉类型的相关趋势

对陕西黄陇煤田中下侏罗世延安组４号煤进行了煤岩学和孢粉学的详细定量分析，并用计算机对显微组分与孢粉类型之间的的关系作了相关分析，结果表明，煤中显微组分与孢粉类型之间在在相关关采、这种相关关系反映了显微组分的形成与成煤植物之间存在着成因上的联系，即煤中基质状和碎屑状显微组分主要由草本植物和材蕨植物形成，而其细胞结构和条带状的显微组分主要由木本裸子植物形成，，这两种类型显微组分的比值可以反映成煤植被特征。     

显微组分大分子结构演化差异性及其动力学机制——研究进展与展望

显微组分物理化学性质是影响煤炭清洁高效利用和煤储层物性的重要因素,已经认识到决定显微组分性质的根本原因在于其大分子结构。为了揭示显微组分大分子结构演化特征及其控制因素,从显微组分大分子化学结构与物理结构、大分子结构演化的构造应力效应、煤变质全阶段大分子结构演化特征等方面,总结了国内外研究进展,分析了存在的不足。指出由于富镜质组煤的广泛分布和重要工业用途使之成为煤结构研究的主要对象,惰质组的研究则相对缺乏,阻碍了对煤特性的全面认识。提出“煤变质作用的热-应力条件决定显微组分结构演化、惰质组与镜质组大分子结构演化具有差异性”的研究思路,采用惰质组/镜质组高温高压模拟和热模拟实验并与自然序列变质-变形煤对比,研究显微组分结构演化特征及其控制因素。定量刻画显微组分大分子结构与温压条件的关系,揭示构造应力对显微组分化学结构和纳米孔隙结构的控制,确定煤变质全过程中惰质组大分子结构的演化路径,建立惰质组大分子动力学模型。上述研究成果将充实对煤微观结构演化及其控制因素的全面认识,为煤炭清洁高效利用和煤储层物性评价提供基础依据。      

腐殖煤的显微组分与生烃研究：以南华北太原组,山西组煤为例

本文采用煤岩学方法、热解分析和热模拟实验等，对南华北太原组和山西组腐殖煤进行了显微组分与生烃研究。腐殖煤的生烃量与显微组分组成关系密切，煤中富氢组分愈多，其生烃量愈大。富氢镜质体荧光性较强，具有较高的生油潜力。南华北太原组和山西组腐殖煤的主要生烃组分应是富氢镜质体和壳质组。     

乌达矿区煤中显微组分有机硫的赋存分布

应用带能谱的扫描电镜微区测试对乌达矿区煤中不向显微组分的有机硫进行了系统测定，结果表明在不同的显微组分中其有机硫的含量有明显的差异，向一煤样中不同的亚组分中其有机硫的含量不相同，并且同一煤样同一显微亚组分其有机硫的含量亦有不同程度的差异。综合分析发现煤显微组分有机硫含量主要受煤的聚积环境、凝胶化程度、氧化程度等因素的影响。     

煤相分析在煤储层评价中的应用

煤储层研究的重要内容是孔裂隙系统发育特征、渗透性及其空间不均一性特征。煤储层的孔裂隙特征决定煤储层的渗透性,而煤储层的孔裂隙特征主要取决于煤岩成分和煤级。对一个特定的煤层气田而言,煤级变化不大或者规律明显。煤岩成分往往成为控制煤储层渗透率分布不均性的主导因素。煤岩成分,包括有机显微组分和矿物质均受控于煤相。可以通过系统的煤相分析认识煤储层中煤岩成分、结构、层序等的空间展布特征,为科学预测煤储层的渗透率莫定基础。煤相分析在注重横向变化的同时,更强调垂向层序分析。     

Comparison of physical and chemical properties of maceral groups separated by density dradient centrifugation

Eight coals have been selected for study of the physical and chemical properties of the maceral group . The density-gradient centrifugation technique was employed to affect maceral group separation. The maximum reflectance method of Ting and Lo was used for estimating the reflectance of very small coal particles. The reflectograms were used to characterize the separated maceral fractions. The density, elemental composition, reflectance, NMR parameters of aromaticity, protonated aromatic carbon content and ƒ_stuggereda^stuggeredH of the maceral groups were compared. Variations in the aromatic structure of the maceral groups are discussed as well as the observation that ƒ_stuggereda and ƒ_stuggereda^stuggeredH change with particle density.     

沙尔湖煤田巨厚煤层异地成煤分析

通过对主煤层煤岩组分对比发现,沙尔湖煤田煤显微煤岩组分以惰质组分为主,组分因埋深不同有差异.利用镜质组与惰质组组份含量比例关系,推测煤层在沼泽积水较深还原环境中形成.煤中惰质组分含量较高,说明成煤期地壳缓慢上升,沼泽积水变浅的氧化环境.煤田自西向东主煤层形成时期沼泽积水深浅(地壳升降)变化韵律一致,早期深水中心偏向东部(葛洲坝煤矿方向),晚期深水中心偏向西部(格鑫煤矿方向),东部持续缓慢抬升使成煤阶段处于氧化环境,惰质组含量逐渐增高,并明显高于西部.同时,煤中无机质含量较高,反映当时为水动力条件较弱的成煤环境.据巨厚煤层产出、聚煤中心赋存(直接在二叠系老地层上)和煤层稳定性及变化趋势多方煤层特征,认为沙尔湖煤田巨厚煤层的形成具异地成煤特点.     

Predicted CO2 emissions from maceral concentrates of high volatile bituminous Kentucky and Illinois coals

A large collection of well-characterized coals, documented in the Center for Applied Energy Research's (CAER) database, was used to estimate the CO₂ content of maceral concentrates from Kentucky and Illinois high volatile bituminous coals. The data showed no correlation between CO₂ versus coal ranks and between CO₂ versus maceral content. Subsequently, eight sets of low-ash density-gradient centrifugation (DGC) maceral concentrates from five coal beds were examined, spanning in the high volatile rank range. Heating value was not determined on the concentrates, but instead was calculated using the Mott–Spooner formula. There was a good correlation between predicted CO₂ and maceral content for the individual iso-rank (based on vitrinite reflectance, analyzed on whole (parent) coal) sets. In general, the predicted CO₂ increases from liptinite-rich through vitrinite-rich to inertinite-rich concentrates (note: no “concentrates” are absolutely monomaceral).     

Hydrogenation behaviour of coal maceral association

The influence of the intergrowth of macerals on the hydrogenation behaviour of two seam coals from the Ruhr district is investigated. Maceral concentrates of both coals were prepared. The maceral concentrates of each coal were mixed in such a manner, that the composition by macerals corresponded to that of the parent coal. Parent coals, maceral concentrates and the imitated parent coals by mixing maceral concentrates were hydrogenated under the same conditions. Feed materials and residues were characterized petrographically and chemically. Conclusions about the reactivity of the macerals itself, but also of their intergrowths could be drawn from the composition of the hydrogenation residues and of the conversion products. In spite of the same composition by macerals and identic total reflectograms of parent and imitated coals differences in portions and composition of residues were found. While the intergrowth of macerals (microlithotypes) of the low-volatile coal 2 seems to have a positive influence on the conversion of macerals, this seems to be opposite for the higher-volatile coal 1. Probably the lay open of the maceral surfaces has a positive effect on the hydrogenation of coal 2. Vitrinites and exinites proved to be very reactive as could be expected. They yield the highest portions of liquid and gaseous products. Inertinites participate in hydrogenation only with a very restricted reactivity.     

Microfacies and depositional environment of Tertiary Tanjung Enim low rank coal, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

The South Sumatra basin is among the most important coal producing basins in Indonesia. Results of an organic petrography study on coals from Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra Basin are reported. The studied low rank coals have a mean random huminite reflectance between 0.35% and 0.46% and are dominated by huminite (34.6–94.6 vol.%). Less abundant are liptinite (4.0–61.4 vol.%) and inertinite (0.2–43.9 vol.%). Minerals are found only in small amounts (0–2 vol.%); mostly as iron sulfide.Based on maceral assemblages, the coals can be grouped into five classes: (1) humotelinite-rich group, (2) humodetrinite-rich group, (3) humocollinite-rich group, (4) inertinite-rich group and (5) humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. Comparing the distribution of maceral assemblages to the maceral or pre-maceral assemblages in modern tropical domed peat in Indonesia reveals many similarities. The basal section of the studied coal seams is represented typically by the humodetrinite–liptinite-rich group. This section might be derived from sapric or fine hemic peat often occurring at the base of modern peats. The middle section of the seams is characterized by humotelinite-rich and humocollinite-rich groups. The precursors of these groups were hemic and fine hemic peats. The top section of the coal seams is typically represented by the humodetrinite-rich or inertinite-rich group. These groups are the counterparts of fibric peat at the top of the modern peats. The sequence of maceral assemblages thus represents the change of topogenous to ombrogenous peat and the development of a raised peat bog.A comparison between the result of detailed maceral assemblage analysis and the paleodepositional environment as established from coal maceral ratio calculation indicates that the use of coal maceral ratio diagrams developed for other coal deposits fails to deduce paleo-peat development for these young tropical coals. In particular, mineral distribution and composition should not be neglected in coal facies interpretations.     

Effect of maceral subtypes and mineral matrix on measured reflectance of subbituminous coals and dispersed organic matter

The variability in reflectance of huminite (texto-ulminite, eu-ulminite A and B, different types of corpohuminite) and liptinite groups of macerals in subbituminous coals was examined using reflected light microscopy. All macerals were selected from coal and interbedded carbonaceous shale and carbonate sediment samples from the 515-m-thick coal deposit No. 2 located in the Hat Creek valley of south-central British Columbia. The measurements obtained reveal that, in addition to burial depth, reflectance distribution depends on maceral subtypes and associated mineral matrix.Huminite in the coals and sediments (kerogen) consists mainly of humotelinite, with eu-ulminite B being the dominant maceral sub-type. Reflectance values determined on huminite in coals and Type IIIb kerogen increase from eu-ulminite A and phlobaphinite type 1 through eu-ulminite B and phlobaphinite type 2 to gelinite. The reflectance of all five huminite maceral subtypes studied increases with depth. However, the increase of phlobaphinite type 1 and gelinite reflectance with depth is irregular.A comparison of the reflectance values obtained for the same maceral subtype (eu-ulminite B) from the interbedded coal, shale and carbonate samples records consistent differences, implying some dependence of the reflectance (and perhaps rate of organic maturation) on the mineral matrix. Generally, the highest eu-ulminite B reflectance was recorded from carbonate rocks and the lowest from shale, whereas coal matrix produced intermediate values.At present, it is not known whether differences in reflectance of eu-ulminite found in the above lithologies are due to differential retention, efficiency of reaction products removal, thermal conductivity of the lithologies, or existence of a calcium carbonate catalyst.