大菱鲆亲子鉴定的微卫星多重PCR技术建立及应用

用8个微卫星标记组合建立了2个微卫星多重PCR体系,对大菱鲆7个人工选育家系进行了系谱认证、亲子鉴定和遗传多样性研究。2个多重PCR体系中8个微卫星位点共检测到等位基因49个,每个位点等位基因数为3~8个。根据已知亲本及子代基因型,成功推断出了3个缺失亲本的基因型。在双亲未知的情况下2个多重PCR的8个微卫星位点累积排除概率是96.58%,已知1个亲本时累积排除率为99.71%,亲子鉴定准确率为96.42%。采用70个个体进行双盲验证,利用UPGMA法对7个家系的70个体进行了聚类分析,同一家系95.71%的个体聚类分析结果与系谱来源一致。Cervus 2.0软件亲子鉴定结果表明亲子鉴定准确率为92.86%。2个多重PCR体系的建立为大菱鲆不同家系混养后的亲子鉴定、系谱分析和分子辅助家系管理提供了技术手段。     

微卫星标记在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)家系系谱印证中的应用研究

用8个微卫星标记对大菱鲆7个人工选育家系进行了系谱鉴别和遗传多样性研究。8个微卫星位点的平均多态信息含量为0.6721,平均杂合度为0.7206。8个微卫星位点在7个家系分析中,共检测到40个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数在38个之间,每个位点平均有5个等位基因。根据已知亲本及子代基因型,成功的推断出了7个家系中缺失亲本的基因型。在双亲未知的情况下8个微卫星位点累积排除概率是97.07%,已知单亲时累积排除概率达99.63%。用UPG-MA法对7个家系的137个子代个体进行了聚类分析,90.5%同一家系的子代个体能完全聚类到一起,分类结果与系谱来源基本一致。微卫星标记可以为大菱鲆混养家系进行亲权鉴定和系谱构建提供技术支持。     

微卫星标记在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)人工繁育中亲本识别的应用

选取8个高多态性的微卫星位点, 对240只刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼体和14只疑似亲本进行了亲缘关系的鉴定。通过检测, 8个微卫星位点共得到53个等位基因, 平均等位基因数为6.63; 观察杂合度在0.730—0.902; 各位点的多态信息含量为0.696—0.836。通过亲缘关系分析软件CERVUS 3.0分析, 微卫星位点累积排除概率分别为0.9934、0.9997、0.99999。基于排除法个体基因型判定, 有37个子代有1个候选亲本, 194个子代有2个及以上候选亲本; 基于似然法判定, 置信度为80%时, 有198个子代个体找到最似亲本。综合排除法和似然法的亲权鉴定, 成功为229个子代个体找到它们的亲本, 鉴定成功率达95%以上。本研究结果可为刺参育种工作中亲本识别及家系分析提供技术支持和理论依据。     

大菱鲆与耐高温性状相关的微卫星标记筛选

采用微卫星分子标记(SSR)技术分析大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)耐高温相关特性,为耐高温大菱鲆的分子辅助育种提供合适的分子标记.将大菱鲆经过高温实验处理,区分为耐高温组与高温敏感组,用于实验分析.采用Salah.M法抽提大菱鲆肌肉组织的DNA,根据已知的30个大菱鲆微卫星位点的侧翼保守序列设计引物,进行微卫星引物PCR(SSR-PCR)扩增.对PCR扩增出的差异条带进行个体统计,最后进行微卫星位点与耐高温性状的相关性分析.结果表明,有1个微卫星位点与大菱鲆耐高温性状存在一定的负相关性;有3个微卫星位点与大菱鲆耐高温性状存在正相关性,其中位点Sma-USC27 286 bp的等位基因片段与耐高温性状的正相关性极显著,相关系数达到0.383(P＜0.01),其余2个位点为一般显著性相关.微卫星位点Sma-USC27所扩增出的差异等位基因片段可作为分子标记指导耐高温大菱鲆的辅助育种.     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)微卫星多重PCR 体系构建及其在家系鉴定中的应用

筛选多态性高、特异性好、片段大小适中的10 个长牡蛎微卫星位点进行优化组合, 根据扩 增片段大小及同一荧光不重叠原则构建了两组五重PCR 体系。运用CERVUS 3.0 软件对0527 组27 个长牡蛎全同胞家系的643 个子代和0612 组27 个全同胞家系382 个子代分别进行亲权鉴定。结果 发现, 用两组微卫星五重PCR 鉴别时, 在0527 组和0612 组的鉴定成功率均为100%; 只用第一组微 卫星五重PCR, 可以将0527 组96%的子代和0612 组96%的子代鉴定到亲本; 只用第二组微卫星五 重PCR, 可以将0527 组97%的子代和0612 组95%的子代鉴定到亲本。本研究中筛选出的两组微卫 星五重PCR 体系在两组家系中的鉴定效率均较高, 可以快速有效地将子代个体鉴定至所属父母本, 在长牡蛎家系鉴定中具有很好的应用价值。     

基于微卫星标记的三疣梭子蟹家系系谱认证

用6个微卫星标记对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的6个家系进行系谱鉴别和遗传多样性研究。6个微卫星标记在6个家系中显示了高度的遗传差异,6个位点的多态信息含量(PIC)分别为Pot09位点0.6045,Pot14位点0.6072,Pot17位点0.8130,Pot18位点0.6870,Pot25位点0.7839,Pot42位点0.6330。6个多态性位点共发现了32个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数在4～8个之间。不同位点共发现7个家系特异性等位基因,2#和3#家系中各发现2个,1#、5#、6#家系中各发现1个,4#家系未发现特异性等位基因。根据已知亲本及子代基因型,可推断出6个家系中全部亲本的基因型,据此鉴别各家系。在Pot18位点可将1#家系和6#家系与其他家系相区别;Pot14位点和Pot17位点可将3#家系与其他家系相区别;Pot42位点可将5#与其他家系相区别;Pot17位点和Pot25可将2#家系与其他家系相区别。因此,Pot18位点、Pot14位点和Pot17位点、Pot42位点、Pot17位点和Pot25位点可分别用于鉴别1#和6#家系、3#、5#、2#家系的特异性标记。研究表明,在选用的6个微卫星标记中,最少选用3个标记可鉴别6个三疣梭子蟹家系。     

利用微卫星标记技术对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugurubripes)家系系谱认证的研究

红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)是我国北方地区的一种经济型海水鱼类,但目前对其群体遗传多样性和系谱信息研究成果较少。本文研究了目前红鳍东方鲀养殖群体的遗传多样性情况和系谱信息,为其提供遗传改良的理论基础。从2015年所建的12个红鳍东方鲀家系中随机选取5个家系,采用8个微卫星标记对其遗传多样性进行分析和系谱认证。8个位点共检测得到32个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数为36个,平均值为4个。平均观测杂合度(A)范围为0.453 30.953 3,平均期望杂合度(He)范围为0.490 80.790 1,平均多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.455 50.754 6。不同位点共发现8个特异性等位基因,7#家系发现3个,3#和11#家系各发现2个,12#家系发现1个,10#家系未发现特异性等位基因。根据子代基因型成功推断出5个家系的亲本基因型,据此鉴别各个家系。在fms15位点,可将3#和11#家系与其他家系相区别;TOG01位点可将7#家系与其他家系相区别;f1497位点可将12#家系相区别。因此,fms15,TOG01,f1497这3个标记可以作为鉴别5个家系的特异性标记。结果说明,所选的8个微卫星标记在这5个家系中多态信息含量较高,且在已选用的8个微卫星标记中,最少用3个标记可鉴别5个红鳍东方鲀家系。综合分析表明微卫星标记能有效地为红鳍东方鲀群体的系谱分析提供技术支持,为今后红鳍东方鲀开展分子标记辅助育种提供了可靠的理论依据。     

大菱鲆微卫星标记在亲本后代中的分离分析

为对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)的养殖群体进行微卫星分析研究,作者用70个微卫星位点在大菱鲆亲本后代中的基因型分离方式进行检测与分析。结果显示,70个位点共产生了12种分离方式(♀×♂)。70个微卫星位点中45个位点符合孟德尔遗传定律(P≥0.05),有25个位点偏离了孟德尔遗传定律(P0.05)。平均等位基因数目为2.2,平均有效等位基因数为1.885。平均期望杂合度和观测杂合度分别为0.55和0.537。多态信息含量为0.182~0.699,平均值为0.361。研究证明这些标记大部分可以用于大菱鲆进一步的图谱构建,QTL定位和分子标记辅助育种研究。同时对群体的分析表明,该大菱鲆养殖群体遗传多样性水平较高,可用于进一步的良种繁育。     

多元PCR技术在毛蚶家系鉴定中的应用

为促进毛蚶(Scapharca kagoshimensis)的遗传育种研究及开展其资源的保护工作。本研究用4组微卫星多元PCR体系对5个毛蚶全同胞家系进行了家系鉴定分析。研究表明:4组多元PCR体系中的10个微卫星位点均为高多态性位点,使用1组多元PCR体系的子代模拟鉴定成功率和实际鉴定成功率分别为78%和72%,3组以上多元PCR体系子代的鉴定成功率为100%。研究结果表明,微卫星多元PCR技术能快速、准确地将任意子代鉴定至其所属家系,该技术可用于大批量家系材料分析,具有较好的应用价值。     

大菱鲆与耐高温性状相关的微卫星示记筛选

采用微卫星分子标记(SSR)技术分析大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)耐高温相关特性,为耐高温大菱鲆的分子辅助育种提供合适的分子标记.将大菱鲆经过高温实验处理,区分为耐高温组与高温敏感组,用于实验分析.采用Salah.M法抽提大菱鲆肌肉组织的DNA,根据已知的30个大菱鲆微卫星位点的侧翼保守序列设...     

An improved technique for preparing eel otoliths for aging

The New Zealand Waters Pollution Regulations 1963, referring to recreational water to which the public can gain access, states that the “coliform bacteria content shall not consistently exceed 1,000/100 ml”. This standard is now under revision, and the suggested new standard is a median faecal coliform index of 200/100 ml with a maximum value not exceeding 400/100 ml.

Recent literature supports the use of faecal coliform sub‐group bacteria as the best indicator of faecal pollution and reference is made to the membership of this sub‐group. Inherent inaccuracies of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of assessing bacterial populations are pointed out, such as experimental variations with different cultural media, and possible errors in interpretation of results. In North America, there is evidence that an MPN for the total coliform group of 1000/100 ml indicates a faecal coliform sub‐group MPN of 200/100 ml, and epidemiological experience supports these values as standards.

We tabulate and discuss evidence that the usual ratio of faecal coliforms : coliform group bacteria is typically 1 : 1 in fresh and marine waters of the Wellington region, and that a more attainable standard would be 500 faecal coliforms/100 ml. In ratios quoted in this paper, ‘coliform group’ means the remainder of the coliform group excluding faecal coliforms. The World Health Organisation (1963) definition, of the entire group of coliforms, is not intended. The ratio is different in other parts of New Zealand; in Auckland, for example, the ratio is close to that found in the United States.     

海岛立法 功在当代 利在千秋

<正>我国是海洋大国,海岛众多。海岛是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿。2009年12月26     

Simple expressions for correcting wind speed data for elevation

Using the logarithmic wind profile and typical values of dimensionless sea roughness for different sea states, simple power expressions are derived for the wind profile over water. The power expressions are useful for correcting measured wind speed data at a given elevation (up to an elevation of 60 m) to the standard elevation of 10 m commonly used in coastal engineering studies. The analysis shows that the 1/7 power expression (suggested in [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual, Vol. 1. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, USA.] and commonly used today) is a good approximation (<3% error) of the logarithmic profile for various sea states up to an elevation of 20 m. Above this elevation, the 1/7 power expression underestimates the wind speed for moderate to fully developed sea states.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts

This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes peer-reviewed, English-language scientific publications (n=212) to identify relevant research about how Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) is integrated with coastal planning. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology is applied in this study. Attention was given to studies concerning human-environment interactions as opposed to physical or biological climate change issues alone because the coastal planning and EBA approach addresses the management of human actions in nature. The literature references include the issue of climate change (77%); however, limited evidence of EBA in coastal areas are reported (18%), and it is evident that the issues have become relevant in the scientific literature published in recent years. Broad texts demonstrate that SLR is one of the major long-term impacts (68%), and all of these papers recognize the most affected ecosystems in the tropics would be mangroves. EBA is an emerging option that can offset anticipated ecosystem losses and improve coastal planning to cope with SLR because it provides benefits beyond climate change stressors. There is a need to synthesize a road map for incorporation of mangrove regulations into local planning instruments and for building capacity for their implementation. Application of PRISMA in marine science will enhance future reviews, facilitate the systematic search and adequately document any theme, and also be useful in determining research gaps or information needs.     

A review of sustainable sea-transport for Oceania: Providing context for renewable energy shipping for the Pacific

This paper summarises research and options for sustainable sea transport in Oceania with a focus on domestic shipping. This debate is situated initially within the context of the current Pacific domestic shipping scenario, a region of minute economies connected by some of the longest sea transport routes in the world. All current options are fossil fuel powered and increasingly uneconomic and unsustainable. Many routes are marginal or unviable and a vicious cycle of old ships replaced with old ships prevails. Although a central and essential issue of many Pacific communities, the option of pursuing sustainable sea transport is currently invisible within the policy space at all levels. Various renewable energy options are possible and increasingly available. Recent research finds that these have strong potential for providing benefits across multiple wellbeings. The barriers to pursing this agenda are complex and poorly understood but are perceptual and institutional more than technological. A small number of critical experiments during the last oil crisis provide critical lessons and direction.     

海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度的生态学基础

采用交叉学科分析的方法尝试对生态学与法学进行分析,探讨海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度的生态学基础.认为,在海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度设计中遵循生态规律、选择过程导向的恢复模式能提高制度的科学性,有利于制度的操作和实施.进一步分析了许可证管理对海洋渔业资源的公平分配,技术法律规范对渔业资源恢复过程进行的生态控制,争端解决机制对海...     

An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation

Marine conservation actions are promoted to conserve natural values and support human wellbeing. Yet the quality of governance processes and the social consequences of some marine conservation initiatives have been the subject of critique and even human rights complaints. These types of governance and social issues may jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation. Thus, we argue that a clearly articulated and comprehensive set of social standards - a code of conduct - is needed to guide marine conservation. In this paper, we draw on the results of an expert meeting and scoping review to present key principles that might be taken into account in a code of conduct, to propose a draft set of foundational elements for inclusion in a code of conduct, to discuss the benefits and challenges of such a document, and to propose next steps to develop and facilitate the uptake of a broadly applicable code of conduct within the marine conservation community. The objectives of developing such a code of conduct are to promote fair conservation governance and decision-making, socially just conservation actions and outcomes, and accountable conservation practitioners and organizations. The uptake and implementation of a code of conduct would enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective, thereby contributing to a truly sustainable ocean.     

渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟

计算避风锚地的面积是渔港规划设计的重要内容之一.<渔港总体设计规范>(SC/T 9010-2000)推荐采用确定性方法计算避风锚地面积.由于没有规定输入参数代表值的确定方法,实际应用时参数取值带有很大的随意性和经验性,从而导致计算结果的不确定性.引入Monte Carle方法建立了渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟模型,采用不同的概率分布刻划各相关参数,从而获得避风锚地面积的概率分布.实例计算表明,无论采用何种概率分布假定,得到的避风锚地面积均近似地服从正态分布,且不同概率分布假定对95%保证率的避风锚地面积值影响不大;当船长、船宽均取各分组船型的最大值,水深取相应区域水深的平均值,每组渔船之间安全距离及每组渔船数量取规范给定的平均值时,规范方法计算的避风锚地面积保证率在95%左右,从而为规范方法输入参数的确定提供了依据.