雅砻江锦屏一级水电站坝址区实测地应力与重大工程地质问题分析

本文对雅砻江锦屏一级水电站坝址区Ⅱ1-Ⅱ1及其前后剖面实测地应力进行了系统整理分析。分析结果表明:在相同的水平和垂直埋深条件下左岸坡角应力大小较右岸坡角小,这主要是由边坡岩体结构确定的;左岸导流洞开挖过程中在应力大小较右岸低的情况下出现坍塌工程地质问题也与左岸边坡岩体结构有关,而非岩爆等诱发。另外对左岸岩体深部裂缝在已有研究成果的基础上从应力集中、能量积累角度初步提出了新的边坡变形破坏方式,并从岩体结构和地应力大小方面对锦屏一级水电站工程建设过程中左、右岸应注意的工程地质问题提出了初步建议。     

Gypsum-karst problems in constructing dams in the USA

Gypsum is a highly soluble rock and is dissolved readily to form caves, sinkholes, disappearing streams, and other karst features that typically are also present in limestones and dolomites. Gypsum karst is widespread in the USA and has caused problems at several sites where dams were built, or where dam construction was considered. Gypsum karst is present (at least locally) in most areas where gypsum crops out, or is less than 30–60 m below the land surface. These karst features can compromise on the ability of a dam to hold water in a reservoir, and can even cause collapse of a dam. Gypsum karst in the abutments or foundation of a dam can allow water to pass through, around, or under a dam, and solution channels can enlarge quickly, once water starts flowing through such a karst system. The common procedure for controlling gypsum karst beneath the dam is a deep cut-off trench, backfilled with impermeable material, or a close-spaced grout curtain that hopefully will fill all cavities. In Oklahoma, the proposed Upper Mangum Dam was abandoned before construction, because of extensive gypsum karst in the abutments and impoundment area. Catastrophic failure of the Quail Creek Dike in southwest Utah in 1989 was due to flow of water through an undetected karstified gypsum unit beneath the earth-fill embankment. The dike was rebuilt, at a cost of US $12 million, with construction of a cut-off trench 600 m long and 25 m deep. Other dams in the USA with severe gypsum-karst leakage problems in recent years are Horsetooth and Carter Lake Dams, in Colorado, and Anchor Dam, in Wyoming.     

Geotechnical Evaluation of Dam Foundation with Special Reference to In Situ Permeability: A Case Study

Since every dam site is unique and different from the rest, special geological and geotechnical investigation for each dam is a key factor in the success of the project. The Peygham-chay is a 55 m in height is an embankment dam with a clay core that is situated to the northwest of Iran and is under construction at present. The dam is founded on a valley filled by 12 m alluvium deposits that thicknesses increase toward left abutment up to 60 m. The dam site investigated based on surface discontinuity surveying, drilled boreholes logging data, in situ and laboratory tests. Detailed and extensive surface and subsurface explorations have been carried out at the dam site to characterize the geotechnical properties of foundation. The geology of the site consists of a series of cretaceous basic lavas intrusion composed with andesite, basalt and diabase that cropped out on the right abutments and is strongly fractured due to numerous joints and faults. Permeability of fissured rock mass is strongly depends on joint properties (degree of jointing, opening, continuity, filling material and weathering). In this paper in situ permeability of foundation was evaluated based on water pressure tests (lugeon) results and secondary permeability index (SPI). The impact of water pressure on joints characteristics and consequently flow rate are investigated and considered in the results. The overall groutability of rock mass was evaluated by comparison of RQD as an index of rock jointing degree and SPI values. The results indicated that permeability of rock mass in more than 66% of the tests is very low and not required for treatment. Meanwhile in the rest of sections the construction of preferred sealing system in necessary.     

Dynamic response analysis of embankment dams

A one-dimensional wave propagation method for earthquake response analysis of horizontally-layered sites of infinite lateral extent is adapted to account for the finite cross-sectional dimensions of an embankment dam overlying a foundation deposit which may be considered infinite in its lateral extent. The procedure is used to study the response of an existing embankment dam for an actual earthquake record. A two-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis is also performed for this case. The records of ground acceleration at an outcropping base rock and at the crest of the dam are available for the site. The comparisons of computed and observed responses support the modified use of the simple numerical procedure.     

余震作用下堰塞坝体破坏及溃决过程大型振动台试验研究

山区特大地震往往导致大量堰塞湖,例如2008年汶川地震形成了至少257个堰塞湖,并且主震后发生了大量余震,这些余震可能会影响堰塞坝体的安全状态。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了余震及库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的破坏及溃决机理和过程。共进行了两组不同材料的振动台模型试验,分别模拟含黏粒较多且颗粒较小（坝体Ⅰ）和基本不含黏粒且颗粒较大（坝体Ⅱ）的两种坝体。在不同水位条件下进行振动台试验。研究成果表明:（1）地震和库水耦合作用下堰塞坝体的主要溃决方式是漫顶溢流,主要溃决过程为地震力使松散的堰塞坝体发生沉陷,库水渗入使沉陷加剧,最终水位上升漫过坝顶发生溢流冲蚀破坏。（2）地震一般不会直接引起堰塞坝体的破坏。地震力对坝体稳定性的主要影响是使坝体发生沉陷变形。在地震和库水耦合作用下,坝体沉陷比单一因素作用下更为剧烈,因此地震作用会使漫顶溢流提前发生。（3）地震和库水耦合作用下坝体Ⅰ沉陷量大于坝体Ⅱ,说明现实中由大粒径岩土体组成的堰塞坝体具有更好的稳定性。     

基于ANSYS二次开发的水库围堤地基液化分析

基于ANSYS有限元软件二次开发,对某水库围堤地基进行液化分析.选取具有代表性的围堤断面建立二维有限元模型,计算得到场地建围堤前后孔隙水压力与有效应力比的分布情况以及建围堤后坝体的震陷分布情况.计算结果表明,地基中心部位的孔隙水压力比比两侧的孔隙水压力比小,围堤地基中心部位可以不进行地基液化处理,堤脚压重可以有效地降低液化程度.该成果可作为其他类似工程设计的参考.     

特高拱坝建基面浅层卸荷机制与稳定分析

随着我国水电资源的大力开发,高坝建设日益增多,面对这些大规模的建设,拱坝的稳定问题成为拱坝设计中的关键重大问题。对于处在高地应力河谷的拱坝建设,由于开挖,地应力释放引起基础岩体卸荷,造成的浅层稳定问题,对高坝设计来说是个少有成例的问题。对此问题,如果采用概念不对,误导了计算,则将引入失误。对高拱坝建基面浅层卸荷特征、产生机制进行详细讨论,结合小湾高拱坝遇到的浅层稳定问题,提出了拱坝多余力,及浅层建基面面安全系数的求法,利用最大最小原理对小湾拱坝建基面浅层稳定进行分析评价,分析结果在小湾工程的设计中得到应用,文中提出的分析方法可以指导同类工程的设计。     

吉林抚松老松江水电站坝基和坝体应力应变分析

以岩土力学为基础的土坝设计方法,能够定性和半定量地分析坝体和地基稳定性、估算坝体和地基的沉降量,而不能全面分析地基和坝体内部应力应变状态.采用邓肯E-K模型,对水电站坝基和坝体在填筑和蓄水条件下的应力和变形进行了动态模拟计算,结果表明,坝体和心墙垂直和水平变形在竣工和蓄水期均符合规范要求,心墙在蓄水期间不会产生水力劈裂.     

心墙堆石坝应力状态对渗流场影响的有限元分析

一般对土石坝进行渗流分析时都未考虑坝体的应力场对渗流场的影响。然而,在土石坝的蓄水过程中,坝体内的应力状态复杂且变化大,对渗流场的影响也较大。因此,忽略应力场对渗流场的影响必然造成一定的误差。用有限元方法对心墙堆石坝体蓄水过程中考虑和不考虑应力场影响的渗流场进行对比分析,计算结果表明,渗流-应力耦合作用下坝体局部压密变形,渗透流速减小,心墙下游出逸区域的水力坡降峰值明显高于非耦合值。因此,渗流分析时有必要考虑应力场的影响,否则会得出偏于危险且对工程不利的结果     

天然土石坝稳定性初步研究

滑坡堵塞江河形成的天然土石坝是自然作用的产物，不同于人工土石坝，天然土石坝形成后有些存在几十年，几百年，有些形成后不久就溃决，这与坝体本身的性质和河水入流量有关，依据野外实测资料，证了土石坝的稳定性的主要是同土石坝的物质组成，几何形状和堰塞湖入流量等因素决定的，这一研究为天然土石坝的稳定性预测奠定了基础。     

高速铁路穿透型CFG桩复合地基沉降计算修正系数分析

为掌握铁路工程CFG桩复合地基在路堤荷载作用下的沉降计算修正系数变化特点,基于武汉－广州高速铁路24个路堤断面的地基沉降测试数据,结合地勘和设计参数,分析了地基沉降计算修正系数的变化规律及工后沉降的时间效应特征,结果表明,软弱土层浅薄的穿透型CFG桩复合地基具有优良的沉降控制效果,对应的地基沉降计算修正系数在0.63～0.17之间,较当量压缩模量相当的《铁路工程地基处理技术规范》推荐值偏低约1/3;地基沉降表现出显著的时间效应特征,地基工后沉降占最终沉降的比值有随时间逐渐降低的趋势;路堤填筑速率加快和地基布桩间距加大,对穿透型CFG桩复合地基工后沉降占最终沉降的比值有明显增大作用,地基沉降稳定所需的时间更长。     

巴郎口水电站土石坝填料工程特性试验分析

位于大渡河一级支流上的巴郎口水电站为闸坝引水式。考虑到砂卵石填筑料中粒径小于5mm的P5含量偏高而影响坝体稳定性,对厂房边坡砂卵石填筑料开展了碾压试验。根据现场密度及含水量测试、场地沉降观测等,确定合适的铺层厚度为97cm。并取坝体填筑料在室内进行了颗分、击实、渗透和大三轴剪切试验。颗分试验表明填筑料级配良好,满足土石坝设计要求;击实试验得到填筑料的最优含水量和最大干密度分别为5.32%、2.42gcm-3;渗透试验测得砂卵石平均渗透系数为2.42210-2 cms-1;大型三轴试验获得砂卵石强度参数为=37.711、c=0。结合现场碾压试验和室内试验成果,还对巴郎口水电站土石坝坝体进行了渗流稳定计算,复核了巴郎口水电站土石坝坝体的沉降、应力、渗流和稳定性等,为土石坝坝体的长期安全运行提供了重要依据。     

Geologic problems related to dam sites in Jordan and their solutions

The geologic structures associated with several selected dam sites in Jordan and the tectonic effects on dam foundations and reservoir margins are reviewed. Rock defects, especially discontinuities represented by faults and closely spaced, open joints are investigated. Related problems, such as loss of water from the reservoir by seepage and leakage within the dam foundation are evaluated. The regional seismicity is analyzed and a design earthquake is established for each dam site.

Two major embankment dams are investigated, together with two large proposed dams and several small dams.

This paper discusses in some detail the regional setting and site-specific geology, and the occurrence, size and inclination of faults and joints at each dam site. Moreover, the effects of the faults on the operational performance of each dam are described and specific techniques are used or proposed for remediation are outlined.

The study shows that the combination of faults and joint features cause leakage problems at the operational dams in Jordan. Although, preventive measures such as grouting have been implemented, further leakage and/or seepage problems are anticipated and a monitoring system is needed to control and foresee such problems.

Jordan is an earthquake-prone region. Consequently, it is recommended that the design of embankment dams in the vicinity of the Dead Sea-Jordan Valley Rift should include such considerations as dynamic loading and associated hazards, including embankment acceleration zoning, foundation liquefaction risk and rockhead rupture. The magnitude of the design earthquake at each dam site can be estimated following the guidelines of ICOLD (1989), which are based on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.     

Modeling uncertainty in stability analysis for design of embankment dams on difficult foundations

A probabilistic 3-D slope stability analysis model (PTDSSAM) is developed to evaluate the stability of embankment dams and their foundations under conditions of staged construction taking into consideration uncertainty, spatial variabilities and correlations of shear strength parameters, as well as the uncertainties in pore water pressure. The model has the following capabilities: (1) conducting undrained shear strength analysis (USA) and effective stress analysis (ESA) slope stability analysis of staged construction, (2) incorporation of field monitored data of pore water pressure, and (3) incorporation of increase of undrained shear strength with depth, effective stress, and pore water pressure dissipation. The PTDSSAM model is incorporated in a computer program that can analyze slopes located in multilayered deposits, considering the total slope width.

The main outputs of the program are the geometric parameters of the most critical sliding surface (i.e., center of rotation/radius of rotation and critical width of failure), mean 2-D safety factor, mean 3-D safety factor, squared coefficient of variation of resisting moment, and the probability of slope failure. The program is applied to a case study, Karameh dam in Jordan. Monitored data of induced pore water pressure in the dam embankment and soft foundation were gathered during dam construction.

The stability of Karameh dam embankment and foundation was evaluated during staged construction using deterministic and probabilistic analysis. Foundation stability was evaluated based on the monitored data of pore water pressure.

The study showed that the mean values of the corrective factors which account for the discrepancies between the in situ and laboratory-measured values of soil properties and for the modeling errors have significant influence on the 2-D safety factor, 3-D safety factor, slope probability of failure, and on the expected failure width.

The degree of spatial correlation associated with shear strength parameters within a soil deposit also influences the probability of slope failure and the expected failure width. This correlation is quantified by scale of fluctuation. It is found that a larger scale of fluctuation gives an increase in the probability of slope failure and a reduction in the critical failure width.     

峰前卸荷对节理岩体力学特性影响试验研究

实际工程中,岩体的应力变化状态非常复杂,并不只是简单的加载或者卸荷,如水利工程中的大坝,当坝基开挖时其力学条件主要表现为开挖方向的卸荷(其他方向有可能卸荷,也有可能加载),而坝体修筑以后,力学条件又主要表现为加载。因此,对卸荷损伤后的岩体再次加载时的力学性质进行研究具有十分重要的工程意义。通过三轴卸荷及卸荷损伤后加载破坏试验,研究了不同围压下,含断续预制节理岩体经过不同程度卸荷损伤后再次加载时的力学特性。研究结果表明:围压对于含断续节理岩体变形模量影响不明显,岩体弹性模量与围压没有明显关系,相同围压下节理岩体弹性模量和变形模量均显著低于完整岩体:节理岩样峰值应变随着围压的增大线性增大,二者之间有较好的相关性,相比于完整岩样,节理岩体峰值应变随围压增大增长更快:围压越低,卸荷对岩体强度的影响越大,随着围压增加,卸荷量不同造成岩样的损伤差异逐渐减小。     

强风化岩石长期稳定性试验研究

江苏某抽水蓄能电站,上库主坝为混凝土面板堆石坝,由于上库防渗面板基础开挖量大,开挖料大多数为强风化粉砂质泥岩和强风化泥质粉砂岩,拟利用部分强风化中下部开挖料作为主坝填筑料,对于达到挖填平衡、保护环境、减少弃料及提高经济效益具有重要意义。为此对强风化岩石进行了岩石物理性质、抗压强度、压缩变形、矿物成份分析、化学分析等试验研究,同时进行了岩石干湿、变温多次循环疲劳物理力学特性试验,揭示了强风化岩石在干湿、变温循环条件下的变化规律,对于强风化岩石的可利用性及预测其长期稳定性提供了科学依据。     

西南某电站河床坝基开挖卸荷条件下变形破坏的数值分析

西南某电站河床坝基开挖过程中,在河床底部出现大量表征岩体卸荷的变形破坏现象。开挖卸荷深度与卸荷强度成为大坝建设及其长期稳定性的关键问题。采用三维有限差分程序FLAC3D,分析开挖卸荷条件下坝基岩体变形破坏特征。结合现场卸荷裂隙现象调查资料,综合确定出所研究的河床坝基开挖卸荷影响深度及强度。为坝基综合治理提供必要的参考信息,也为今后此类中等地应力边坡开挖卸荷分析储备可以借鉴的资料。     

填筑速率对软基上堤防沉降影响的现场试验与数值模拟

堤防的沉降和稳定问题是软土地基上新建堤防工程必须考虑的重要问题。结合南京市长江干堤提升工程小年圩新筑堤项目,开展了软土地基上新建堤防施工全过程的现场监测与分析,主要包括表层沉降、分层沉降、土体侧向位移、土压力、孔隙水压力以及地下水位等内容。基于Plaxis有限元数值软件,建立了软土地基上新建堤防施工填筑过程的数值模型,通过与现场监测结果的对比分析,验证了所建立的数值模型的准确性和可靠性;续而重点分析了填筑速率、填筑间歇时间等关键性施工控制指标对软基上堤防沉降的影响规律。研究结果表明,当单次填筑厚度小于1 m时,单次填筑厚度对整体沉降的影响较小,因此结合实际施工要求,建议单次填土厚度为0.5～1.0 m。相关研究成果可以为类似软基上新建堤防施工质量控制提供参考依据。     

特高坝地基深大断裂活动性与筑坝工程地质问题研究

某拟建水电站为高坝大库,挡水建筑物系200m级碾压混凝土重力坝,系我国在境外投资建设的重大能源项目之一。该水电站位于一条区域性的深大断裂（F₄断裂）上,该断裂的活动性以及涉及的筑坝技术可行性为本工程的重大技术课题,关乎水电站成立与否的关键。为此开展了区域地震地质调查、物探、钻探、硐探、断裂物质测龄以及岩土物理力学性质现场和室内测试等大量工作,研究表明:（1）该断裂地震活动微弱,最新活动年龄14.2万～79.8万年,是一条晚更新世以来不活动的断裂,为非活动断层;（2）F₄断裂对水坝建设存在影响的部位主要为碎裂岩带和F_4-1、F_4-2断层,其中微新碎裂岩多为Ⅲ_1B类岩体,仅F_4-2断层下盘影响带内的碎裂岩岩体为Ⅳ_1B类岩体,F_4-1、F_4-2断层带工程性质差,为Ⅴ类岩体,是坝基最软弱的部位;（3）在F₄断裂带上筑坝,建库后诱发构造型水库地震的可能性小,存在的主要工程地质问题为坝基变形和渗漏、渗透稳定问题,可通过适当深挖,并结合回填混凝土塞、固结灌浆、加深加密帷幕孔以及增加帷幕排数等工程措施予以处理。因此,F₄断裂带上可以兴建水电站工程,筑坝技术可行。结果可为该水电站设计、施工提供技术依据,为类似工程提供技术参考。     

风积沙对青藏铁路块碎石路基降温效果的影响

风沙危害正在威胁着青藏铁路的安全营运. 通过数值方法研究了风积沙填堵和覆盖青藏铁路块碎石路基后, 块碎石层降温机理以及降温效果的变化特征. 结果表明:开放条件下块石路基具有较强的强迫对流效应; 风积沙填堵后, 块碎石层降温效果减弱. 封闭条件下, 冷季路基坡脚处自然对流较强, 冻土上限抬升; 路基内部自然对流较弱, 由于路基填土作用, 路基中心处冻土上限抬升较大, 但随时间增长而降低; 沙层覆盖后, 块碎石层降温效果减弱, 路基下部冻土上限下降. 在气候变暖背景条件下, 封闭块碎石层自然对流减弱, 冻土上限下降, 不利于冻土路基的热稳定. 因此, 建议对沙害路段的块碎石路基采取补强措施.