A large hydrothermal reservoir beneath Taal Volcano (Philippines) revealed by magnetotelluric resistivity survey: 2D resistivity modeling

Taal Volcano, located in the southwestern part of Luzon Island, Philippines, has frequently experienced catastrophic eruptions from both the Main Crater on Volcano Island and flank eruptions. These eruptions have been magmatic, phreatomagmatic, and hydrothermal, with the latter implying the existence of a large-scale hydrothermal system beneath the volcano. We conducted an electrical resistivity survey using the magnetotelluric method in order to identify the location and geometry of the hydrothermal reservoir and sealing cap rock. Two-dimensional inversion using the observed data indicates four similar resistivity sections. The structure at shallow depths corresponds to volcanic deposits and an aquifer. Below 1 km, the structure features a relatively resistive zone beneath the main crater surrounded by a conductive shell. We interpreted these to be a large hydrothermal reservoir with an impermeable cap rock sealing it. Recent ground deformation detected by GPS measurements suggests that the hydrothermal reservoir is active. The interpreted cap rock thins just beneath the main crater and could easily be destroyed by an imbalance in the hydrothermal system. We conclude that this hydrothermal reservoir plays a significant role in driving catastrophic eruptions that begin with a hydrothermal explosion at the main crater.     

意大利埃特纳火山的三维速度结构与地震活动性

本文的研究工作,得到了埃特纳火山下面的一组新的三维速度模型。作者们用１９８０年以来地方性地震在永久和临时地震台网在４个或更多台记录到的１２４９次地震的Ｐ和Ｓ波,被选来作走时反演。选择了几种判别标志与参数化办法以显示其类似的基本特征。表明在火山的东南象限在浅层,有Ｐ波的高速分怖,它同布格重力高异常有密切关系。在该区存在低的Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ比值;沿着中央火山管道,分布有高速Ｐ波和高的Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ比值;建议该处存在有稠密的侵入的岩浆体,延伸到２０千米左右的深度,该区附近有低速的Ｐ波速度。对震源的重新定位也显示出向外倾斜的易碎区,与中央火山管道延伸出一段Ｐ波高速异常区,位于中央火山口的附近。沿着中央火山口附近,有Ｐ波的低速区,它同次生的火山锥的分布有关,与部份熔融的深部岩浆库有联系。     

Gravimetric studies of Taal Volcano,philippines

Taal Volcano is peculiar in its violent explosivity in spite of its low altitude. The surrounding topographies suggest that the origin of Taal Volcano is either a caldera or a graben structure. To confirm the caldera origin one must search for a vast quantity of caldera ejecta balancing with the depression. As a first step, a gravity survey was carried out on and around Taal Volcano, and high gravity anomalies were lound on Volcano Island. The distribution of the gravities may suggest a graben structure overlying a denser layer of igneous material.     

青海玉树地区中强震震源参数特征研究

利用数字化地震资料,对玉树地区2006年5.0、5.6级和2010年7.1级地震的震源机制解、尾波Q值、波速比及应力降等进行了对比研究,结果表明2010年玉树7.1级地震为走滑型与该地区历史地震的震源机制一致。2个地震序列的尾波Q值、波速比和应力降存在明显的不同,特别是玉树7.1级地震前的Ms4.7级地震出现显著差异,应力降值在地震序列的活跃、平静段表现出不同的特征。     

渭河断陷地壳三维S波速度结构和V_p/V_s分布图像

利用陕西及邻省区域地震台网的观测数据,采用重叠元迭代重建层析成像技术,结合两点快速射线追综,对渭河断陷盆地地壳的Ｓ波速度进行了层析反演成像．并利用前期Ｐ波速度的研究结果,计算了该地区地壳的 Ｖｐ／ Ｖｓ分布．研究结果表明：（１）Ｓ波速度分布两个地区存在强烈的横向不均匀性,其一是陕晋交界的合阳、永济地区,二是铜川、泾阳地区,它们都位于不同构造单元交汇地带,差异运动显著,是新老地层交错的地区．（２）历史强震震中主要分布在Ｓ波的高速区及边缘地带。（３）在淳化、耀县、泾阳之间存在Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ高值区,最高达２．１．     

水库地震主震发生时间的预测

水利工程对水库地震的抗震设防要求事先对水为地震进行预测。预测内容包括蓄水后诱发地震的危险性（可能性、）最大震级、最大震的地占紧及不库地震对场址地震动参数的影响。除主震时间的预测外，本文第一作者都曾提出过初步的预测方法。本文认为，水库地震前震波速比异常、非线性灰色模型以及前震系列回归等方法，是预测主震时间的有前途的方法。     

渭河断陷地壳三维S波速度结构和VP/VS分布图像

利用陕西及邻省区域地震台网的观测数据,采用重叠元迭代重建层析成像技术,结合两点快速射线追综,对渭河断陷盆地地壳的S波速度进行了层析反演成像.并利用前期P波速度的研究结果,计算了该地区地壳的VP/VS分布.研究结果表明:(1)S波速度分布两个地区存在强烈的横向不均匀性,其一是陕晋交界的合阳、永济地区,二是铜川、泾阳地区,它们都位于不同构造单元交汇地带,差异运动显著,是新老地层交错的地区.(2)历史强震震中主要分布在S波的高速区及边缘地带;(3)在淳化、耀县、泾阳之间存在VP/VS高值区,最高达2.1.     

Vp和Vp/Vs联合反演:在日本东北地区深部结构成像(英文)

本文提出了一种新的反演方法:通过采用纵、横波走时数据对(从相同的震源产生的P和S波被同一台站记录)来联合反演纵波速度(Vp)和纵、横波速度比(Vp/Vs),然后单独反演横波速度Vs,在反演过程中同时对地震参数进行定位。该方法不需要假设P和S波的射线路径一致,它是沿着P和S波射线路径计算相对慢度扰动值。该方法直接把Vp/Vs作为一个模型参数,由此能获得比采用从独立反演获得的Vp和Vs计算出Vp/Vs的方法更精确的速度比值。该新方法被应用到反演日本东北地区的壳幔速度及波速比结构的研究中,获得了较好的效果。反演结果表明,在日本东北地区,太平洋俯冲板块为一高Vp,高Vs和低Vp/Vs异常区,而在活火山下方的浅部地幔楔以及背弧深部地区为低Vp,低VS和高Vp/VS异常。虽然这些特征在前人的研究中已经报道过,但与前人的研究结果相比,本次研究所获得的Vp/Vs的空间分布具有较小的分散性,同时,它的分布特征能较好的与地震波速度结构相吻合。     

Seismic images and rock properties of the very shallow structure of Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy)

In September 2001, an extensive active-seismic investigation (Serapis experiment) was carried out in the Gulfs of Naples and Pozzuoli, with the aim of investigating and reconstructing the shallow crustal structure of the Campi Flegrei caldera, and possibly identifying its feeding system at depth. The present study provides a joint analysis of the very shallow seismic reflection data and tomographic images based on the Serapis dataset. This is achieved by reflection seismic sections obtained by the 3D data gathering and through refined P-velocity images of the shallowest layer of Pozzuoli Gulf (z < 1,000 m). From the refined Vp model, the overall picture of the velocity distribution confirms the presence of a complex arc-shaped anomaly that borders the bay offshore. The deeper part of the anomaly (beneath 700 m, with Vp > 3,500 m/s) correlates with units made up of agglomerate tuffs and interbedded lava, which form the southern edge of the caldera, which was probably formed following the two large ignimbritic eruptions that marked the evolutionary history of the area under study. The upper part of the anomaly that tends to split into two parallel arcs is correlated with dikes, volcanic mounds and hydrothermal alteration zones noted in previous shallow reflection seismic analyses. The depth of the transition between the upper and lower parts of the anomaly is characterized by an abrupt Vp increase on the one-dimensional (1D) profiles extracted from the 3D tomographic model and by the presence of a strong reflector located at about 0.6/0.7 s Two Way Time (TWT) on Common Mid Point gathers. The move-out velocity analysis and stack of the P–P and P–S reflections at the layer bottom allowed to estimate relatively high Vp/Vs values (3.7 ± 0.9). This hypothesis has been tested by a theoretical rock physical modeling of the Vp/Vs ratio as a function of porosity suggesting that the shallow layer is likely formed by incoherent, water saturated, volcanic and marine sediments that filled Pozzuoli Bay during the post-caldera activity.     

京津唐地区地壳结构与强震的发生──Ⅱ．S波速度结构

利用１９８６－１９９３年发生在京津唐地区的２５１６个地震的２１９２７个Ｓ波到时进行层析成像，得出：（１）公元１０００年以来研究区强震震中在下地壳的投影大多分布在低速块体内或低速块体与高速块体相交地带偏低速块体的一侧；（２）唐山地震震源下方的物质，波速比Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ呈现高值，推测呈部分熔融状态，有热物质流从莫霍界面的下方沿通向震源下方的断裂入侵的迹象。（３）黄骅坳陷中心区的上地壳呈现低Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ值，推测那里为水－汽转变的地热系，这与在该地区所测量的高热流值一致。冀中坳陷区的高Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ值反映出其地下物质可能呈部分熔融状态。     

京津唐地区地壳结构与强震的发生──Ⅱ．S波速度结构

利用１９８６－１９９３年发生在京津唐地区的２５１６个地震的２１９２７个Ｓ波到时进行层析成像,得出：（１）公元１０００年以来研究区强震震中在下地壳的投影大多分布在低速块体内或低速块体与高速块体相交地带偏低速块体的一侧;（２）唐山地震震源下方的物质,波速比Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ呈现高值,推测呈部分熔融状态,有热物质流从莫霍界面的下方沿通向震源下方的断裂入侵的迹象。（３）黄骅坳陷中心区的上地壳呈现低Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ值,推测那里为水－汽转变的地热系,这与在该地区所测量的高热流值一致。冀中坳陷区的高Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ值反映出其地下物质可能呈部分熔融状态。     

山西中强地震前波速比异常研究

本文分析了大同－阳高６．１级（１９８９），５．８级（１９９１），忻州５．、１级（１９９１），侯马５．１级（１９８９）以及太原，运城１９８９－１９９１年几个４．０级左右地震前后的２０２次小震资料。结果表明：这些主震前都存在明显的地震波速异常变化，纵横波速比Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ表面为下降－回升的异常形态，负异常持续时间与震级大小相关；主震在岁异常结束后发生，滞后时间随区域地震震源深度增大而延长。同时，主震前还存     

赤峰--辽蒙交界地区地震活动性及平均波速比分析

分析了赤峰地区地质构造特征、地球动力学环境、历史中强地震活动,表明该区域具备发生中强地震的构造条件;2008年以来的地震活动表明,辽蒙交界地区存在发生5级以上中强震的危险性,该地区的波速比震前异常能够为该地区的地震中期预测提供一定的判定依据。     

火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波叠前时间偏移成像

在反射地震转换波资料处理中,准确求取共转换点一直是一个难题,采用叠前时间偏移技术能避免共转换点道集的抽取,而且能够使转换波归位到真正的反射点上,实现准确成像.本文针对火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波成像问题,通过对转换波共近似转换点道集进行速度分析,建立了转换波叠前时间偏移的初始速度场,通过速度扫描和纵、横波速度比值扫描确定最佳的偏移速度场和纵、横波速度比值,实现了在火山岩高速层覆盖区域的转换波偏移成像.实际资料的成像结果表明,本文采用的近似转换点计算以及转换波叠前时间偏移方法是有效的.     

Seismic imaging of the middle and upper crust by double-difference tomography: the Haicheng earthquake (Ms 7.3) in Liaoning Province

The Haicheng earthquake (Ms 7.3) occurred in Liaoning Province (39°N–43°N, 120°E–126°E ), China on February 4, 1975. The mortality rate was only 0.02% owing to the first timely and accurate prediction, although the area affected by the earthquake was 9200 km² and covered cities with a population density of 1000 p/km². In this study, the doubledifference (DD) tomography method was used to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs) structures and Vp/Vs as well as the earthquake locations. Tomography results suggest that velocity structure at shallow depth coincides well with topography and sediment thickness. The earthquake locations form a northwest-striking zone associated with the Jinzhou(JZ) Fault and a northeast-striking zone associated with the Haichenghe-Dayanghe (HD) Fault, and suggest that the JZ Fault consists of three faults and the Ms 7.3 Haicheng earthquake originated at the intersection of the JZ and the Faults. Lowvelocity zones (LVZs) with low Vp/Vs are observed at 15–20 km depth beneath the Haicheng (HC) region. We interpret the LVZs in the middle crust as regions of fluids, suggesting rock dehydration at high temperatures. The LVZs and low Vp/Vs in the upper crust are attributed to groundwater-filled cracks and pores. We believe that large crustal earthquakes in this area are caused by the combination of faulting and fluid movement in the middle crust.     

Detailed crustal structure in the area of the southern Apennines–Calabrian Arc border from local earthquake tomography

We present a new seismic velocity model for the southern Apennines–Calabrian Arc border region with the aim to better define the crustal structures at the northern edge of the Ionian subduction zone. This sector also includes the Pollino Mts. area, where a seismic sequence of thousands of small to moderate earthquakes has been recorded between spring 2010 and 2013. In this sector a seismic gap was previously hypothesized by paleoseismological evidences associated with the lack of major earthquakes in historical catalogs.To perform the tomographic inversion we selected ca. 3600 earthquakes that have occurred in the last thirty years and recorded by permanent and temporary networks managed by INGV and Calabria University. Using for the first time the Local Tomography Software for passive tomography inversion (LOTOS hereinafter) to crustal analysis in southern Italy, we have computed the distribution of Vp, Vs, and the Vp/Vs ratio. The obtained velocity model, jointly evaluated with results of synthetic modeling, as well as with the hypocenter distribution and geological information, gives us new constraints on the geodynamical and structural knowledge of the study area.The comparison between the shallow tomography sections and surface geology shows good correlation between velocity patterns and the main geological features of the study area. In the upper crust a low-velocity anomaly of P- and S-waves is detectable beneath the Pollino Mts. area and seems to separate the Calabrian and southern Apennines domains, characterized by higher velocities. The distributions of high Vp/Vs ratio, representing strongly fractured rocks with likely high fluid content, clearly correlate with areas of significant seismicity.In the lower crust we detect a clear transition from high to low seismic velocities in correspondence with the Tyrrhenian coast of the study area, which may represent the transition from the thinner Tyrrhenian crust to the thicker one beneath Calabria. In this area, also characterized by a progressive detachment of a retreating lithospheric slab, the generation of a Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator (STEP) fault zone, that laterally decouples subducting lithosphere from non-subducting lithosphere in a scissor type of fashion, may have taken place. These conditions imply the existence of a kinematic decoupling which allows for differential movement between the Calabrian Arc and the southern Apennine chain. The low velocity anomaly separating the southern Apennines and the Calabrian Arc domain may be related to fluid upwelling occurring in correspondence with the northern edge of the Calabrian subducting slab.     

Seismic tomography of Central São Miguel, Azores

We determine the three-dimensional distribution of P- and S-wave velocities for Central São Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal) by tomographic inversion of local earthquake arrival times. We use P- and S-phases from 289 earthquakes recorded by a network of 20 seismometers. The model shows good resolution in the shallowest 5–6 km, as illustrated by different resolution tests. There are several velocity anomalies, interpreted as pyroclastic deposits, intrusive bodies, geothermal fields, and the effects of tectonics. A low Vp zone marks Furnas caldera, probably evidencing volcaniclastic sediments with development of intense geothermal activity. Another low Vp zone extends in correspondence of the highly fractured area between Fogo and the north coast. Conversely, strong positive anomalies are found south of Fogo and northwest of Furnas. They are interpreted in terms of high-density deposits and remnants of a plutonic intrusion. These interpretations are supported by the distribution of Vp/Vs, and are consistent with previous geological, geochemical, and geophysical data.     

A tectonic earthquake sequence preceding the April–May 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska

On 4 March 1999, a shallow M_L 5.2 earthquake occurred beneath Unimak Island in the Aleutian Arc. This earthquake was located 10-15 km west of Shishaldin Volcano, a large, frequently active basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. A Strombolian eruption began at Shishaldin roughly 1 month after the mainshock, culminating in a large explosive eruption on 19 April. We address the question of whether or not the eruption caused the mainshock by computing the Coulomb stress change caused by an inflating dike on fault planes oriented parallel to the mainshock focal mechanism. We found Coulomb stress increases of ~0.1 MPa in the region of the mainshock, suggesting that magma intrusion prior to the eruption could have caused the mainshock. Satellite and seismic data indicate that magma was moving upwards beneath Shishaldin well before the mainshock, indicating that, in an overall sense, the mainshock cannot be said to have caused the eruption. However, observations of changes at the volcano following the mainshock and several large aftershocks suggest that the earthquakes may, in turn, have influenced the course of the eruption.     

1976年9月23日巴音木仁Ms6.2级地震震兆特征分析研究

通过对1976年9月23日巴音木仁6.2级地震前后2年左右记录资料的地震活动性、地震活动图像时空变化特征及测震学指标等变化特征的分析,发现巴音木仁6.2级地震活动性从震前半年左右时间内开始明显增强,出现了典型前兆震群-磴口震群,地震活动图像出现了条带及空区特征,这种特征在震后有向东北迁移的倾向,可能对1979年五原6.0级地震有着重要推动作用。同时震前b值、Vp/Vs、Q值等也出现了明显的异常。此震所出现的震兆特征对探讨分析浅源中强地震的孕育过程及提取临震信息有一定参考价值。     

都江堰ML4.4地震前兆异常特征及预报概况

介绍了１９９３年１２月３０日都江堰ＭＬ４．４地震的前兆异常特征及震前预报概况。震前异常主要有空区、ｂ值、波速比、电磁波等